yeah yahh Flashcards
I neither walk nor run
No camino ni corro
I neither do this nor that
No
I cannot even though I want to
no puedo aunque quiero
no puedo aunque quiero
I cannot even though I want to
I cannot even though I want to
no puedo aunque quiero
The girl drinks neither water nor milk
La nina no bebe agua ni leche
Al
a + el
a el?
no.. use al
I walk towards her
Camino hacia ella
de el?
no… use del
del
de + el
past perfect
The past perfect = auxiliary verb “had” (haber) with the past participle.
I had lived Yo habia vivido
había habías había habíamos habíais habían
We had lived
(nosotros) Habíamos vivido
Past Perfect
Juan had closed the window.
Juan había cerrado la ventana
Past Perfect
Juan había cerrado la ventana
Juan had closed the window.
Past Perfect
(nosotros) Habíamos vivido
We had lived
Past Perfect
I had eaten prior to calling them
Yo había comido antes de llamarles
Past Perfect
Yo había comido antes de llamarles
I had eaten prior to calling them
Past Perfect
I had washed my hands
Me había lavado las manos.
past perfect
Me había lavado las manos.
I had washed my hands
past perfect
present progressive
The present progressive is formed by combining the verb “to be” with the present participle.
Never use present progressive for something that will occur in the future.
Estoy hablando.
I am speaking.
Juan está comiendo.
John is eating.
present participle ir verbs
iendo
To form the present participle of -ir stem changing verbs, change e:i and o:u in the stem, and then add -iendo to the stem of the verb.
servir: sirviendo
pedir: pidiendo
decir: diciendo
dormir: durmiendo
morir: muriendo
poder: pudiendo
Mary is writing a letter
María está escribiendo una carta
Present Progressive
María está escribiendo una carta
Mary is writing a letter
Present Progressive
Estoy hablando.
I am speaking.
present progressive
I am speaking.
Estoy hablando.
present progressive
Gracias (por vs para) la ayuda
Rule: to express gratitude or apology
Model: Gracias por la ayuda.
(Thanks for the help.)
Dos (por vs para) dos son cuatro.
Rule: for multiplication and division
Model: Dos por dos son cuatro.
(Two times two equals four.)
Voy al restaurante cinco veces (por vs para) semana
Rule: for velocity, frequency and proportion
Model: Voy al restaurante cinco veces por semana.
(I go to the restaurant five times per week.)
I go to the restaurant five times per week
Rule: for velocity, frequency and proportion
Model: Voy al restaurante cinco veces por semana.
Two times two equals four
Rule: for multiplication and division
Model: Dos por dos son cuatro.
We walk through the park
Rule: meaning “through,” “along,” “by” or “in the area of”
Model: Andamos por el parque.
(We walk through the park.)
Andamos por el parque.
Rule: meaning “through,” “along,” “by” or “in the area of”
Model: Andamos por el parque.
(We walk through the park.)
He gave me ten dollars for the book.
Rule: when talking about exchange, including sales
Model: Él me dio diez dólares por el libro.
(He gave me ten dollars for the book.)
Él me dio diez dólares (por vs para) el libro.
Rule: when talking about exchange, including sales
Model: Él me dio diez dólares por el libro.
(He gave me ten dollars for the book.)
I didn’t vote for anyone.
Rule: to mean “on behalf of,” or “in favor of,”
Model: No voté por nadie.
(I didn’t vote for anyone.)
No voté (por vs para) nadie.
Rule: to mean “on behalf of,” or “in favor of,”
Model: No voté por nadie.
(I didn’t vote for anyone.)
Yo estudié (por vs para) dos horas.
Rule: to express a length of time
Model: Yo estudié por dos horas.
(I studied for two hours.)
I studied for two hours
Rule: to express a length of time
Model: Yo estudié por dos horas.
(I studied for two hours.)
I prefer to travel by train and speak by phone.
Rule: for means of communication or transportation
Model: Prefiero viajar por tren y hablar por teléfono.
(I prefer to travel by train and speak by phone.)
El hombre salió (por vs para) Madrid.
Rule: to indicate destination
Model: El hombre salió para Madrid.
(The man left for Madrid.)
The man left for Madrid.
Rule: to indicate destination
Model: El hombre salió para Madrid.
(The man left for Madrid.)
El vaso es (por vs para) agua.
Rule: to show the use or purpose of a thing
Model: El vaso es para agua.
