Yan: Female

Question 1

Discuss the changes of composition of the follicular pool with age. After menopause the majority of follices are (blank)

Answer 1

Total number of oocytes is fixed in a baby girl. The follicular pool decreases from menarche to menopause; atretic

Question 2

Describe what happens to estradiol across the 28 day cycle.

Answer 2

Estradiol gradually increases from days 1-14, peaks before ovulation, and then shows a sharp decrease. It has a subtle bell shaped curve over the last 14 days (highest in the proliferative phase)

Question 3

Discuss what happens to progesterone across the 28 day cycle.

Answer 3

Progesterone levels are very low over the first 14 days, then progesterone increases dramatically over the last 14 days (secretory phase/luteal phase)

Question 4

Discuss LH levels across the 28 day cycle.

Answer 4

Low until the spike at about day 14, then depleted again

Question 5

Discuss FSH levels across the 28 day cycle.

Answer 5

FSH starts out “high” and then declines - spikes subtly at ovulation then decreases gradually

Question 6

Theca interna cells have what type of receptors?

Answer 6

LH receptors

Question 7

When LH binds to its receptors on theca interna cells, what does this cause the production of?

Answer 7

androstenedione

Question 8

Androstenedione can then diffuse across the basal lamina to the follicular cell, where it aromatizes androstenedione to estrogen upon the binding of (blank).

Answer 8

FSH

Question 9

Follicular cells have what type of receptors?

Answer 9

FSH

Question 10

Under the combined effect of FSH/LH, follicular cells produce tons of (blank) and proliferate tons.

Answer 10

estradiol

Question 11

At what stage do follicles acquire LH receptors?

Answer 11

Graffian follice (preovulatory)

Question 12

The first 14 days of the menstrual cycle

Answer 12

follicular phase

Question 13

Prior to ovulation, there is a sharp increase in (blank), which corresponds to a decrease in (blank)

Answer 13

LH; estrogen

Question 14

When follicular cells gain LH receptors, they also begin to produce a slow increase in (blank) levels

Answer 14

progesterone

Question 15

Once the oocyte is released from the follicle, the follicle collapses inward, follicular cells become follicular lutein cells and theca interna cells become theca lutein cells. This is the (blank) phase. During this phase, both estrogen and progesterone increase, but (blank) production dominates.

Answer 15

luteal; progesterone

Question 16

Once corpus luteum is degenerated, progesterone and estrogen will decline. When these levels become low enough, they stimulate the hypothalamus to release (blank) and start the whole cycle again.

Answer 16

GnRH

Question 17

Only one follicle matures each month and the remainder undergo (blank)

Answer 17

atresia

Question 18

Primary to antral follicles have only (blank) receptors. When FSH binds, this promotes the production of estrogen from androgens. FSH + estrogen causes synthesis of (blank) receptors on granulosa cells. LH binds. Together, LH, FSH, and estrogen cause the rapid growth of follicles.

Answer 18

FSH; LH

Question 19

(blank) levels decrease 1 day before ovulation, causes a huge surge in (blank)

Answer 19

estrogen; LH

Question 20

When ovulation occurs, there is the rapid growth of the follicular cells in the Graffian follicles. There is diminishing (blank) levels after a prolonged phase of excessive secretion. The onset of (blank) secretion.

Answer 20

estrogen; progesterone

Question 21

Corpus luteum produces tons of what? This suppresses the release of what from the hypothalamus?

Answer 21

estrogen and progesterone; LH and FSH

Question 22

These appear 12 days after ovulation if not pregnant

Answer 22

corpus albicans

Question 23

As soon as fertilization occurs, (blank) comes in and rescues the fertilized egg. Since LH levels are so low, this maintains the survival of the fertilized egg.

Answer 23

HcG

Question 24

If pregnancy occurs, the corpus luteum survives for 2-4 months under the stimulation of (blank).

