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Biology > Year 8 - Human Reproduction > Flashcards

Year 8 - Human Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

What is reproduction?

A

Producing an offspring

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2
Q

What are two types of reproduction?

A

Sexual and Asexual

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3
Q

What is sexual reproduction?

A

Two parents of different sexes producing an offspring which creates genetic variation

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4
Q

What is asexual reproduction?

A

One parent producing an offspring - no genetic variation

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5
Q

What are gametes? What type of reproduction are they for?

A

Sex cells (Sexual reproduction)

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6
Q

How is the sperm cell adapted for it’s function?

A

Flagellum for swimming, lots of mitochondria for respiration to release energy, nucleus contains 50% DNA from father

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7
Q

How is the egg cell adapted for it’s function?

A

Lots of mitochondria for respiration to release energy, nucleus has half of genetic material from mother

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8
Q

What is fertilisation?

A

The fusing of the nuclei of the sperm and egg cell

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9
Q

What is the fertilised egg cell called?

A

Zygote

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10
Q

What are the two types of fertilisation?

A

Internal - Inside the female’s body (e.g. humans)

External - Outside body (e.g. frogs)

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11
Q

What are the two types of development?

A

Internal, External

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12
Q

Explain the function of the penis

A

Organ which passes semen and urine out of the man’s body

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13
Q

Explain the function of the bladder

A

Stores urine

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14
Q

Explain the function of the sperm duct

A

Tube through which the sperm travels to the glands

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15
Q

Explain the function of the urethrae

A

Tube inside the penis that separately carries semen and urine

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16
Q

Explain the function of the glands

A

Produce fluids that provide the sperm with nutrients (Mixture of the sperm and the fluids is semen)

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17
Q

Explain the function of the testis

A

Organ which makes the male gamete, sperm and testosterone

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18
Q

Explain the function of the foreskin

A

Skin that protects the end of the penis

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19
Q

Explain the function of the scrotum

A

Bag of skin that holds the testis

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20
Q

Explain the function of the epididymis

A

Tubes that store sperm for future use

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21
Q

What does FGM stand for?

A

Female Genital Mutilation

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22
Q

Is FGM legal?

A

No

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23
Q

Explain the function of the ovary

A

Produces the female gamete (Egg/Ovum)

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24
Q

Explain the function of the oviduct

A

Tube where fertilisation curries that connects the ovaries to the uterus (lined with tiny hairs called cilia)

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25
Q

Explain the function of the uterus

A

Muscular bag in which the baby develops until birth

26
Q

Explain the function of the uterus lining

A

Shed during the menstrual period

27
Q

Explain the function of the cervix

A

Folds of skin that cover the openings to the vagina and urethra

28
Q

Explain the function of the vagina

A

Muscular tube that leads from the cervix to outside the woman’s body

29
Q

Explain the function of the clitoris

A

Button shaped bump above the urethra and vagina

30
Q

Explain the function of the urethra

A

Tube which urine travels out of the body from the bladder

31
Q

Explain the function of the vulva

A

The whole area between the female’s legs

32
Q

Explain the function of the labia

A

Ring of muscle at the neck of the uterus that closes until the baby is ready to be born

33
Q

What is adolescence?

A

Period of life between childhood and adulthood

34
Q

What is puberty?

A

Time when reproductive organs mature

35
Q

When does puberty usually start for girls?

A

Between 11-15

36
Q

When does puberty usually start for boys?

A

Between 13-15

37
Q

What is the main hormone in females and where is it produced?

A

Oestrogen (Ovaries)

38
Q

What is the main hormone in males and where is it produced?

A

Testosterone (Testes)

39
Q

What are secondary sexual characteristics?

A

Physical changes caused by hormones

40
Q

What are examples of secondary sexual characteristics in females?

A

Wider hips, breasts develop, ovaries release ovum once per month (period starts)

41
Q

What are examples of secondary sexual characteristics in males?

A

Broader shoulders, testes develop, voice breaks, facial hair, sperm is released

42
Q

What are examples of secondary sexual characteristics in both females and males?

A

Mood swings, pubic and armpit hair, growth spurts, oil-based sweat

43
Q

Roughly how many days is the menstrual cycle?

44
Q

What is menstruation and on what days?

A

Breaking down of the uterus lining (Days 1-5)

45
Q

Which days do the uterus thicken?

46
Q

What is ovulation and on which day does it occur?

A

Ovaries releasing an ovum - Day 14

47
Q

What happens on days 15-28?

A

Uterus lining is maintained

48
Q

Why does the uterus lining shed?

A

If the egg is not fertilised, a drop in progesterone causes the lining of the uterus to break down

49
Q

What is implantation?

A

Embryo sticks to the uterus lining where it can grow and develop

50
Q

What are the stages of development?

A

Zygote > Embryo > Foetus > Baby

51
Q

How does the zygote develop into a baby?

A

The zygote divides in two cells, which each divide in two cells and so on (Cell division)

52
Q

How are identical twins formed?

A

One egg and one sperm nuclei fusing together then separate and divide independently

53
Q

How are non-identical twins formed?

A

Two eggs are released from the ovaries and fuse with the nuclei of two sperms then develop via cell division

54
Q

What is the placenta?

A

The organ responsible for providing oxygen and nutrients to the foetus and removing waste such as carbon dioxide and urea

55
Q

What is the role of the amniotic sac and fluid?

A

Physical protection against knocks and bumps and protection against change in temperature

56
Q

What is the role of the umbilical cord?

A

To carry nutrients and waste to and from the placenta and foetus

57
Q

Do periods occur after the egg is fertilised?

A

No, whilst the embryo develops in the uterus, the lining does not shed and the menstrual cycle pauses

58
Q

How does the foetus receive the nutrients from the mother’s blood?

A

They diffuse into the baby’s blood through the placenta

59
Q

What happens during birth?

A

The cervix dilates to between 8 and 10 cm, wide enough to allow the baby’s head. The muscles of the walls of the uterus contract to push the baby out. Finally, the placenta is pushed out (known as the afterbirth)

60
Q

Why is it bad to smoke during pregnancy?

A

It contains carbon monoxide which binds to the red blood cells, taking up space for the oxygen, meaning that the foetus will not have enough oxygen for respiration and will interfere with development

61
Q

Why is it bad to drink during pregnancy?

A

The baby’s liver is one of the last organs to develop so it cannot process the alcohol, causing learning or behavioural difficulties. Drinking, especially during the first trimester can risk a miscarriage, premature birth or low birth weight

Biology (4 decks)

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