Session 5

Question 1

What are three features of chyme as it enters the duodenum?

Answer 1

Hypertonic, only partially digested and acidic

Question 2

How is it that chyme is hypertonic when it enters the duodenum but isotonic when it leaves?

Answer 2

Water moves into the duodenum

Question 3

What percentages of the pancreas are endocrine and how much exocrine?

Answer 3

Endocrine- 2%

Exocrine- 90%

Question 4

What is function of acinar cells in exocrine pancreas?

Answer 4

To produce the digestive enzymes

Question 5

What stimulates enzyme production of acinus?

Answer 5

Vagus nerve and CCK

Question 6

What do the centroacinar cells of exocrine pancreas produce?

Answer 6

Aqueous component of exocrine secretions

Question 7

What are zymogen granules?

Answer 7

Membrane bound secretions that contain inactive precursor of an enzyme

Question 8

Why are proteins secreted in an inactive form from the pancreas?

Answer 8

So that they dont digest the pancreas

Question 9

What are some functions of the liver?

Answer 9

Energy metabolism, detoxification and protein synthesis

Question 10

What are the chief functional cells of the liver?

Answer 10

Hepatocytes

Question 11

Which vessels make up portal triad, found at apices of the hepatic lobules?

Answer 11

Portal vein, hepatic artery, bile duct

Question 12

What kind of damage is most likely in zone one of the liver acinus?

Answer 12

Toxicity or infection as closest to blood vessels

Question 13

What kind of damage is most likely to occur in zone three of liver acini?

Answer 13

Ischaemia as further from blood supply to liver

Question 14

What are the 2 primary bile salts?

Answer 14

Cholinergic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid

Question 15

What are bile salts?

Answer 15

Bile acids that are conjugated with amino acids

Question 16

What are lipids packaged into in enterocytes?

Answer 16

Chylomicrons

Question 17

Which vessels are fats transported in after leaving through the basement membrane of enterocytes?

Answer 17

Lymph capillaries/ luteals

Question 18

What is absorption?

Answer 18

Movement of water, electrolytes and nutrients from gut lumen to blood

Question 19

What are the permanent folds in the small intestine called?

Answer 19

Plica circulares

Question 20

By which transporter are glucose and galactose co transported into enterocytes with Na?

Answer 20

SGLT1 transporter

Question 21

Which transporter does fructose use to enter the enterocyte?

Answer 21

GLUT5 transporter

Question 22

Why is it that rehydration fluids contain Na and monosaccharides?

Answer 22

Because these will diffuse into the cells and water will follow

Question 23

How are the movement of amino acid and small peptides into enterocytes different?

Answer 23

Amino acids co-transported with Na

Small peptides co-transported through peptide transporter with H+

Question 24

What double fold of peritoneum connects the stomach and liver?

Answer 24

The lesser omentum

Question 25

What happens to HCO3- concentration in saliva at higher flow rates?

Answer 25

It will increase compared to concentrations at rest as less taken out of solution from ductal cells

Question 26

What viscera has a dual blood supply from the foregut and midgut?

Answer 26

The pancreas

Question 27

Where would pain be felt if there was a problem with the foregut?

Answer 27

Epigastric area

Question 28

Where would pain be felt if there was a problem with the mid-gut?

Answer 28

Periumbilical area

Question 29

Where would pain be felt if there was a problem with the hind-gut?

Answer 29

Suprapubic area