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computing > Year 10 - Paper 1 > Flashcards

Year 10 - Paper 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What does the CPU stand for?

A

Central Processing Unit

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2
Q

Is CPU hardware or software?

A

Hardware

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3
Q

What does the CPU do?

A

Executes instructions and manages the rest of the hardware

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4
Q

What is hardware?

A

Physical parts of the computer

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5
Q

What is software?

A

Parts of the computer you cannot touch

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6
Q

What is the CPU made up of?

A

The main memory, the processor and the main cache memory

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7
Q

What does ‘Fetch’ do in the FDE cycle?

A

Copies memory address from PC to MAR, Data/instruction stored at the address in MAR is copied from memory to MDR.

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8
Q

What does ‘Decode’ in the FDE cycle do?

A

The instruction in the MDR is decoded by the CU.

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9
Q

What does ‘Execute’ in the FDE cycle do?

A

The instruction is preformed. Saves result to register or memory.

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10
Q

What’s the FDE cycle stand for?

A

Fetch-Decode-Execute

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11
Q

What’s ALU stand for?

A

Arithmetic Logic Unit

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12
Q

What does the ALU do?

A

Carries out mathematical and logical operations, including: AND, OR, NOT and binary shift.

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13
Q

What’s the CU stand for?

A

Control Unit

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14
Q

What’s the CU do?

A

Coordinates all of the CPU’s actions in the FDE cycle. It regulates and controls processor timings using pulses from the system clock. it sends and receives control signals to and from devices within the computer.

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15
Q

What does Cache do?

A

Very fast memory in the CPU. Stores regularly used data. Makes the CPU more efficient because it can access memory faster. If data isn’t in the cache, RAM checked.

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16
Q

Is it good or bad to put too much data in the Cache? Why?

A

It is bad because it will take longer to find instructions within the cache.

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17
Q

What are Registers?

A

Memory locations in the CPU. Used to temporarily store memory addresses, instructions or data. Fast but small capacity.

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18
Q

How much capacity do registers have?

A

32 to 64 bits.

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19
Q

What does MAR stand for?

A

Memory address register

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20
Q

What does the MAR do?

A

Holds the address of the instruction or data to be fetched or stored.

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21
Q

What does ‘address’ mean?

A

Location in memory

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22
Q

What does PC stand for?

A

Program counter

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23
Q

What does the PC do?

A

Holds the memory address of the next instruction to be processed.

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24
Q

What does the MDR do?

A

Holds the instruction or data that is waiting to be written to memory

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25
Q

What’s MDR stand for?

A

Memory Data Register

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26
Q

what’s the Accumulator do?

A

Is a register where results from ALU calculations are stored.

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27
Q

Every action in the CPU takes place…

A

on one tick of the clock

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28
Q

What does the clock speed determine?

A

The number of FDE cycles that takes place per second

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28
Q

IF a CPU has a clock speed of 3.5 GHz, that is how many cycles per second?

A

3.5 billion

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29
Q

Each core can process independently of others. This means…

A

there is parallel processing can take place

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30
Q

The more cores a processor has, the more…

A

instructions it can carry out at once

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31
Q

the program counter and accumulator are what examples of components in the CPU?

A

registers

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32
Q

Embedded system

A

computers built into other devices, so they have a dedicated and limited function

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33
Q

What’s an embedded system typically written in?

A

machine language (binary)

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34
Q

What operating system do Embedded systems use? Why?

A

ROM because only able to run one application and very reliable

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35
Q

What’s Computational Thinking?

A

formulating a problem and expressing its solution in a way a computer can carry out

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36
Q

What’s Abstraction?

A

Removes unnecessary detail, allowing us to simplify the problem

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37
Q

What’s Decomposition?

A

Breaking down a complex problem into smaller, more manageable parts.

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38
Q

What’s Algorithmic thinking?

A

The consideration that goes into how to solve a problem

39
Q

What’s an input?

A

may be entered by someone at a keyboard, or reading from a sensor

40
Q

What’s a process?

A

what is done to the data, calculation, sorting, etc

41
Q

What’s an output?

A

The end result after processing

42
Q

What’s a structure diagram?

A

May be used to show the structure of a problem. It shows subparts and how they link.

43
Q

Define the term clock speed

A

The amount of FDE cycles that can take place per second

44
Q

What do solid-state drives do? (SSDs)

A

store data permanently, typically using flash memory

45
Q

State the purpose of the CPU

A

executes programs and manages the rest of the hardware, executes instructions

46
Q

State the name of the component that preforms calculations and decisions

A

ALU

47
Q

Hexadecimal is base…

A

16

48
Q

A hex digit can be any of the following 16 digits:

A

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F

49
Q

Each hex digit reflects a…

A

4-bit binary sequence

50
Q

Analogue sounds have been stored … on a computer

A

digitally in binary

51
Q

What is sample rate of sound?

