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Block 3 Week 8 Meg > Yan: Female > Flashcards

Yan: Female Flashcards

1
Q

Discuss the changes of composition of the follicular pool with age. After menopause the majority of follices are (blank)

A

Total number of oocytes is fixed in a baby girl. The follicular pool decreases from menarche to menopause; atretic

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2
Q

Describe what happens to estradiol across the 28 day cycle.

A

Estradiol gradually increases from days 1-14, peaks before ovulation, and then shows a sharp decrease. It has a subtle bell shaped curve over the last 14 days (highest in the proliferative phase)

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3
Q

Discuss what happens to progesterone across the 28 day cycle.

A

Progesterone levels are very low over the first 14 days, then progesterone increases dramatically over the last 14 days (secretory phase/luteal phase)

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4
Q

Discuss LH levels across the 28 day cycle.

A

Low until the spike at about day 14, then depleted again

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5
Q

Discuss FSH levels across the 28 day cycle.

A

FSH starts out “high” and then declines - spikes subtly at ovulation then decreases gradually

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6
Q

Theca interna cells have what type of receptors?

A

LH receptors

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7
Q

When LH binds to its receptors on theca interna cells, what does this cause the production of?

A

androstenedione

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8
Q

Androstenedione can then diffuse across the basal lamina to the follicular cell, where it aromatizes androstenedione to estrogen upon the binding of (blank).

A

FSH

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9
Q

Follicular cells have what type of receptors?

A

FSH

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10
Q

Under the combined effect of FSH/LH, follicular cells produce tons of (blank) and proliferate tons.

A

estradiol

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11
Q

At what stage do follicles acquire LH receptors?

A

Graffian follice (preovulatory)

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12
Q

The first 14 days of the menstrual cycle

A

follicular phase

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13
Q

Prior to ovulation, there is a sharp increase in (blank), which corresponds to a decrease in (blank)

A

LH; estrogen

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14
Q

When follicular cells gain LH receptors, they also begin to produce a slow increase in (blank) levels

A

progesterone

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15
Q

Once the oocyte is released from the follicle, the follicle collapses inward, follicular cells become follicular lutein cells and theca interna cells become theca lutein cells. This is the (blank) phase. During this phase, both estrogen and progesterone increase, but (blank) production dominates.

A

luteal; progesterone

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16
Q

Once corpus luteum is degenerated, progesterone and estrogen will decline. When these levels become low enough, they stimulate the hypothalamus to release (blank) and start the whole cycle again.

A

GnRH

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17
Q

Only one follicle matures each month and the remainder undergo (blank)

A

atresia

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18
Q

Primary to antral follicles have only (blank) receptors. When FSH binds, this promotes the production of estrogen from androgens. FSH + estrogen causes synthesis of (blank) receptors on granulosa cells. LH binds. Together, LH, FSH, and estrogen cause the rapid growth of follicles.

A

FSH; LH

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19
Q

(blank) levels decrease 1 day before ovulation, causes a huge surge in (blank)

A

estrogen; LH

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20
Q

When ovulation occurs, there is the rapid growth of the follicular cells in the Graffian follicles. There is diminishing (blank) levels after a prolonged phase of excessive secretion. The onset of (blank) secretion.

A

estrogen; progesterone

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21
Q

Corpus luteum produces tons of what? This suppresses the release of what from the hypothalamus?

A

estrogen and progesterone; LH and FSH

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22
Q

These appear 12 days after ovulation if not pregnant

A

corpus albicans

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23
Q

As soon as fertilization occurs, (blank) comes in and rescues the fertilized egg. Since LH levels are so low, this maintains the survival of the fertilized egg.

A

HcG

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24
Q

If pregnancy occurs, the corpus luteum survives for 2-4 months under the stimulation of (blank).

A

HcG

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25
Q

Fertilization doesn’t occur –> (blank) deteriorates –> what levels drop –> what levels increase –> monthly cycle begins again

A

corpus luteum; estrogen and progesterone; FSH and LH

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26
Q

Estrogen stimulates (blank), while progesterone stimulates (blank). Why is the transition from proliferation to secretion necessary?

A

proliferation; secretion; First half of the menstrual cycle is all about growth, increasing size of follicle and proliferation of follicular cells. Pregnancy is going to occur! Need to synthesize and secrete hormones to support the potential pregnancy.

27
Q

Both estrogen and progesterone are degraded in the liver. Which occurs faster?

A

degradation of progesterone

28
Q

Two cell types in fallopian tube; which cell is highly secretory?

A

ciliated cell
peg cell;
peg cell

29
Q

How does estrogen affect the fallopian tubes?

A

proliferation of the epithelium
increase in the number of the ciliated epithelial cells
enhancement of cilia activity

30
Q

Estrogen effects on the breast

A

growth of breast and the extensive ductile system; deposition of fat; milk-producing apparatus

31
Q

Estrogen effects skeleton, too

A

stimulates bone growth

uniting of the epiphyseal plates

32
Q

T/F: Girls stop growing earlier, because estrogen stimulates uniting of epiphyses.
T/F: Females with earlier loss of estrogen production tend to be taller.

A

true; true

33
Q

What is the effect of estrogen on protein deposition?

A

slight increase

34
Q

What is the effect of estrogen on body metabolism and fat deposition?

A

slight increase in metabolism and fat deposited in butt and thighs

35
Q

Estrogen also has effects on these things

A

hair distribution
soft, smooth skin
electrolyte balance (retension of sodium and water in kidney)

36
Q

Promotes secretory changes in the uterine endometrium during the second half of the cycle – prepares for implantation of the fertilized ovum.
Decreases the frequency/intensity of uterine contractions to prevent the expulsion of the implanted ovum.

