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Histopathology > Yager > Flashcards

Yager Flashcards

1
Q

Where are arrector pili muscles largest?

A

Dorsal midline

HACKLES, baby!

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2
Q

Acanthosis is _____.

A

Epidermal hyperplasia

Specifically, hyperplasia of the stratum spinosum.

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3
Q

How many layers of nucleated cells is in a normal epidermis in a dog or cat?

A

No more than 2 nucleated layers

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4
Q

TRUE/FALSE

Mitotic figures are common in hyperplastic lesions.

A

TRUE

Mitotic figures are common in hyperplastic lesions.

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5
Q

Define hypergranulosis

A

Hypergranulosis is an increase in the width of the stratum granulosum. You will see the darkly stained keratohyalin granules.

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6
Q

5 Differentials for parakeratotic hyperkeratosis. GO.

Bonus 1 for cats

A
  1. Zinc-responsive dermatoses
  2. Thallium toxicosis
  3. Superficial necrolytic dermatitis (hepatocutaneous)
  4. Lethal acrodermatitis of bull terriers
  5. Seborrheic disease (Malassezia dermatitis)

Cats- PNOE proliferative necrotizing otitis externa

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7
Q

What is dyskeratosis?

A

Dyskeratosis is premature keratinization of the cells of the stratum spinosum. The dyskeratotic keratinocytes will be hypereosinophilic; degenerative changes to the nucleus. Can be hard to tell apart from apoptotic keratinocytes.

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8
Q

What is a good way decide if it is a dyskeratotic keratinocyte vs. an apoptotic keratinocyte?

A

You should look for evidence of parakeratosis. If there is diffuse parakeratosis, this is a signal that there is altered epidermal differentiation. Therefore, dyskeratosis is more likely with parakeratosis.

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9
Q

Why does spongiosis occur?

A

It is the result of fluid exudation which separates the keratinocytes. Commonly seen in an inflammatory condition.

Remember - spongiosis is intercellular edema of the epidermis.

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10
Q

Epidermal pallor is associated with what condition in the dog…

A

Epidermal pallor is associated with hepatocutaneous syndrome. REDWHITEBLUE.

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11
Q

Describe this finding. What is it associated with?

A

This is balooning degeneration.

Viral.

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12
Q

Hydropic degeneration is associated with what conditions?

A
  1. Interface dermatoses
    1. Drug eruption
    2. Lupus erythematosus
    3. Lichenoid dermatoses
    4. Dermatomyositis

This implies clear vacuoles in the cytoplasm. Usually restricted to cells of the stratum basale and the outer root sheath of hair follicles. Can be seen with vacuolar change.

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13
Q

What are the three features of an acantholytic cell?

A
  1. Round shape
  2. Hypereosinophilic cytoplasm
  3. Morphologically normal nucleus
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14
Q

You see lymphocytic epidermal exocytosis. What is one way to decide if the cells are t-cell lymphoma?

A

Infiltrating mononuclear cells will have more abundant cytoplasm when compared to the typical lymphocyte AND the cells will have nuclear atypia.

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15
Q

TRUE/FALSE

Mast cells can be found in the epidermis of normal cats

A

FALSE

Mast cells can be found in the epidermis of allergic cats

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16
Q

Why might you see erythrocyte exocytosis?

A

Vasculitis

Trauma

Chronic congestion

Coagulation defect

Artifact

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17
Q

TRUE/FALSE

Keratinocytes produce IL-1 constitutively

A

TRUE

Keratinocytes produce IL-1 constitutively

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18
Q

What happens when a keratiocyte is damaged with regard to cytokines?

A

IL-1 release is induced.

This stimulates the synthesis and secretion of other interleukins (IL-6, IL-8, growth factors, GM-CSF)

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19
Q

What is the target cell of vitiligo?

A

Melanocyte

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20
Q

What is satellitosis?

A

The clustering of mononuclear cells (usually cytotoxic T-lymphocytes) around dead keratinocytes.

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21
Q

What is a Civatte body?

A

An apoptotic cell

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22
Q

Dyskeratosis vs. apoptosis

A

Apoptosis is a physiologic process. Programmed cell death.

Dyskeratosis happens when keratinocytes are terminally differentiated before they die.

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23
Q

TRUE/FALSE

Hyperpigmentation is a common, diagnostic change in chronic dermatitis.

A

FALSE

Hyperpigmentation is a common, NONdiagnostic change in chronic dermatitis.

24
Q

Why would you see increased melanin in a chronic dermatitis?

A
  1. Increase in the rate of melanosome production
  2. Increase in melanosome size
  3. Increase in the degree of melanization of the melanosome
  4. SUNLIGHT = increase in the number of melanocytes
25
Q

What is a lentigenes?

A

Lentigenes are focal, hyperpigmented macules.

Result from melanocytic hyperplasia and/or an increase in melanin production.

26
Q

_____ ______ ______ refers to a congenital, dominantly inherited disease of pugs which is characterized by a profusion of small pigmented cutaneous macules.

A

Canine lentiginosis profusa refers to a congenital, dominantly inherited disease of pugs which is characterized by a profusion of small pigmented cutaneous macules.

27
Q

Depigmentation occurs because of damage to _______.

A

Depigmentation occurs because of damage to the epidermal melanin unit (melanocytes and keratinocytes).

