Year 10 Science Exam Revision

Question 1

Describe the structure of an atom.

Answer 1

Atoms are made up of three main sub-atomic particles; protons, neutrons and electrons. The protons and neutrons make up the nucleus. The nucleus makes up more than 99.9% of the atoms mass.

Question 2

What is a proton?

Answer 2

Protons have a positive electron charge. The symbol used is p+. It’s located in the nucleus and has a mass of 1.

Question 3

What is a neutron?

Answer 3

Neutrons have no charge. The symbol used is n. It’s located in the nucleus and has a mass of 1.

Question 4

What is an electron?

Answer 4

Electrons have a negative charge. The symbol used is e-. It’s located in the electron cloud and has a mass of 1/2000.

Question 5

Define electron configuration

Answer 5

The arrangement of electrons in orbitals around an atomic nucleus.

Question 6

Define a stable electron configuration

Answer 6

An atom is at its most stable (and therefore unreactive) when all its orbitals are full.

Question 7

Name all the groups in the periodic table

Answer 7

Group 1 - Alkali metals
Group 2 - Alkali Earth metals
Group 3 -12 - Transition metals
Group 14 -16 - Non metals
Group 17 - Halogen
Group - 18 - Noble Gases

Question 8

Relate the structure of the PT to the EC of elements

Answer 8

Elements with the same shell appear in the same period.
Elements with the same number of valence electrons appear in the same group.

Question 9

Explain the bonding behaviour of noble or inert gases.

Answer 9

Noble gases already have a full outer electron shell, they don’t gain, lose, or share electrons with other atoms to form chemical bonds. This stability is why they are often referred to as inert or noble

Question 10

Describe cations and anions.

Answer 10

An atom with 1-3 valence electrons will lose electrons and become a positive ion/cation.
At atom with 5-7 valence electrons will gain electrons and becomes a negative ion/anion.

Question 11

What is an ionic bond?

Answer 11

Occurs between a metal and a non-metal. They are formed when positive and negative ions attract (electrostatic).

Question 12

What is the purpose of ionic bonding?

Answer 12

For atoms to achieve a fuller bond.

Question 13

Identify ionic bonding properties

Answer 13

1. Arranged in a tight lattice structure.
2. Usually solid at room temp
3. High melting points (electrostatic force of attraction).
4. Dissolve in water to form aqueous solutions.
5. Conduct electricity.

Question 14

Describe a Polyatomic Atom.

Answer 14

A group of covalently bonded atoms that have lost or gained an electron. Oppositely charged electrons can form compounds.

Question 15

What is a covalent bond?

Answer 15

Covalent bonds form between 2 non-metals. Are formed when atoms share electrons. AKA. molecules.

Question 16

Identify covalent bonding properties

Answer 16

1. Result in a neutral molecule.
2. Weak bonds
3. Physical state is usually liquids of gases.
4. Low melting and boiling point.
5. Insoluble in water.

Question 17

Define vector

Answer 17

A vector quantity has both magnitude and direction.
e.g Velocity and displacement.

Question 18

Define scalar

Answer 18

A scalar quantity has only magnitude.
e.g. Speed and distance.

Question 19

Define displacement

Answer 19

Displacement is a vector quantity that refers to the object’s overall change in position

Question 20

Define distance

Answer 20

Distance is a scalar quantity that refers to “how much ground an object has covered” during its motion

Question 21

Define speed.

Answer 21

Speed is a scalar quantity that refers to “how fast an object is moving.” Speed can be thought of as the rate at which an object covers distance

Question 22

Define velocity

Answer 22

Velocity is a vector quantity that refers to “the rate at which an object changes its position.”

Question 23

Define acceleration

Answer 23

Acceleration is the rate something is speeding measured using m/s2.

Question 24

State Newton’s First Law of Motion

Answer 24

At object at rest will remain at rest, or if in motion will remain at a constant speed unless acted upon by an external force - inertia.
- A person on a bus.

Question 25

State Newton’s Second Law of Motion.

Answer 25

If the mass increases, the force needed increases.
If the mass decreases, the force needed decreases.
Relates to the formula F=m x a

Question 26

State Newton’s Third Law of Motion.

Answer 26

Every action has a equal and opposite reaction.
- Recoil of a gun.

Question 27

How do you speed up a reaction?

Answer 27

Increase concentration, temperature, and surface area and add a catalyst.

Question 28

What does increasing concentration do?

Answer 28

When there are more reactant particles present, this increases the frequency of collisions and reactants turn to products faster.

Question 29

What does increasing temperature do?

Answer 29

Increases heat and kinetic energy. This makes particles move faster and collide more frequently.

Question 30

What does increasing surface area do?

Answer 30

This increases surface area of a reactant in contact with another. Increasing frequency of collisions, making reactants turn to produce faster.

Question 31

What does adding a catalyst do?

Answer 31

It brings reactants in contact with each other at the correct orientation. Reduces energy needed by the reactants to turn into products making the reaction faster.