(The glass is for water.)
to show the use or purpose of a thing (por or para)
para
Rule: to show the use or purpose of a thing
Model: El vaso es para agua.
The glass is for water.
To make a paella, first sauté the meats.
Rule: to mean “in order to” or “for the purpose of”
Model: Para hacer una paella, primero dore las carnes.
To make a paella, first sauté the meats.
(Por vs Para) hacer una paella, primero dore las carnes.
Rule: to mean “in order to” or “for the purpose of”
Model: Para hacer una paella, primero dore las carnes.
To make a paella, first sauté the meats.
This gift is for you
Rule: to indicate a recipient
Model: Este regalo es para ti.
(This gift is for you.)
Este regalo es (por vs para) ti.
Rule: to indicate a recipient
Model: Este regalo es para ti.
(This gift is for you.)
I need the dress by Monday
Rule: to express a deadline or specific time
Model: Necesito el vestido para el lunes.
(I need the dress by Monday.)
Necesito el vestido (por vs para) el lunes.
Rule: to express a deadline or specific time
Model: Necesito el vestido para el lunes.
(I need the dress by Monday.)
The train is about to leave
Rule: “estar para” to express an action that will soon be completed
Model: El tren está para salir.
(The train is about to leave.)
estar para
Rule: “estar para” to express an action that will soon be completed
Model: El tren está para salir.
(The train is about to leave.)
El tren está para salir.
Rule: “estar para” to express an action that will soon be completed
Model: El tren está para salir.
(The train is about to leave.)
Juan compró el regalo para María
Juan compró el regalo para María.
Juan bought the gift for Maria.
(he bought it to give to her)
Juan compró el regalo por María.
Juan bought the gift for Maria.
(he bought it because she could not)
“estar por”
Rule: “estar por” means to be in the mood, or inclined to do something
Model: Estoy por tomar café.
(I’m in the mood for drinking coffee.)
Estoy por tomar café.
Rule: “estar por” means to be in the mood, or inclined to do something
Model: Estoy por tomar café.
(I’m in the mood for drinking coffee.)
por ahora
for now
por eso
therefore
therefore
por eso
por lo visto
apperantly
apperantly
por lo visto
por lo menos
at least
at least
por lo menos
por ningún lado
nowhere
nowhere
por ningún lado
por todas partes
everywhere
everywhere
por todas partes
I have been studying Spanish for one year
Estudio español desde hace un año.
Hace un año que estudio español.
Hace un año que estudio español
Hace + time + que + present tense form of the verb
Estudio español desde hace un año.
Present tense form of the verb + desde hace + time
They have been studying English for two years.
Hace dos años que ellas estudian inglés.
Hace + time + que + present tense form of the verb
Ellas estudian inglés desde hace dos años.
Present tense form of the verb + desde hace + time
I haven’t studied Spanish for a year
Hace + time + que + no + present tense form of the verb
Hace un año que no estudio español.
No + present tense form of the verb + desde hace + time
No estudio español desde hace un año.
They haven’t studied English for two years.
Hace + time + que + no + present tense form of the verb
Hace dos años que ellas no estudian inglés
No + present tense form of the verb + desde hace + time
Ellas no estudian inglés desde hace dos años.
Imperfect
used for actions in the past that are not seen as completed. Use of the imperfect tense implies that the past action did not have a definite beginning or a definite end.
aba ía abas ías aba ía ábamos íamos aban ían
hablar comer vivir hablaba comía vivía hablabas comías vivías hablaba comía vivía hablábamos comíamos vivíamos hablabais comíais vivíais hablaban comían vivían
The girls used to speak in English
use imperfect since it is an action in the past with no definite beginning or end
Las chicas hablaban en inglés.
The ladies would always chat in the mornings.
use imperfect since it is an action in the past with no definite beginning or end
Las señoras siempre charlaban por las mañanas.
Las señoras siempre charlaban por las mañanas.
The ladies would always chat in the mornings.
use imperfect since it is an action in the past with no definite beginning or end
Las chicas hablaban en inglés.
use imperfect since it is an action in the past with no definite beginning or end
The girls used to speak in English
I studied two hours.
Estudié dos horas.
I studied two hours.
completed action
I used to study before the tests.
Estudié dos horas.
I studied two hours.
(completed action)
Yo estudiaba antes de los exámenes.
I used to study before the tests.
(no definite beginning or end)
María quiso comprar la casa.
María quiso comprar la casa.
