Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Gastrointenstinal > Year 3 > Flashcards

Year 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Why are patients with cirrhosis more likely to bleed?

A

Decreased absorption of fat soluble vitamins so less clotting factor synthesis, decreased platelets from splenomegaly, gastroenteropathy, increased PTT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the features indicated decompensated liver disease?

A

Increased bilirubin, GI bleed, ascites, hepatic encephalopathy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is an AFRI?

A

Ultrasound based scan of the liver used to determine the level of fibrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What treatments are there for oesophageal varices?

A

Band ligation and beta blockers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are some ways primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) can present?

A

Fatigue, itching, GI disturbance, abdo pain, jaundice and pale stools, signs of cirrhosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is primary biliary cholangitis?

A

A condition where the immune system attacks small bile ducts, causing obstruction of the ducts leading to cholestasis. This causes liver damage and cirrhosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Which is the first liver enzyme to be raised in PBC?

A

ALP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Which auto-antibodies are positive in PBC?

A

Anti-mitochondrial antibodies

Anti-nuclear antibodies (in 35% of patients)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What treatment is used for PBC?

A

Ursodeoxycholic acid (reduces intestinal absorption of cholesterol) and colestyramine (bile acid sequestrant)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is an ERCP?

A

Where an endoscope inserted through to the bile ducts and inject contrast then X-rays used to identify any strictures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the two main types of primary liver cancer?

A 
Hepatocellular carcinoma (80%)
Cholangiocarcinoma (20%)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Which liver cancer is associated with primary sclerosing cholangitis?

A

Cholangiocarcinoma (10% of patients with this cancer had PSC)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the main risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma?

A

Liver cirrhosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Why is chemotherapy and radiotherapy not used in treatment of HCC?

A

HCC is generally considered resistant to chemotherapy and radiotherapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the non-specific symptoms associated with liver cancer?

A

Weight loss, jaundice, abdominal pain, anorexia, nausea and vomiting, pruritus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is a Mallory-Weiss tear?

A

A tear in the lower oesophagus likely caused by violent coughing or vomiting

17
Q

What can be another cause of black stool other than malaena?

A

Iron supplements

18
Q

Does high levels of urea support or contradict a diagnosis of an upper GI bleed?

A

High levels of urea supports a upper GI bleed

19
Q

What are common causes of upper GI bleeds?

A

Ruptured peptic ulcer, varices, M-W tear, oesophagitis, aorta-duodenal fistula, cancer

20
Q

What are some causes of lower GI bleeding?

A

Diverticula disease, colitis, anal fissures, IBD, colon cancer, anorectal fissures

21
Q

If a patient presents like they have a GI bleed but have a high lactate level what could be the diagnosis?

A

Bowel ischaemia

22
Q

How would you manage someone with oesophageal variceal bleeding?

A

Give terlipressin, prophylactic antibiotic therapy, use band ligation, consider TIPS if band ligation not working

23
Q

How would you manage a patient with gastric variceal bleeding?

A

Endoscopic injection of N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate or TIPS if the injection doesn’t control bleeding

24
Q

What are two major complications of variceal bleeding?

A

Sepsis, aspiration

25
Q

What is a sangstaken-Blackmore tube?

A

A tube surrounded by an inflatable balloon used to apply tamponade to bleeding varices

26
Q

Is morning rush more common in IBD or IBS?

A

IBS

27
Q

How is chronic diarrhoea defined?

A

Diarrhoea lasting > 3 months

28
Q

What are some drugs that commonly cause diarrhoea?

A

PPIs, NSAIDs, anti-depressants, thyroxine

29
Q

Palpable masses and localised tenderness can be seen in which of the diseases that make up IBD?

A

Crohn’s

30
Q

What percentage of patients with Ulcerative Colitis develop Primary sclerosing cholangitis?
What percentage of patients with Primary sclerosing cholangitis have ulcerative colitis?

A

10%

80%

31
Q

What can be found in a stool sample which is released during inflammation of the intestines?

A

Faecal calprotectin

32
Q

What can be found in a stool sample which would indicate chronic exocrine pancreas insufficiency?

A

Faecal elastase

33
Q

What medication would you use to induce remission in Crohn’s?

A

First line: steroids such as oral prednisolone or IV hydrocortisone
If they dont work alone add azathioprine
Then add biological agents e.g infliximab, adalimumab

34
Q

Activity of which enzyme should be assessed before prescribing Azathioprine?

A

TPMT

35
Q

What drugs are used to maintain remission in Crohn’s?

A

Azathioprine/ mercaptopurine

Consider methotrexate

36
Q

What treatment is used to induce remission in UC?

A

Topical then oral aminosalicylates e.g mesalazine, corticosteroids may be considered and then azathioprine

Gastrointenstinal (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions