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psychology - research methods > year 1 (p26-54) > Flashcards

year 1 (p26-54) Flashcards

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1
Q

what does sampling involve?

A

selecting ppts from a target group/ population.

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2
Q

what is a target population?

A

is the group whom the researcher is interested in, from which the sample is drawn, and which the research findings will be generalised.

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3
Q

why are sampling techniques used?

A

to choose a representative sample from the target group

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4
Q

why does a sample group need to be a reasonable size?

A

so the researcher can make a justified extension of the findings from the sample to the rest of the target population (generalisation of the findings)

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5
Q

name five sampling techniques

A 
random 
opportunity 
volunteer 
systematic 
stratified
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6
Q

define random sampling

A

ppts are chosen at random, either using a computer programme or through pulling names out of a hat

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7
Q

two strengths of random sampling

A

representative of the general population and less bias - all ppts have an equal chance of being chosen

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8
Q

one limitation of random sampling

A

time consuming and difficult to conduct

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9
Q

define opportunity sampling

A

ppts are chosen from whoever is available

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10
Q

one strength of opportunity sampling

A

money and time efficient

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11
Q

one limitation of opportunity sampling

A

researcher bias - may choose ppts based on who they like the look of

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12
Q

define volunteer sampling

A

ppts are asked to volunteer to take part in research

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13
Q

one strength of volunteer sampling

A

quick and easy way of gathering ppts

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14
Q

one limitation of volunteer sampling

A

generalising finding could be different - may not be a truly representative sample
certain people are more likely to volunteer w.g. helpful, curious

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15
Q

define systematic sampling

A

ppts are chosen in a systematic way

e.g. every fourth student on a psychology course

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16
Q

one strength of systematic sampling

A

avoids researcher bias - researcher has no influence over who is chosen

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17
Q

one limitation of systematic sampling

A 
is a chance that the sample is not representative 
e.g. mixed class but by chance only girls chosen
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18
Q

define stratified sampling

A

involves categorising the population and then choosing a random sample which consists of ppts from each category in the same proportion as they are in the target population

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19
Q

two strengths of stratified sampling

A

avoids researcher bias - once target population has been categorised, ppts are chosen randomly.
can be generalised- sample is representative of the target population

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20
Q

one limitation of stratified sampling

A

time consuming and complicated

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21
Q

what is a pilot study?

A

an initial run-through of the procedure to be used in an investigation. it involves selecting a few people and testing the study on them. identifies flaws with the procedure by helping the researcher spot any ambiguities or confusion in the information given to ppts or problems with the task. e.g. task too hard/easy
saves time and money

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22
Q

name the three sets of types of observational techniques

A

naturalistic or controlled
overt or covert
participant or non participant

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23
Q

what are naturalist observations?

A

involves observing behaviour in a natural environment, observer doesn’t interfere with the behaviour in any way

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24
Q

two advantages of naturalistic observations

A

high ecological validity

high mundane realism

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25
Q

one disadvantage of naturalistic observations

A

can’t be replicated - no control over variables - reliability can’t be checked

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26
Q

what are controlled observations?

A

(laboratory observations)
involves the researcher setting up the situation to be observed.
they don’t necessarily take place in a lab

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27
Q

two advantages of controlled observations

A

can be replicated to check reliability

extraneous variables can be minimised

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28
Q

one disadvantage of controlled observations

A

low ecological validity because of artificial environment

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29
Q

what is a covert observation?

A

the ppts are not aware that they are being observed

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30
Q

one advantage of covert observations

A

investigator effects are unlikely

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31
Q

one disadvantage of covert observations

A

ethical issues - can’t get fully informed consent

32
Q

what are overt observations?

A

ppts are aware they are being observed

33
Q

one advantage of overt observations

A

ethical issues reduced - ppts can give fully informed consent

34
Q

two disadvantages of overt observations

A

investigator effects
social desirability bias
- unreliable results

35
Q

what is a participant observation?

A

when the researcher takes part in the situation as part of the group being observed.

36
Q

two advantages of participant observations

A

can get in depth data - unlikely to kiss any behaviours.

researcher gains valuable insight.