Maria tried to buy the house.
(completed action)
Juan quería comprar la casa.
Juan wanted to buy the house.
(no definite beginning or end)
Juan wanted to buy the house.
María quiso comprar la casa.
Maria tried to buy the house.
(completed action)
Juan quería comprar la casa.
Juan wanted to buy the house.
(no definite beginning or end)
Maria found out yesterday
María lo supo ayer.
Maria out yesterday.
(completed action)
Juan sabía que María venía.
Juan knew that Maria was coming.
(no definite beginning or end)
María lo supo ayer.
María lo supo ayer.
Maria found out yesterday.
(completed action)
Juan sabía que María venía.
Juan knew that Maria was coming.
(no definite beginning or end)
Juan sabía que María venía.
María lo supo ayer.
Maria found out yesterday.
(completed action)
Juan sabía que María venía.
Juan knew that Maria was coming.
(no definite beginning or end)
Juan knew that Maria was coming.
María lo supo ayer.
Maria found out yesterday.
(completed action)
Juan sabía que María venía.
Juan knew that Maria was coming.
(no definite beginning or end)
María tuvo una carta de su mamá.
María tuvo una carta de su mamá.
Maria received a letter from her mom.
(completed action)
Juan tenía un coche nuevo.
Juan used to have a new car.
(no definite beginning or end)
Maria received a letter from her mom.
María tuvo una carta de su mamá.
Maria received a letter from her mom.
(completed action)
Juan tenía un coche nuevo.
Juan used to have a new car.
(no definite beginning or end)
Juan tenía un coche nuevo.
María tuvo una carta de su mamá.
Maria received a letter from her mom.
(completed action)
Juan tenía un coche nuevo.
Juan used to have a new car.
(no definite beginning or end)
Juan used to have a new car.
María tuvo una carta de su mamá.
Maria received a letter from her mom.
(completed action)
Juan tenía un coche nuevo.
Juan used to have a new car.
(no definite beginning or end)
I doubt that you are going to Peru in December.
The subjunctive mood is used to express everything except certainty and objectivity: things like doubt, uncertainty, subjectivity, etc. - vaya
Dudo que usted vaya al Perú en diciembre.
indicative vs subjunctive
The difference between indicative and subjunctive is the difference between certainty/objectivity (indicative) and possibility/subjectivity (subjunctive).
Indicative
John goes to the store.
(This sentence merely states the certain, objective fact that John goes to the store.)
I know that John goes to the store.
(The clause “I know” tells us that the speaker feels that it is a certain, objective fact that John goes to the store.)
There is no doubt that John goes to the store.
(The clause “there is no doubt” tells us that the speaker feels that it is a certain, objective fact that John goes to the store.)
Subjunctive
want John to go to the store.
(The clause “I want” tells us that the speaker feels that there is uncertainty as to whether John goes to the store.)
I hope that John goes to the store.
(The clause “I hope” tells us that the speaker feels that there is uncertainty as to whether John goes to the store.)
It is possible that John will go to the store.
(The clause “it is possible” tells us that the speaker feels that there is uncertainty as to whether John goes to the store.)
It’s good that John goes to the store.
(The clause “it’s good” alerts us that the speaker is about to express a subjective opinion.)
It’s important that John goes to the store.
(The clause “it’s important” alerts us that the speaker is about to express a subjective opinion.)
list of expressions with which the subjunctive is not used
Since these expressions introduce a quality of certainty, they do not trigger the use of the subjunctive.
If you encounter a sentence with a main clause followed by a second clause, and the main clause introduces a quality of certainty or objectivity, the sentence will use the indicative mood in the second clause, since the sentence will be reporting something certain.