A

How many samples or measurements of sound are taken each second

52
Q

The higher the sample rate of sound…

A

the more samples that are taken, the greater the playback of quality

53
Q

What’s sound measured in?

A

Hertz

54
Q

What is a syntax error?

A

occurs when a statement is written which does not obey the laws of the programming language

55
Q

What’s a logic error?

A

occurs when the program does not do what the user intended

56
Q

What’s von Neumann architecture?

A

John von Neumann developed the stored program computer. Both programs and the data are stored in memory

57
Q

What’s primary memory?

A

Needed so the processor can access instructions. It cannot access the data quickly from secondary storage, due to slow read/write speed.

58
Q

Volatile memory is…

A

temporary memory, if power is lost, data is lost.

59
Q

Where is volatile memory used?

A

Primary memory

60
Q

RAM

A

High speed volatile memory. It is called random as data can be written anywhere in that memory at any time. Used as main memory in the computer. Stores data, files and programs whist they are being used. When the computer is booted up, the operating system is copied from secondary memory to the RAM. Slower read/write than cache, but faster than secondary storage. It is editable.

61
Q

ROM

A

Read only memory, contains the boot up instructions. Read only, non-volatile memory. Cannot edit data on ROM. Start up instructions are called BIOS - Basic Input Output System. When a computer is powered on, CPU reads instructions from ROM

62
Q

Virtual memory

A

Used when there is not enough space in the RAM. Virtual memory is in the secondary memory, used to store the contents of RAM. To be read, data needs to be transferred from virtual memory onto the RAM.

63
Q

A computer has 1024 megabytes id RAM. A computer sometimes uses virtual memory/ Describe what is meant by the virtual memory and state why it is needed.

A

Using secondary storage, Used to store the contents of RAM, needed when there isn’t enough physical memory.

64
Q

Secondary memory

A

Where all the data (operating system, applications, user files) are stored when not in use. Secondary memory is non-volatile and has a large capacity. Read/write speeds are much slower than primary memory.

65
Q

Types of secondary storage

A

Optical (CDs, DVDs, etc, lasers are used to read from and write to the disks. The optical readers have moving parts, disk spins and data is read in a spiral from inside to edge.)
Magnetic (HHD, Hard disk drive, the disk spins thousands of times per second, data is stored magnetically on the disk in circular tracks. Can be internal, holds data and OS.)
Solid state (SSD, uses flash memory, very fast read/write speed, no moving parts do more durable, can be internal, finite number of read/write cycles. E.g. USB drives and memory cards.)

66
Q

Uses of secondary storage

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A
67
Q

4 bits is called a…

A

nibble

68
Q

8 bits is called a…

A

byte

69
Q

1000 bytes is a…

A

Kilobyte

70
Q

1000 KB is a…

A

Megabyte

71
Q

1000 MB is a…

A

Gigabyte

72
Q

1000 GB is a…

A

Terabyte

73
Q

1000 TB is a…

A

Petabyte

74
Q

What’s Data storage capacity?

A

How much space is needed to store a file

75
Q

sound file size calculation

A

Sound file size = sample rate x duration x bit length

76
Q

Image file size calculation

A

colour depth x image height x image width

77
Q

Text file size calculation

A

bits per character x number of characters

77
Q

What’s an overflow error?

A

When you’re adding binary numbers together but there are five bits of space. This is an issue because there are only 4 bits of space, so the answer will cut off the extra place on the answer, displaying the wrong answer.

77
Q

Explain why mobile phones that can send emojis would use Unicode instead if ASCII as their character set

A

Unicode has more characters and Unicode is a 16 bit compared trot ASCII’s 8/7 bits

78
Q

What are character sets?

A

Characters that a computer can understand

78
Q

ACSII

A

Uses 8 bits, so has 256 ( 2 to the power of 8) characters

78
Q

Unicode

A

uses between 16 or 32 bits per character

79
Q

Resolution

A

Resolution of the image is in pixels per inch (PPI)

80
Q

How many colours is a 2 bit image?

A

4

81
Q

Sound waves are…

A

analogue, means that they are continuously changing

82
Q

Lossy compression

A

Files are compressed by removing some of the detail permanently

82
Q

Sampling sound

A

Sample rate = how many samples of the sound is taken each second, higher the sample rate, the greater the playback quality

82
Q

Compression

A

A method of reducing file sizes so they take up less storage

82
Q

Lossy advantages

A

It has very small file sizes

82
Q

Lossy disadvantages

A

Unable to bring the original back after compressing

82
Q

Lossless advantages

A

No content reduction

83
Q

Lossless compression

A

a data encoding method where files are compressed by data is not lost

83
Q
A
83
Q

Lossless disadvantages

A

Bigger files than lossy compression

computing (4 decks)

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