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year 10 science > Year 10 Biology > Flashcards

Year 10 Biology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the building blocks of DNA?

A

DNA is made up of millions of monomers called nucleotides.

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2
Q

What are the components of a nucleotide?

A

Phosphate group, Pentose sugar, Nitrogenous base

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3
Q

What structure is DNA in?

A

DNA is arranged in a double helix.

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4
Q

What components make up the backbone?

A

The phosphate and sugar form the backbone.

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5
Q

What components make up the DNA ladder rungs?

A

The bases form the rungs.

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6
Q

How many Nitrogenous bases are there?

A

There are four types of Nitrogenous bases ( Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine ).

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7
Q

What is complementary base pairing?

A

Complementary base pairing means each base will only bond with one specific base ( A - T, C - G )

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8
Q

What is a gene?

A

Genes are a section of a chromosome, that code for a specific protein.

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9
Q

What is the significance of proteins?

A

Proteins give us our traits.

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10
Q

Where is DNA found?

A

DNA is found in the nucleus.

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11
Q

How is genetic information organised?

A

Genetic information is organised into units called genes. Genes are found in chromosomes.

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12
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have and what is the total number?

A

Human body cells have 23 pairs of chromosomes. This gives us a diploid number of 46.

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13
Q

What does diploid mean?

A

Diploid is a pair/set of chromosomes in somatic cells.

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14
Q

What is a somatic cell?

A

A somatic cell is a cell in the body except sex cells (eg. nose and cheek cells).

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15
Q

What are gametes?

A

Gametes is another word for reproductive or sex cells (sperm and egg).

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16
Q

What does haploid mean?

A

Haploid refers to the possession of one copy of each chromosome per cell.

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17
Q

What is an autosome?

A

An autosome is any chromosome not involved with sex determination.

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18
Q

What is a sex chromosome?

A

A sex chromosome is the only chromosome that determines an individuals sex ( females - XX, Male - XY

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19
Q

What is a Karyotype?

A

A karyotype is an individuals collection of chromosomes.

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20
Q

What is the purpose of a karyotype?

A

The karyotype is used to look for abnormal numbers or structures of chromosomes.

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21
Q

What is a homologous chromosome?

A

Homologous chromosomes are the same size, shape and carry the same genes.

22
Q

What is down syndrome?

A

Down syndrome is trisomy 21, meaning they have three chromosomes in chromosome 21.

23
Q

What is turner syndrome?

A

Turner syndrome is monosomy x meaning they only have one x chromosome.

24
Q

What is Klinefelter syndrome?

A

Klinefelter syndrome is when you have an extra x chromosome, xxy. (still considered a male).

25
Q

What is an allele?

A

An allele is different forms of the same gene. eg hair colour, eye colour.

26
Q

What are dominant alleles?

A

Dominant alleles are expressed when they are present.

27
Q

What are recessive alleles?

A

Recessive alleles are expressed only when there are two recessive alleles.

28
Q

What is a genotype?

A

A genotype is the alleles that a person has.

29
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

A phenotype are the traits that are seen.

30
Q

What does homozygous mean?

A

Homozygous is two of the same allele.

31
Q

What does heterozygous mean?

A

Heterozygous is one of each type of allele.

32
Q

What is a genetic cross?

A

A genetic cross is a mechanism to measure the probability of all outcomes for a genetics cross.

33
Q

What is a punnett square?

A

A punnett square is the tool we use to do a genetic cross.

34
Q

How do you represent a punnett square?

A
  1. Designate characters to represent alleles.
  2. Write the genotype of the parents.
  3. Use a grid to work out gamete combinations.
  4. Write the genotype ratios of offspring.
35
Q

What are the possible percentages of a genotype?

A

The possible percentages are:
- 4/4, 100%
- 1/4, 25%
- 2/4, 50%
- 3/4, 75%

36
Q

What is a pedigree?

A

A pedigree is a chart of the genetic history of a family over several generations.

37
Q

How is the number of generations denoted?

A

To denote the numbers of generations in a pedigree chart, we use roman numerals.

38
Q

How to determine if the pedigree shows an autosome?

A

When there is a 50/50 ratio between men and women, the disorder is autosomal.

39
Q

How to determine if a pedigree chart shows a x-linked disease?

A

If most of the males in a pedigree are affected the disease is x linked.

40
Q

How to determine if a disorder is dominant?

A

If a disorder is dominant, one of the parents must have the disorder.

41
Q

How to determine if a disorder is recessive?

A

If a disorder is recessive, neither parents has to have the disorder because they can be heterozygous.

42
Q

What are proteins?

A

Proteins are very large complex molecules necessary for every living organism.

43
Q

What are proteins made up of?

A

Proteins are made up of amino acids.

44
Q

How are proteins unique?

A

Each protein has a specific function and a specific shape to enable it to perform that function.

45
Q

How does DNA code for amino acids?

A

Each 3 bases of DNA codes for a specific amino acid.

46
Q

Where are proteins created?

A

Proteins are created in Ribosomes.

47
Q

Why do we need to convert DNA?

A

We need to convert DNA because it is too large to leave the nucleus.

48
Q

What is DNA converted to?

A

DNA is converted to messenger RNA (mRNA).

49
Q

What does RNA stand for?

A

RNA stands for ribonucleic acid.

50
Q

Whats the process called to get DNA to mRNA?

A

The process to get DNA to mRNA is called transcription.

51
Q

What is the enzyme involved in transcription?

A

The enzyme involved in transcription is RNA polymerase.

52
Q

What do RNA polymerase do?

A

RNA polymerase reads the DNA and builds the mRNA.

year 10 science (2 decks)

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