creer que …
to believe that …
no dudar que …
to not doubt that …
es cierto que …
it is certain that …
es claro que …
it is clear that …
es evidente que …
it is certain that …
es obvio que …
it is obvious that …
estar seguro que …
to be sure that …
es verdad que …
it is true that …
no cabe duda que …
there’s no doubt that …
no es dudoso que …
it is not doubtful that …
no hay duda que …
there is no doubt that …
For most verbs, the present subjunctive is formed by following these three steps:
Start with the yo form of the present indicative. Then drop the -o ending. Finally, add the following endings: -ar verbs: -e, -es, -e, -emos, -en
- er and -ir verbs:
- a, -as, -a, -amos, -an
hablo - o = habl ---------------- habl + e = hable habl + es = hables habl + e = hable habl + emos = hablemos habl + éis = habléis habl + en = hablen
como - o = com ---------------- com + a = coma com + as = comas com + a = coma com + amos = comamos com + áis = comáis com + an = coman
Present Subjunctive - hablar
hablo - o = habl
habl + e = hable habl + es = hables habl + e = hable habl + emos = hablemos habl + éis = habléis habl + en = hablen
Present Subjunctive - comer
como - o = com
com + a = coma com + as = comas com + a = coma com + amos = comamos com + áis = comáis com + an = coman
Present Subjunctive - vivir
vivo - o = viv
viv + a = viva viv + as = vivas viv + a = viva viv + amos = vivamos viv + áis = viváis viv + an = vivan
Present Subjunctive - conocer
conozc + a = conozca conozc + as = conozcas conozc + a = conozca conozc + amos = conozcamos conozc + áis = conozcáis conozc + an = conozcan
Present Subjunctive - tener
teng + a = tenga teng + as = tengas teng + a = tenga teng + amos = tengamos teng + áis = tengáis teng + an = tengan
Present Subjunctive - salir
salg + a = salga salg + as = salgas salg + a = salga salg + amos = salgamos salg + áis = salgáis salg + an = salgan
Present Subjunctive - pensar
piens + e = piense piens + es = pienses piens + e = piense pens + emos = pensemos pens + éis = penséis piens + en = piensen
Present Subjunctive - perder
pierd + a = pierda pierd + as = pierdas pierd + a = pierda perd + amos = perdamos perd + áis = perdáis pierd + an = pierdan
Present Subjunctive - contar
cuent + e = cuente cuent + es = cuentes cuent + e = cuente cont + emos = contemos cont + éis = contéis cuent + en = cuenten
empezar Present Subjunctive
empiece empieces empiece empecemos empecéis empiecen
For verbs that end in -zar, the z changes to c when it comes before the letter e.
escoger Present Subjunctive
escoja escojas escoja escojamos escojáis escojan
elegir Present Subjunctive
elija elijas elija elijamos elijáis elijan
seguir Present Subjunctive
siga sigas siga sigamos sigáis sigan
buscar Present Subjunctive
busque busques busque busquemos busquéis busquen
pagar Present Subjunctive
pague pagues pague paguemos paguéis paguen
dar - present subjective
dé des dé demos den
irregular
estar - present subject
esté estés esté estemos estén
irregular
haber (to have) - present subjective
haya hayas haya hayamos hayan
irregular
ir - present subjective
vaya vayas vaya vayamos vayan
irregular
saber - present subjective
sepa sepas sepa sepamos sepan
irregular
ser - present subjective
sea seas sea seamos sean
irregular
when expressing DESIRE use
subjunctive
esperar que to wish that ... insistir en que ... to insist that ... mandar que ... to order that ... preferir que ... to prefer that ... prohibir que ... to prohibit that ... querer que ... to want that ... es aconsejable que ... it's advisable that ... es necesario que ... it's necessary that ... pedir que ... to ask that ... recomendar que ... to recommend that ... rogar que ... to plead that ... sugerir que ... to suggest that
esperar que insistir en que mandar que preferir que prohibir que querer que es aconsejable que es necesario que pedir que recomendar que rogar que sugerir que
Present Subjunctive - desire
dudar que es improbable que es incierto que es posible que no creer que puede ser que es aconsejable que temer que
Present Subjunctive - ignorance or doubt
dudar que ... to doubt that ... es dudoso que ... it is doubtful that ... es improbable que ... it's unlikely that ... es incierto que ... it's uncertain that ... es posible que ... it's possible that ... no creer que ... not to believe that ... no es cierto que ... it's not certain that ... no estar convencido de que ... to not be convinced that ... no estar seguro de que ... to not be sure that ... no parecer que ... to not seem that ... no pensar que ... to not think that ... no suponer que ... to not suppose that ... puede ser que ... it may be that ... negar que ... to deny that ... no es verdad que ... it's not true that ... no es cierto que ... it's not certain that ... no imaginarse que ... to not imagine that ... temer que ... to suspect that ...
a menos que …
unless …
antes (de) que …
before …
con tal (de) que ... provided that ...
en caso de que …
in case …
para que …
so that …
sin que …
without …
expressions that may indicate that the action that follows has not yet been completed. These expressions will always invoke the subjunctive:
To conjugate regular -ar verbs in the preterite, simply
simply drop the ending (-ar) and add
é aste ó amos aron
To conjugate regular verbs in the imperfect, simply
- aba
- abas
- aba
- ábamos
- aban
hablaba, hablabas, hablaba, hablábamos, hablaban
ía ías ía íamos ían
vivía, vivías, vivía, vivíamos, vivían
We would lunch together every day.