Answer 24

HcG

Question 25

Fertilization doesn't occur --> (blank) deteriorates --> what levels drop --> what levels increase --> monthly cycle begins again

Answer 25

corpus luteum; estrogen and progesterone; FSH and LH

Question 26

Estrogen stimulates (blank), while progesterone stimulates (blank). Why is the transition from proliferation to secretion necessary?

Answer 26

proliferation; secretion; First half of the menstrual cycle is all about growth, increasing size of follicle and proliferation of follicular cells. Pregnancy is going to occur! Need to synthesize and secrete hormones to support the potential pregnancy.

Question 27

Both estrogen and progesterone are degraded in the liver. Which occurs faster?

Answer 27

degradation of progesterone

Question 28

Two cell types in fallopian tube; which cell is highly secretory?

Answer 28

ciliated cell peg cell; peg cell

Question 29

How does estrogen affect the fallopian tubes?

Answer 29

proliferation of the epithelium increase in the number of the ciliated epithelial cells enhancement of cilia activity

Question 30

Estrogen effects on the breast

Answer 30

growth of breast and the extensive ductile system; deposition of fat; milk-producing apparatus

Question 31

Estrogen effects skeleton, too

Answer 31

stimulates bone growth | uniting of the epiphyseal plates

Question 32

T/F: Girls stop growing earlier, because estrogen stimulates uniting of epiphyses. T/F: Females with earlier loss of estrogen production tend to be taller.

Answer 32

true; true

Question 33

What is the effect of estrogen on protein deposition?

Answer 33

slight increase

Question 34

What is the effect of estrogen on body metabolism and fat deposition?

Answer 34

slight increase in metabolism and fat deposited in butt and thighs

Question 35

Estrogen also has effects on these things

Answer 35

hair distribution soft, smooth skin electrolyte balance (retension of sodium and water in kidney)

Question 36

Promotes secretory changes in the uterine endometrium during the second half of the cycle -- prepares for implantation of the fertilized ovum. Decreases the frequency/intensity of uterine contractions to prevent the expulsion of the implanted ovum.

Answer 36

progesterone

Question 37

What is the effect of progesterone on the fallopian tubes?

Answer 37

promotes secretion of Peg cells to provide nutrition to the ovum

Question 38

What is the effect of progesterone on the breasts? What develops? There is no milk production without (blank)

Answer 38

lobules and alveoli develop -- secretory status; prolactin

Question 39

Before ovulation Under the influence of estrogens Stromal and epithelial cells proliferate rapidly: re-epithelializatin with 4-7 days after the beginning of menstruation Next 1.5 weeks, stromal cells increase, growth of epithelial glands and new blood vessels into endometrium → thickness of endometrium increases to 3-5 mm

Answer 39

proliferative phase

Question 40

after ovulation Under the influence of progesterone + estrogens E2→ further cellular proliferation in the endometrium Progesterone→ marked swelling and secretory development of the endometrium

Answer 40

secretory phase

Question 41

Glands more tortuous Excess of secretory substance in glandular epithelial cells Stromal cell cytoplasm increases with deposition of glycogen and lipid Blood supply increases All of these things are to prepare for the implantation of the egg

Answer 41

changes that occur in the endometrium during the secretory development

Question 42

When does the thickness of the uterine endometrium reach its peak? How thick?

Answer 42

1 week after ovulation 5-6mm

Question 43

Highly secretory endometrium provides large amount of stored (blank) for fertilized ovum from entry to the uterus to implantation. Once implanted, trophoblast cells digest and absorb (blank) to provide to the early implanting embryo.

Answer 43

nutrients; nutrients

Question 44

During menstruation, the corpus luteum undergoes lysis so stops producing what? What does this cause?

