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A Level RS ~ All Essay Plans (Condensed) > Year 12 Ethics > Flashcards

Year 12 Ethics Flashcards

1
Q

Utilitarianism: Act Strengths (Bentham) [P1]

A
  • Clear answers to moral problems
  • Secular
  • Democratic
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2
Q

Utilitarianism: Act Weaknesses (Bentham) [P2]

A
  • Leads to injustice
  • Difficult to know outcomes (hedonic calculus)
  • ‘Pleasure’ = subjective
  • Hard to use in daily lives/practice
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3
Q

Utilitarianism: Rule Strengths (Mill) [P3]

A
  • Avoids hedonic calculus
  • Respects people’s liberty + rights
  • Focuses on quality (not quantity)
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4
Q

Utilitarianism: Rule Weaknesses (Mill) [P4]

A
  • Lower/higher difficult to define
  • Elitist/class injustice
  • Strong rule util seems absolutist and contradicts entire util principle
  • Breaking rule has more utllity than obeying?
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5
Q

Natural Moral Law: foundation for human rights (Strength) [P1]

A
  • Focuses on humans with values/responsibilities
  • Individual choices transcend politics
  • [Counter = applied to dictators]
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6
Q

Natural Moral Law: assumes universe has purpose (Weakness) [P2]

A
  • Roots from ‘values’
  • God-given = meaningless for non-Christians
  • Purpose created by individuals (not God)
  • No objective morality
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7
Q

Natural Moral Law: Overall Strengths [P3]

A
  • Emphasis on moral agent character
  • Provides autonomy (individuals discover through reason)
  • Cohesive/harmonious societies = helping others
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8
Q

Natural Moral Law: Overall Weaknesses [P4]

A
  • Rigid primary precepts
  • Modern life complex + subjective
  • Different in specific scenarios
  • Jesus did break laws at times
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9
Q

Situation Ethics: Jesus’ teachings (Strength) [P1]

A
  • Jesus ~ key-figure + influential for Christians
  • “love thy neighbour”
  • “no commandment greater than these”
  • Examples ~ healing on Sabbath
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10
Q

Situation Ethics: Barclay’s Criticisms (Weakness) [P2]

A
  • Provides people too much freedom
  • Fletcher’s examples are far-fetched
  • No clear absolute moral to base decisions on
  • [Counter = Fletcher claims we need to break laws sometimes]
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11
Q

Situation Ethics: Flexibility (Strength) [P3]

A
  • “love is only universal”
  • Can be applied to different societies/periods
  • Agape would not lose relevance
  • Acknowledges complexity of life
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12
Q

Situation Ethics: too much responsibility (Weakness) [P4]

A
  • Barclay ~ “terrifying degree of freedom”
  • Barclay ~ humans not rational enough
  • Clear moral guidelines needed for clarity/obey laws
  • Subjective
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13
Q

Environmental Ethics: Stewardship Strengths [P1]

A
  • Theocentric (God-centred)
  • Mobilised large numbers + significant funds
  • Encourages people to look after poor
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14
Q

Environmental Ethics: Stewardship Weaknesses [P2]

A
  • Unable to appreciate truth of nature
  • Focuses on consequences of humanity too much
  • Anthropocentric ~ disregard animal rights?
  • Dominion as better alternative? (highly advised in Genesis)
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15
Q

Environmental Ethics: Gaia Strengths [P3]

A
  • Applied increasingly to climate change studies
  • Used in many organisations for discussions
  • Supported by science at the time? (environmental adapts to survive)
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16
Q

Environmental Ethics: Gaia Weaknesses [P4]

A
  • Dawkins = evolution is more credible
  • Original calculations for Gaia seem questionable
  • Not much empirical evidence/research unlike Darwinism
  • [Counter = Margulis = compatible if symbiosis is accepted. where survival life forms join with others)
17
Q

Equality: Christian Support for Racial Equality [P1]

A
  • 17th Century Quakers started Christian abolitionism
  • Some clergymen use Bible to end racism (i.e., God’s image, “love thy neighbour”)
  • Moses freeing Israelites (God supports equality)
18
Q

Equality: Christian Against Racial Equality [P2]

A
  • Christianity played a large part in enslavement in Africa
  • St Paul: “obey their masters”
  • Bishop of Exeter was a personal slave owner
  • Slavery often used as a consequence of sinful actions (physical/spiritual)
19
Q

Equality: Christianity Support For Gender Equality [P3]

A
  • God’s “feminine” qualities = healing, forgiving, comforting etc
  • Jesus’s revolutionary treatment to women
  • Some of Jesus’ closest followers were women
  • Baptist church had female ministers since 1920s
20
Q

Equality: Christianity Against Gender Equality [P4]

A
  • God created Eve by taking one of Adam’s ribs + blames her first in Genesis
  • Stories portray a Patriarchal society (i.e., wives not allowed to divorce husbands)
  • All of the disciples were male
  • God referred to as “He” or Father
21
Q

Sexual Ethics and Christian teachings: applicable to Situation Ethics (Strength) [P1] [Expand]

A
  • Permits homosexuality/pre-marital sex (“most loving” is allowing people to make decisions for themselves)
  • [Counter: manipulation may be used]
  • [Counter: subjective on what ‘loving’ means]
22
Q

Sexual Ethics and Christian teachings: Freud’s Rejection (Weakness) [P2] [Expand]

A
  • Christian teachings are too oppressive
  • Withholding feelings can result in intense desires
  • Sex is a natural biological desire
  • Modern-day society claim that people have developed trust overtime
23
Q

Sexual Ethics and Christian teachings: secular teachings are too over-sexualised (Strength) [P3] [Expand]

A
  • Catholics = God designed life specifically (we should not upset this balance)
  • Reproduction is the main purpose of sex (“Be fruitful and multiply”)
  • Allows people to have moral reasoning
24
Q

Sexual Ethics and Christian teachings: liberal inspiration leads to crisis of authority [P4] [Expand]

A
  • LIberals reject conservative view (passages seen in a more metaphorical way)
  • Enlightment period = shows inaccuracies of the Bible
  • Difficult to grant authority if Bible written by humans
  • Leads to open + subjective interpretations
25
Q

War and Peace: JWT Strengths (support war) [P1]

A
  • Allows individuals to be accountable
  • Clear boundaries of what’s acceptable
  • People continuously refer through generations
26
Q

War and Peace: JWT Weaknesses (support war) [P2]

A
  • Not much clarity ~ unjust methods?
  • No easy distinction = modern warfare
  • Moral inconsistency (war = win or lose?)
  • Subjective = really last resort?
27
Q

War and Peace: Pacifism Strengths (against war) [P3]

A
  • Strengthens Christian SOL
  • Einstein + Russell on relative = Nazi Germany war necessary to surrender Hitler (preventing ‘Greater Evil’)
  • Allen Fox = “war is inconsistent with morality”
28
Q

War and Peace: Pacifism Weaknesses (against war) [P4]

A
  • Wars prevent wider ones from happening
  • Nietzsche ~ bring ‘best qualities’ out
  • Util link = server as a greater good (e.g., serve justice, Nagasaki)
  • Too idealistic

A Level RS ~ All Essay Plans (Condensed) (5 decks)

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