28
Q

What layer does depigmentation tend to be associated with damage of?

A

Basal layer!

Either from direct attack of the melanocyte (vitiligo) OR as a bystenader effect in immune-mediated diseases (lupus, drug, PF)

29
Q

What breed of cat has vitiligo been reported in?

A

Siamese

30
Q

Pigmentary incontinence is what exactly?

A

Pigmentary incontinence refers to the presence of melanin in the dermis. It can be free-form or found within macrophages (melanophages). This is often a finding associated with immune-mediated damage to the epidermal-melanin unit.

31
Q

Macromelanosomes are ___.

A

Macromelanosomes are giant clumps of melanin found within melanocytes and hair shafts.

32
Q

TRUE/FALSE

In normal skin, lymphatics are not visible.

A

TRUE

In normal skin, lymphatics are not visible.

33
Q

TRUE/FALSE

Dilation of dermal lymphatics is likely to indicate edema.

A

TRUE

Dilation of dermal lymphatics is likely to indicate edema.

34
Q

What direction do blood vessels grow in granulation tissue?

A

Perpendicular

35
Q

Fibrosis is _____.

A

Fibrosis is the replacement of normal collagen with increased connective tissue.

36
Q

What is sclerosis?

A

Sclerosis is characterized by very large, hypereosinophilic, somewhat hyaline collagen bundles and reduced numbers of fibroblasts. It can represent scar or abnormal collagen turnover.

37
Q

Cutaneous amyloidosis occurs most frequently in conjunction with ______ _______.

A

Cutaneous amyloidosis occurs most frequently in conjunction with cutaneous plasmacytoma.

But, it has also been associated with systemic amyloidosis.

38
Q

What stain can you use to demonstrate amyloid?

A

Congo red

39
Q

What is a flame figure?

A

A foci of eosinophilic granular debris that is deposited on or around collagen bundles. It is usually a bunch of degranulated or lytic eosinophils.

Common with eosinphilic collagenolytic diseases (granuloma) and arthropod bites.

40
Q

What condition is associated with dystrophic mineralization of collagen?

A

Hyperadrenocorticism

41
Q

Can you see dystrophic mineralization of the BMZ of a hair follicle as an age related change?

A

Yes, this has been reported as a senile change in some breeds AND as a finding in poodles of all ages.

42
Q

Atrophy of elastin fibers is associated with what conditions?

A
  1. Growth hormone-responsive dermatosis
  2. Pituitary dwarfism
  3. Chronic hyperadrenocorticism
43
Q

What does solar elastosis look like?

A

A tangle of indistinct, amphophilic fibers.

If you use a stain like orcein-Giemsa or Verhoeff’s elastin stain, you will see thick and twisted bundles of elastin.

44
Q

Alcian blue stains most glycosaminoglycans at pH _____, but only the most sulphated (acidic) ones at pH ____.

A

Alcian blue stains most glycosaminoglycans at pH 2.5, but only the most sulphated (acidic) ones at pH 0.4.

45
Q

What stains can you use to show glycosaminoglycans?

A
  1. Colloidal iron
  2. Toluidine blue
  3. Alcian blue (2.5 pH, 0.4 pH)
46
Q

What are some conditions associated with mucinosis?

A

Disease where fibroblast secretory activity is stimulated

Canine hypothyroidism

Acromegaly

Canine lupus erythematosus

ETCL

47
Q

Follicular keratosis refers to _______. a

A

Follicular keratosis refers to hyperkeratosis of the follicular infundibulum. Can be orthokeratotic or parakeratotic.

48
Q

With the completion of the anagen phase, the base of th ehair shaft is anchored to the root sheath by ____ _____.

A

With the completion of the anagen phase, the base of th ehair shaft is anchored to the root sheath by trichilemmal keratin. This forms the hair club.

49
Q

What is a flame follicle?

A

This is a follicle showing excessive trichilemmal keratinization.

The trichilemmal keratin is brightly eosinophilic.

Often assocuated with growth hormone or endocrine dermatoses.

50
Q

Fat necrosis comes in three forms. What are those forms?

A
  1. Microcystic fat necrosis
    1. Most common
    2. Small microcysts at the center of a pyogranuloma
  2. Hyalinizing fat necrosis
    1. Rabies induced vaccine reaction
    2. Eosinophilic blobs
  3. Mineralizing fat necrosis
    1. Deposition of irregular, granular, basophilic granules
    2. Trauma, pancreatitic panniculitis
51
Q

Perivascular dermatitis. How do you recognize this pattern?

A

Prominence of dermal blood vessels resulting from vasodilation, an increased prominence of endothelial cells and a perivascular inflammatory cell infiltration.

You should note the predominant leukocyte.

52
Q

Interface dermatitis. How is this characterized?

A

The dermoepidermal junction is the focus of pathology.

Linear band of mononuclear inflammatory cells that obscures the dermoepidermal junction.

53
Q

Vasculitis. How do you recognize this?

A

Low power. Prominence of dermal blood vessels.

Higher power. The vessel is the target.

54
Q

TRUE/FALSE

Neutrophils are not seen in normal skin.

A

TRUE

Neutrophils are not seen in normal skin

55
Q

You see neutrophils migrating into the outer root sheath of a hair follicle. What is the first thing that comes to mind?

A

Mural folliculitis

PF

Histopathology (6 decks)

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