Answer 44

estrogen and progesterone The corpus luteum degenerates→E2 and P ↓ ↓→ Rapid involution of endometrium Vasospasm of blood vessels: release of prostaglandins Necrosis of the endometrium, especially blood vessels Blood→ vascular layer→ hemorrhage areas expand for 24-36h Necrotic outer layers separate from the uterus ~48h after the onset of menstruation, all the superficial layers desquamated Uterine contraction: to expel the contents ~40 ml blood and ~35 ml serous fluid are lost.

Question 45

Necrosis of the endometrium, especially blood vessels Blood→ vascular layer→ hemorrhage areas expand for 24-36h Necrotic outer layers separate from the uterus ~48h after the onset of menstruation, all the superficial layers desquamated Uterine contraction: to expel the contents ~40 ml blood and ~35 ml serous fluid are lost

Answer 45

menstruation

Question 46

What is the dominant means of negative feedback on FSH and LH release?

Answer 46

ESTROGEN progesterone alone: little effects progesterone + estrogen: strong inhibitory effects on FSH and LH

Question 47

(blank) produced in males by Sertoli cells, secreted by granulosa cells, inhibits FSH and LH levels.

Answer 47

inhibin

Question 48

T/F: Feedback of estrogens and progesterone acts on both the hypothalamus and pituitary.

Answer 48

True

Question 49

(blank) surge occurs 1-2 days before ovulation; (blank) shows a smaller surge; during first half of cycle, FSH/LH levels are first slightly suppressed. Then, rapid increases in LH and FSH right before ovulation.

Answer 49

LH; FSH

Question 50

What two things can be used to predict ovulation?

Answer 50

LH levels; measure progesterone surge (which only occurs after ovulation)

Question 51

If the LH surge is insufficient: corpus luteum fails to develop: no P production Several days shorter The first couple of cycles at puberty or cycles several months or a year before menopause P control the rhythm, but not the cycle itself

Answer 51

cycle without ovulation = anavulatory cycle

Question 52

During childhood, no (blank) secretion due to suppressive factors in the brain. At puberty, there is a gradual increase in (blank)

Answer 52

GnRH; gonadotropins

Question 53

In menopausal women, what are the levels of GnRH and LH/FSH levels?

Answer 53

They are ELEVATED, because no negative feedback from estrogen and prosterone (follicles are no longer capable of producing estrogen -- run out of follicles).

Question 54

Cycle ceases and female hormone production diminishes | Ovarian “burning out”

Answer 54

menopause

Question 55

Before 45, (blank) follicles mature and being ovulated After 45, only a few remain to be responsive to FSH and LH. So what happens to estrogen levels? What happens to FSH/LH levels?

Answer 55

400; Estrogen levels ↓ ; FSH and LH ↑↑

Question 56

If the ovaries are absent from birth or they become non-functional before puberty

Answer 56

female eunuchism

Question 57

Lack of 2nd sexual characteristics Sex organs remain infantile Prolonged growth of long bones: delayed epiphyses fusion with the shafts → Taller

Answer 57

symptoms of female eunuchism

Question 58

Causes irregularity of menses, and amenorrhea | Estrogen levels must reach certain points to maintain normal cycle

Answer 58

hypogonadism

Question 59

Incidence of females vs males in couples who are infertile

Answer 59

50/50

Question 60

Effects of estrogen on uterus and external sex organs

Answer 60

``` Increase in size: internal: ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, external: vagina, fat deposition in the mons pubis and labia majora, enlargement of the labia minora Vaginal epithelium: cuboidal → stratified more resistant to trauma and infection Uterus: size increases 2-3 fold, proliferation of the endometrial stroma development of the endometrial glands ```

Question 61

Rank the potency of the estrogens

Answer 61

beta-estradiol > estrone > estriol

Question 62

Theca interna cells produce what two things from cholesterol? What is this converted to in follicular cells?

Answer 62

progesterone + androstenedione; estrogen

Question 63

Female infertility can be caused by these three abnormalities

Answer 63

endocrine (hyposecretion of gonadotropins) structural genetic