37
Q

three disadvantages of participant observations

A

evaluation apprehension- researchers presence may influence ppts.
difficult to record data.
researcher may become too involved and lose objectivity.

38
Q

what is a non participant observations?

A

researcher does not take part in the situation

39
Q

two advantages of non participant observations

A

evaluation apprehension and investigator effects less likely.
researcher remains objective.

40
Q

one disadvantage of non participant observations

A

lack of proximity may cause the researcher to overlook behaviours and lose the valuable insight gained when taking part in the situation.

41
Q

name two sampling methods

A

event sampling

time sampling

42
Q

what is event sampling?

A

recording a count of each time w specific behaviour occurs

e.g. every time a football player disagrees with the ref

43
Q

one advantage of event sampling

A

useful to record occasional behaviours

44
Q

one disadvantage of event sampling

A

events/ behaviours may be missed if there is a lot happening at once

45
Q

what is time sampling?

A

recording behaviours within a specific timeframe

e.g. record behaviour every 30 seconds

46
Q

one advantage of time sampling

A

reduces the number of observations that have to be made

47
Q

one disadvantage of time sampling

A

those times when behaviour is sampled might be unrepresentative of the observations as a whole.

48
Q

name two ways of recording data in an observational design

A

unstructured observation

structured observation

49
Q

what is an unstructured observation?

A

researcher writes down everything they see

50
Q

one advantage of unstructured observations

A

rich in detail

51
Q

two disadvantages of an unstructured observation

A

produce qualitative data - difficult to record and analyse

risk of observer bias

52
Q

what is a structured observation?

A

researcher simplifies target behaviours that become the main focus of the investigation using behavioural characteristics

53
Q

one advantage of a structured observation

A

produces quantitative data - can analyse and compare easily

54
Q

one disadvantage of a structured observation

A

lacks detail

55
Q

what are behaviours categories in observational designs?

A

(behaviour checklist)
target behaviours are clearly defined and made observable and measurable
e.g. target behaviour = affection - broke down into behavioural characteristics = hugging, kissing etc.

56
Q

define what self report technique is

A

any method where a person is asked to explain / state their own feelings, opinions, behaviours or experience

57
Q

name two self-report techniques

A

questionnaires

interviews

58
Q

what are the two types of questions used in questionnaires?

A

open questions

closed questions

59
Q

what are open questions in questionnaires? and what kind of data do they produce?

A

no fixed range of answers and respondents are free to answer in any way
produce qualitative data

60
Q

positives of open questions

A

lots of detail

61
Q

limitations of open questions

A

too much information - difficult to analyse

63
Q

positives of closed questionnaires

A

easy to analyse

64
Q

limitations of closed questionnaires

A

lacks detail

66
Q

what are closed questionnaires and what kind of data do they produce?

A

involve a fixed response

produce quantities data

70
Q

positives of questionnaires

A

cost effective

data produced is easily analysed and compared (especially closed questionnaires)

71
Q

limitations of questionnaires

A

social desirability bias

72
Q

what are the two types of interview designs?

A

structured interviews

unstructured interviews

73
Q

what are structured interviews?

A

all interviewees are asked pre-determined set of questions

74
Q

strengths of structured interviews

A

replicable

75
Q

limitations of structured interviews

A

lacks detail

76
Q

what are unstructured interviews?

A

no set questions, there is a general aim of which topics will be discussed, the interviewee is encouraging to expand answers

77
Q

strengths of unstructured interviews

A

flexibility

access to important unexpected information

78
Q

limitations of unstructured interviews

A

interviewer bias

hard to analyse

79
Q

list three differences between correlations and experiments

A
  1. correlations look at the relationship between two co variable, experiments manipulate the IV (a variable).
  2. correlations look at the correlation coefficient, experiments establish cause and effect.
  3. correlations are to determine if there is a relationship, experiments are to determine a difference.
80
Q

what kind of data can correlational analyse only be carried out on? and what do we have to do co-variables to get this?

A

quantitative data
and
operationalise the co-variables to ensure they are clearly defined and measurable

psychology - research methods (4 decks)

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