Almorzábamos juntos todos los días. (imperfect)
Almorzábamos juntos todos los días.
Almorzábamos juntos todos los días. (imperfect)
Las señoras siempre charlaban por las mañanas.
The ladies would always chat in the mornings. (imperfect)
The ladies would always chat in the mornings.
Las señoras siempre charlaban por las mañanas. (imperfect)
Affirmative informal (tú) commands
For the familiar affirmative commands, you will simply use the 3rd person singular form of the present indicative.
-AR verbs: Add the 3rd person singular ending -a to the stem
(Comprar) Compra la camisa. (Buy the shirt.)
-ER verbs: Add the 3rd person singular ending -e to the stem
(Aprender) ¡Aprende español! (Learn Spanish!)
-IR verbs: Add the 3rd person singular ending -e to the stem
(Escribir) ¡Escribe el ensayo! (Write the essay!)
For verbs with stem changes or spelling changes in the present tense, the stem or spelling change still applies.
(Cerrar) Cierra la puerta. (Close the door.)
(Mover) Mueve esas sillas. (Move those chairs.)
(Incluir) Incluye tu información aquí. (Include your information here.)
For the familiar affirmative commands (tu), you will simply use the BLANK
For the familiar affirmative commands, you will simply use the 3rd person singular form of the present indicative.
-AR verbs: Add the 3rd person singular ending -a to the stem
(Comprar) Compra la camisa. (Buy the shirt.)
-ER verbs: Add the 3rd person singular ending -e to the stem
(Aprender) ¡Aprende español! (Learn Spanish!)
-IR verbs: Add the 3rd person singular ending -e to the stem
(Escribir) ¡Escribe el ensayo! (Write the essay!)
For verbs with stem changes or spelling changes in the present tense, the stem or spelling change still applies.
(Cerrar) Cierra la puerta. (Close the door.)
(Mover) Mueve esas sillas. (Move those chairs.)
(Incluir) Incluye tu información aquí. (Include your information here.)
irregulars for ffirmative Informal Tú Commands
decir di salir sal hacer haz ser sé ir ve tener ten poner pon venir ven
Negative Tú Commands
Negative informal commands (negative informal imperative forms) are very different from affirmative informal commands. They are actually more similar to the formal commands in that they use the tú form of the present subjunctive of each verb.
No compres la camisa. (Do not buy the shirt.)
No aprendas español. (Do not learn Spanish!)
¡No escribas el ensayo! (Do not write the essay!)
Negative Tú Commands use the BLANK
use the tú form of the present subjunctive of each verb.
No compres la camisa. (Do not buy the shirt.)
No aprendas español. (Do not learn Spanish!)
¡No escribas el ensayo! (Do not write the essay!)
Do not buy the shirt - tu
No compres la camisa
Negative Tú Commands use the tú form of the present subjunctive of each verb.
Do not learn Spanish! - tu
No aprendas español
Negative Tú Commands use the tú form of the present subjunctive of each verb.
Do not write the essay! - tu
¡No escribas el ensayo!
Negative Tú Commands use the tú form of the present subjunctive of each verb.
Buy the books - tu
Compra (tú) los libros
For the familiar affirmative commands, you will simply use the 3rd person singular form of the present indicative.
Learn Spanish!
¡Aprende español!
Formal Affirmative and Negative Commands
same as the singular present and plural subjunctive forms.
speak - hable hablen
eat - coma coman
Pague la cuenta, por favor. (Pay the bill, please.)
Sea amable. (Be nice.)
Abra la ventana. (Open the window.)
For formal Affirmative and Negative Commands use the ..
singular present and plural subjunctive forms.
speak - hable hablen
eat - coma coman
Pague la cuenta, por favor. (Pay the bill, please.)
Sea amable. (Be nice.)
Abra la ventana. (Open the window.)
Pay the bill, please. (formal)
Pague la cuenta, por favor.
singular present and plural subjunctive forms.
speak - hable hablen
eat - coma coman
Open the window. - formal
Abra la ventana
singular present and plural subjunctive forms.
speak - hable hablen
eat - coma coman
