Year 8 - Human Reproduction

Question 1

What is reproduction?

Answer 1

Producing an offspring

Question 2

What are two types of reproduction?

Answer 2

Sexual and Asexual

Question 3

What is sexual reproduction?

Answer 3

Two parents of different sexes producing an offspring which creates genetic variation

Question 4

What is asexual reproduction?

Answer 4

One parent producing an offspring - no genetic variation

Question 5

What are gametes? What type of reproduction are they for?

Answer 5

Sex cells (Sexual reproduction)

Question 6

How is the sperm cell adapted for it’s function?

Answer 6

Flagellum for swimming, lots of mitochondria for respiration to release energy, nucleus contains 50% DNA from father

Question 7

How is the egg cell adapted for it’s function?

Answer 7

Lots of mitochondria for respiration to release energy, nucleus has half of genetic material from mother

Question 8

What is fertilisation?

Answer 8

The fusing of the nuclei of the sperm and egg cell

Question 9

What is the fertilised egg cell called?

Answer 9

Zygote

Question 10

What are the two types of fertilisation?

Answer 10

Internal - Inside the female’s body (e.g. humans)

External - Outside body (e.g. frogs)

Question 11

What are the two types of development?

Answer 11

Internal, External

Question 12

Explain the function of the penis

Answer 12

Organ which passes semen and urine out of the man’s body

Question 13

Explain the function of the bladder

Answer 13

Stores urine

Question 14

Explain the function of the sperm duct

Answer 14

Tube through which the sperm travels to the glands

Question 15

Explain the function of the urethrae

Answer 15

Tube inside the penis that separately carries semen and urine

Question 16

Explain the function of the glands

Answer 16

Produce fluids that provide the sperm with nutrients (Mixture of the sperm and the fluids is semen)

Question 17

Explain the function of the testis

Answer 17

Organ which makes the male gamete, sperm and testosterone

Question 18

Explain the function of the foreskin

Answer 18

Skin that protects the end of the penis

Question 19

Explain the function of the scrotum

Answer 19

Bag of skin that holds the testis

Question 20

Explain the function of the epididymis

Answer 20

Tubes that store sperm for future use

Question 21

What does FGM stand for?

Answer 21

Female Genital Mutilation

Question 22

Is FGM legal?

Answer 22

No

Question 23

Explain the function of the ovary

Answer 23

Produces the female gamete (Egg/Ovum)

Question 24

Explain the function of the oviduct

Answer 24

Tube where fertilisation curries that connects the ovaries to the uterus (lined with tiny hairs called cilia)

Question 25

Explain the function of the uterus

Answer 25

Muscular bag in which the baby develops until birth

Question 26

Explain the function of the uterus lining

Answer 26

Shed during the menstrual period

Question 27

Explain the function of the cervix

Answer 27

Folds of skin that cover the openings to the vagina and urethra

Question 28

Explain the function of the vagina

Answer 28

Muscular tube that leads from the cervix to outside the woman's body

Question 29

Explain the function of the clitoris

Answer 29

Button shaped bump above the urethra and vagina

Question 30

Explain the function of the urethra

Answer 30

Tube which urine travels out of the body from the bladder

Question 31

Explain the function of the vulva

Answer 31

The whole area between the female's legs

Question 32

Explain the function of the labia

Answer 32

Ring of muscle at the neck of the uterus that closes until the baby is ready to be born

Question 33

What is adolescence?

Answer 33

Period of life between childhood and adulthood

Question 34

What is puberty?

Answer 34

Time when reproductive organs mature

Question 35

When does puberty usually start for girls?

Answer 35

Between 11-15

Question 36

When does puberty usually start for boys?

Answer 36

Between 13-15

Question 37

What is the main hormone in females and where is it produced?

Answer 37

Oestrogen (Ovaries)

Question 38

What is the main hormone in males and where is it produced?

Answer 38

Testosterone (Testes)

Question 39

What are secondary sexual characteristics?

Answer 39

Physical changes caused by hormones

Question 40

What are examples of secondary sexual characteristics in females?

Answer 40

Wider hips, breasts develop, ovaries release ovum once per month (period starts)

Question 41

What are examples of secondary sexual characteristics in males?

Answer 41

Broader shoulders, testes develop, voice breaks, facial hair, sperm is released

Question 42

What are examples of secondary sexual characteristics in both females and males?

Answer 42

Mood swings, pubic and armpit hair, growth spurts, oil-based sweat

Question 43

Roughly how many days is the menstrual cycle?

Answer 43

28 days

Question 44

What is menstruation and on what days?

Answer 44

Breaking down of the uterus lining (Days 1-5)

Question 45

Which days do the uterus thicken?

Answer 45

Days 6-13

Question 46

What is ovulation and on which day does it occur?

Answer 46

Ovaries releasing an ovum - Day 14

Question 47

What happens on days 15-28?

Answer 47

Uterus lining is maintained

Question 48

Why does the uterus lining shed?

Answer 48

If the egg is not fertilised, a drop in progesterone causes the lining of the uterus to break down

Question 49

What is implantation?

Answer 49

Embryo sticks to the uterus lining where it can grow and develop

Question 50

What are the stages of development?

Answer 50

Zygote > Embryo > Foetus > Baby

Question 51

How does the zygote develop into a baby?

Answer 51

The zygote divides in two cells, which each divide in two cells and so on (Cell division)

Question 52

How are identical twins formed?

Answer 52

One egg and one sperm nuclei fusing together then separate and divide independently

Question 53

How are non-identical twins formed?

Answer 53

Two eggs are released from the ovaries and fuse with the nuclei of two sperms then develop via cell division

Question 54

What is the placenta?

Answer 54

The organ responsible for providing oxygen and nutrients to the foetus and removing waste such as carbon dioxide and urea

Question 55

What is the role of the amniotic sac and fluid?

Answer 55

Physical protection against knocks and bumps and protection against change in temperature

Question 56

What is the role of the umbilical cord?

Answer 56

To carry nutrients and waste to and from the placenta and foetus

Question 57

Do periods occur after the egg is fertilised?

Answer 57

No, whilst the embryo develops in the uterus, the lining does not shed and the menstrual cycle pauses

Question 58

How does the foetus receive the nutrients from the mother's blood?

Answer 58

They diffuse into the baby's blood through the placenta

Question 59

What happens during birth?

Answer 59

The cervix dilates to between 8 and 10 cm, wide enough to allow the baby's head. The muscles of the walls of the uterus contract to push the baby out. Finally, the placenta is pushed out (known as the afterbirth)

Question 60

Why is it bad to smoke during pregnancy?

Answer 60

It contains carbon monoxide which binds to the red blood cells, taking up space for the oxygen, meaning that the foetus will not have enough oxygen for respiration and will interfere with development

Question 61

Why is it bad to drink during pregnancy?

Answer 61

The baby's liver is one of the last organs to develop so it cannot process the alcohol, causing learning or behavioural difficulties. Drinking, especially during the first trimester can risk a miscarriage, premature birth or low birth weight