Year 2 Updated Flashcards
What is ‘person-centred care’?
Person-centered care is the provision of care that places the patient at the centre ensuring that the healthcare system is designed to meet the needs and preferences of patients as defined by patients themselves.
Only the person can define what it means to them
What are the five principles of patient centred healthcare?
Respect Choice and Empowerment Patient involvement in health policy Access and support Information
What percentage of GP appointments are due to long-term conditions?
50%
What is ‘vulnerability’?
An individuals capacity to resist disease, repair damage and restore physiological homeostasis can be deemed vulnerability.
What is the ‘burden of treatment’?
Demands by healthcare on patient and caregiver:
- Changing behaviour or policing the behaviour of others to adhere to lifestyle modifications.
- Monitoring and managing their symptoms at home.
- Complex treatment regimens and multiple drugs (polypharmacy) contribute to the burden of treatment.
- Complex administrative systems, and accessing, navigating, and coping with uncoordinated health and social care systems add to this.
What is ‘biographical disruption’?
A long-term health condition can cause loss of confidence in social interaction or self-identity - which can be termed biographical disruption
How does the health of people vary within different areas of Scotland?
Higher proportion of people with Good/Very Good health in North/North East/Edinburgh
Higher proportion of bad/very bad health in Glasgow City, North Lanarkshire, Inverclyde, East Ayrshire
What does the WHO define the different levels of disability as?
Body and structure impairment
Activity limitation
Participation restrictions
What are the different factors in the Medical and Social Models of disability?
Medical
- individual/personal cause e.g. accident while drunk
- Underlying pathology e.g. morbid obesity
- Individual level intervention e.g. health professionals advise individually
- Individual change/adjustment e.g. change in behaviour
Social
- Societal cause e.g. low wages
- Conditions relating to housing
- Social/Political action needed e.g. facilities for disabled
- Societal attitude change e.g. use of politically correct language.
What factors may affect a person’s response to their disability?
Nature of the disability
Information base of the individual, ie education, intelligence and access to information
Personality of the individual
Coping strategies of the individual
Role of the individual – loss of role, change of role
Mood and emotional reaction of the individual
Reaction of others around them
Support network of the individual
Additional resources available to the individual e.g. good local self-help group, socio-economic resources
Time to adapt i.e. how long they have had the disability
What is ‘The Sick Role’?
The sick role is a concept that concerns the social aspects of becoming ill and the privileges and obligations that come with it
Rights
- exempt from normal social roles
- person is not responsible for their condition
Obligations:
- should try to get well
- should seek technically competent help and cooperate with the medical professional
At what different levels does disability cause disruption?
Personal
Economic
Social
What are some causes of disability?
Congenital Injury Communicable Disease Non-Communicable Disease Alcohol Drugs-iatrogenic effect and/or illicit use Mental Illness Malnutrition Obesity
How does the prevalence of disability vary with age and what percentage of disabled people work?
Prevalence and severity rise with age
One third of those with a disability are employed
What is the Wilson/Jungner criteria for screening?
Disease
- must be important
- must have recognisable latent or early symptomatic stage
- the natural course of the disease should be understood
Test
- should be acceptable to population
- should be continuous for the population
Treatment
- should be an accepted treatment
- facilities for diagnosis/treatment available
- agreed policy over who to treat
Cost
- cost of case finding should be balanced in relation to possible expenditures on medical care as a whole
What is the difference between disease and illness?
Disease – symptoms, signs – diagnosis. Bio-medical perspective
Illness – ideas, concerns, expectations – experience. Patients perspective
Disease is underlying pathology, illness is what the patient experiences
What factors may affect a person’s decision to seek medical advice?
Peer, family, internet, TV, media
Practice leaflets, posters, website
Medical factors
- new symptoms, visible symptoms, increasing severity/duration
Non-medica
- beliefs, expectations, social class, economic, psychological, environmental, cultural/ethnic/age/gender
How do contact rates vary between age/gender?
Increases with age (Except high rates in <4)
Women generally more likely to see healthcare professional
What are the three main aims of epidemiology? Why is it done?
Description
Explanation
Disease control
Can help identify aetiological clues, scope for prevention, and the identification of high risk or priority groups in society
What are different sources of epidemiological data?
Mortality data Hospital activity statistics Reproductive health statistics Cancer statistics Accident statistics General practice morbidity Health and household surveys Social security statistics Drug misuse databases Expenditure data from NHS
How is the relative risk of a population carried out?
Incidence of disease in exposed group divided by incidence in unexposed groupE.g. incidence of lung cancer in smokers divided by incidence of lung cancer in non-smokers
What is ‘health literacy’?
People having the knowledge, skills, understanding and confidence to use health information, to be active partners in their care, and to navigate health and social care systems.