A

progesterone

37
Q

What is the effect of progesterone on the fallopian tubes?

A

promotes secretion of Peg cells to provide nutrition to the ovum

38
Q

What is the effect of progesterone on the breasts? What develops? There is no milk production without (blank)

A

lobules and alveoli develop – secretory status; prolactin

39
Q

Before ovulation
Under the influence of estrogens
Stromal and epithelial cells proliferate rapidly: re-epithelializatin with 4-7 days after the beginning of menstruation
Next 1.5 weeks, stromal cells increase, growth of epithelial glands and new blood vessels into endometrium → thickness of endometrium increases to 3-5 mm

A

proliferative phase

40
Q

after ovulation
Under the influence of progesterone + estrogens
E2→ further cellular proliferation in the endometrium
Progesterone→ marked swelling and secretory development of the endometrium

A

secretory phase

41
Q

Glands more tortuous
Excess of secretory substance in glandular epithelial cells
Stromal cell cytoplasm increases with deposition of glycogen and lipid
Blood supply increases
All of these things are to prepare for the implantation of the egg

A

changes that occur in the endometrium during the secretory development

42
Q

When does the thickness of the uterine endometrium reach its peak? How thick?

A

1 week after ovulation 5-6mm

43
Q

Highly secretory endometrium provides large amount of stored (blank) for fertilized ovum from entry to the uterus to implantation. Once implanted, trophoblast cells digest and absorb (blank) to provide to the early implanting embryo.

A

nutrients; nutrients

44
Q

During menstruation, the corpus luteum undergoes lysis so stops producing what? What does this cause?

A

estrogen and progesterone
The corpus luteum degenerates→E2 and P ↓ ↓→
Rapid involution of endometrium
Vasospasm of blood vessels: release of prostaglandins
Necrosis of the endometrium, especially blood vessels
Blood→ vascular layer→ hemorrhage areas expand for 24-36h
Necrotic outer layers separate from the uterus
~48h after the onset of menstruation, all the superficial layers desquamated
Uterine contraction: to expel the contents
~40 ml blood and ~35 ml serous fluid are lost.

45
Q

Necrosis of the endometrium, especially blood vessels
Blood→ vascular layer→ hemorrhage areas expand for 24-36h
Necrotic outer layers separate from the uterus
~48h after the onset of menstruation, all the superficial layers desquamated
Uterine contraction: to expel the contents
~40 ml blood and ~35 ml serous fluid are lost

A

menstruation

46
Q

What is the dominant means of negative feedback on FSH and LH release?

A

ESTROGEN
progesterone alone: little effects
progesterone + estrogen: strong inhibitory effects on FSH and LH

47
Q

(blank) produced in males by Sertoli cells, secreted by granulosa cells, inhibits FSH and LH levels.

A

inhibin

48
Q

T/F: Feedback of estrogens and progesterone acts on both the hypothalamus and pituitary.

A

True

49
Q

(blank) surge occurs 1-2 days before ovulation; (blank) shows a smaller surge; during first half of cycle, FSH/LH levels are first slightly suppressed. Then, rapid increases in LH and FSH right before ovulation.

A

LH; FSH

50
Q

What two things can be used to predict ovulation?

A

LH levels; measure progesterone surge (which only occurs after ovulation)

51
Q

If the LH surge is insufficient:
corpus luteum fails to develop: no P production
Several days shorter
The first couple of cycles at puberty or cycles several months or a year before menopause
P control the rhythm, but not the cycle itself

A

cycle without ovulation = anavulatory cycle

52
Q

During childhood, no (blank) secretion due to suppressive factors in the brain. At puberty, there is a gradual increase in (blank)

A

GnRH; gonadotropins

53
Q

In menopausal women, what are the levels of GnRH and LH/FSH levels?

A

They are ELEVATED, because no negative feedback from estrogen and prosterone (follicles are no longer capable of producing estrogen – run out of follicles).

54
Q

Cycle ceases and female hormone production diminishes

Ovarian “burning out”

A

menopause

55
Q

Before 45, (blank) follicles mature and being ovulated
After 45, only a few remain to be responsive to FSH and LH. So what happens to estrogen levels? What happens to FSH/LH levels?

A

400; Estrogen levels ↓ ; FSH and LH ↑↑

56
Q

If the ovaries are absent from birth or they become non-functional before puberty

A

female eunuchism

57
Q

Lack of 2nd sexual characteristics
Sex organs remain infantile
Prolonged growth of long bones: delayed epiphyses fusion with the shafts → Taller

A

symptoms of female eunuchism

58
Q

Causes irregularity of menses, and amenorrhea

Estrogen levels must reach certain points to maintain normal cycle

A

hypogonadism

59
Q

Incidence of females vs males in couples who are infertile

A

50/50

60
Q

Effects of estrogen on uterus and external sex organs

A 
Increase in size: 
internal: ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, 	
external: vagina, fat deposition in the mons pubis and labia majora, enlargement of the labia minora
Vaginal epithelium: 
cuboidal → stratified 
more resistant to trauma and infection
Uterus: 
size increases 2-3 fold, 
proliferation of the endometrial stroma
development of the endometrial glands
61
Q

Rank the potency of the estrogens

A

beta-estradiol > estrone > estriol

62
Q

Theca interna cells produce what two things from cholesterol? What is this converted to in follicular cells?

A

progesterone + androstenedione; estrogen

63
Q

Female infertility can be caused by these three abnormalities

A

endocrine (hyposecretion of gonadotropins)
structural
genetic

Block 3 Week 8 Meg (8 decks)

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