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VIA > Year 2 Microbio > Flashcards

Year 2 Microbio Flashcards

1
Q

Campylobacter jejuni

A

Chickens as reservoir (from poultry or milk)
Severe diarrhoea with fever, ulceration, and bleeding
Guillian Barre Syndrome and reactive arthritis are side effects that can occur after infection

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2
Q

Salmonella

A

-ve anaerobe

Salmonella typhi can cause typhoid/enteric fever

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3
Q

E. Coli

A

Normal flora, if not present might be problem

Escherichia coli gastroentritis – major causative agent of traveller’s diarrhoea (ETEC)

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4
Q

Clostridium perfringens

A

Watery diarrhoea

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5
Q

Clostridium botulinum

A

strictly anaerobic, endospores in insufficiently heated canned food
Besides GI symptoms, cholinergic blockage starting in CN (diplopia, photophobia) and moving down -> mortality from resp depression
give anti-toxins

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6
Q

Clostridium difficile

A

Can be normal flora
Nosocomial infection from antibiotic overuse
can cause pseudomembranous colitis

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7
Q

Bacillus cereus

A

Ubiquitous microbe, creates spores

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8
Q

Shigella

A

Dysentery (severe bloody, mucous and pus)

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9
Q

Staph aureus

A

heat resistant enterotoxins from ingestion of improperly stored/cooked food
Quick onset, self limiting

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10
Q

Vibrio cholerae

A

due to water contamination

causes profuse, odourless, watery diarrhoea; need fluids

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11
Q

Giardia lamblia

A

most common water-borne infection

pale, greasy, voluminous, odourous stools

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12
Q

Chlamydia

A

obligate intracellular ovoid

usually asymptomatic, can cause scarring

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13
Q

Gonorrhoea

A

gram -ve diplococci

resistant to penicillins

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14
Q

Syphilis

A 
Primary stage – single firm, painless, non-itchy skin ulceration- chancre
Secondary stage (7-10 weeks) – genital warts, diffuse rash involving palms of hands/soles of feet, general malaise
Tertiary stage (in 3-30 years) – neuro (dementia, psychosis
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15
Q

Human Papilloma Virus (HPV)

A

Asymptomatic, most women have

almost all cervical cancer caused by HPV

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16
Q

Herpes simplex virus (HSV)

A

HSV-1 is oral, HSV-2 is genital although both at both now

mostly asymptomatic, can cause painful genital warts. still transmissible when in dormancy

17
Q

Strep pneumoniae

A

bacterial acute meningitis
Gram +ve cocci
Often contiguous or distant foci of infection (Basilar skull fracture with CSF leak)

18
Q

Neisseria meningitides

A

bacterial acute meningitis
Gram negative cocci
Invasive meningococcal disease (Meningitis, Septicaemia)

19
Q

Haemophilus influenzae

A

bacterial acute meningitis
Gram negative cocobacilli
Mostly in children < 6 years

20
Q

Enteroviruses

A

Most common viral in acute meningitis
Single stranded RNA
Severe in neonates, not severe in others

21
Q

Mycobacteria tuberculosis

A

Chronic meningitis
Most severe form of tuberculosis
Very difficult to diagnose

22
Q

Cryptococcus neoformans

A

Chronic meningitis
Environmental yeast, usually acquired by inhalation
In adults, fatal if not treated (high mortality rate even if not)

23
Q

HSV

A

Causes both meningitis and encephalitis (leading cause of encephalitis)
HSV1>HSV2
Personality changes

24
Q

Toxoplasma gondii

A

intracellular parasite - encephalitis

multiple brain lesions

25
Q

Brain abscess

A

mostly through spread from outside (from the ear)
80% are strep infections
can grow mould
Subdural empyema (pus under dura) NO NOT LP

26
Q

Group A strep pyogenes

A

Strep tonsilitis

complications: scarlet fever, rheumatic fever, acute post-strep glomerulonephritis

27
Q

Common cold

A

rhinovirus (40%)

treat symptomatically

28
Q

Sinusitis

A

viral>bacterial although hard to distinguish

resolves by itself, antibiotics if longer than 7 days and severe

29
Q

Pharyngtitis/tonsilitis

A

viral (adenovirus)>bacterial (if purulent, strep pyogenes, H influenzae, N gonorrhoeae but could be EBV)

30
Q

Otitis

A

Externa - bacterial/fungal

Media - often from viral nasopharyngeal URTI

31
Q

Diphtheria

A

corynebacterium diphtheriae (gram positive fac anaerobe)
forms ulcers and extensive inflammation and swelling of throat and neck from toxins
rare in developed countries (vaccine)

32
Q

EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS (GLANDULAR FEVER)

A

infects pharyngeal epithelial cells → B cells

beware splenomegaly, no contact sports

33
Q

Laryngitis

A

viral

34
Q

Croup

A

viral (parainfluenza)
ACUTE LARYNGOTRACHEOBRONCHITIS
barking cough, hoarseness, stridor. 2-5 days, 1-3 years of age

35
Q

Acute bronchitis

A

viral

36
Q

BRONCHIOLITIS

A

viral in children

inflammation of bronchioles

37
Q

Pneumonia

A

infection of alveolars

bacterial (strep pneumoniae)

38
Q

Influenza

A

A: epidemics - antigen shifts
B: endemics - antigen drift

VIA (4 decks)

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