y3.1: cells ⛓

Question 1

what are animal cells organelles (structures)?

Answer 1

cell membrane

Question 2

what are animal cells organelles (membraneous)?

Answer 2

• nucleus
• cytoplasm
• rough + smooth endoplasmic reticulum
• Golgi apparatus
• vesicles
• mitochondria
• lysosome
• vacuole (smol)

Question 3

what are animals cell organelles (non-membraneous)?

Answer 3

• ribosome
• centriole

Question 4

what are plant cells organelles (structures)?

Answer 4

• cell membrane
• cell wall

Question 5

what are plant cell organelles (membraneous)?

Answer 5

• nucleus
• cytoplasm
• large central vacuole
• chloroplast
• rough + smooth endoplasmic reticulum
• Golgi apparatus
• vesicles
• mitochondrion

Question 6

what are plant cell organelles (non-membraneous)?

Answer 6

ribosomes

Question 7

cell wall function

Answer 7

provide mechanical support and turgidity for plant

Question 8

describe the fluid mosaic model (cell membrane)

Answer 8

• cell membrane is a phospholipid bilayer
• phospholipids and proteins can move rapidly across the surface of the membrane (fluid)
• different protein molecules randomly scattered and embedded in the phospholipid bilayer (mosaic)

Question 9

cell membrane function

Answer 9

• separates and protects cell from surrounding environment
• controls movement in and out of the cell

Question 10

what is cytoplasmic streaming?

Answer 10

movement of cytoplasm within a plant or animal cell which aids in the transport of materials and organelles around the cell

Question 11

nucleus function

Answer 11

contains hereditary material (DNA)
controls the activities of the cell
contain nucleolus which is site of ribosome synthesis

Question 12

smooth endoplasmic reticulum function

Answer 12

• lipid synthesis
• detoxification of drugs and poisons
• storage and release of calcium ions

Question 13

rough endoplasmic reticulum function

Answer 13

protein synthesis

Question 14

Golgi apparatus function

Answer 14

chemically modifies and packages substances for secretion using vesicles

Question 15

protein synthesis to secretion process

Answer 15

1) transport vesicles containing substances synthesised by the ribosomes in the ER are pinched off the ER
2) transport vesicles fuse and release their substances into the Golgi apparatus
3) the substances are chemically modified and packaged in the Golgi apparatus
4) secretory vesicles containing these modified substances are pinched off the Golgi apparatus
5) secretory vesicles move towards and fuse with the cell membrane, releasing their substances via exocytosis

Question 16

lysosome function

Answer 16

small, spherical vesicles containing hydrolytic enzymes
- to digest materials made in the cell or taken from the outside by phagocytosis
- to digest worn-out organelles in the cell (autophagy)

Question 17

mitochondrion function

Answer 17

involved in aerobic respiration which results in the formation of ATP

Question 18

chloroplast function

Answer 18

sites of photosynthesis (contains chlorophyll)
- light-dependent: thylakoid
- light-independent: stroma
(move through the cell by cytoplasmic streaming)

Question 19

animal vacuoles function

Answer 19

relatively smaller and more numerous than plant vesicles and exist temporarily
- food vacuoles formed by phagocytosis
- storage vacuoles for food, water, nutrients, waste

Question 20

plant vacuoles structure + functions

Answer 20

large, permanent, central vacuole surrounded by tonoplast, filled with cell sap
- storage of nutrients and ions
- disposal sites for metabolic by-products
- contains pigments

Question 21

ribosomes functions

Answer 21

can be free or bound to RER
- protein synthesis
- free: function within the cytosol
- bound: secretion

Question 22

centrioles function

Answer 22

occur in pairs
- cell division

Question 23

structure of plant cell vs animal cell

Answer 23

PLANT VS ANIMAL
cell wall: present vs absent
chloroplasts: present vs absent
centrioles: absent vs present
vacuole: single, large, permanent, central vacuole vs small, numerous, temporary vacuoles

Question 24

what is cell differentiation / specialisation?

Answer 24

differentiation is the process by which a cell is specialised for a specific function (eg RBC and root hair cell)

Question 25

what is root hair cell structural adaptation to function?

Answer 25

1) presence of long narrow extension
- increases the surface area to volume ratio => increases rate of diffusion of mineral salts + rate of osmosis => increases rate of absorption of water and mineral salts

Question 26

what are red blood cell structural adaptations to function?

Answer 26

1) absence of nucleus
- allows more haemoglobin to be packed into cells
2) presence of haemoglobin
- combines reversibly with oxygen
3) biconcave shape
- increases surface area to volume ratio to increase rate of diffusion of gases in and out the cell

Question 27

what is a tissue?

Answer 27

a group of similar cells which work together to carry out a particular function
- simple: one type of cell
- complex: several types of cells (eg xylem tissue)

Question 28

what is an organ?

Answer 28

different tissues working together to carry out a particular function

Question 29

what is an organ system?

Answer 29

different organs working together to carry out a particular function

Question 30

what is an organism?

Answer 30

several organ systems, each with its own function to carry out