Y3 Flashcards
Criteria for sectioning
3 people must agree: - You are suffering from a mental disorder - You need to be detained for assessment and treatment - It is in the patient’s best interests or protects the safety of patients or others
Calman-Hine Report 1995 recommendations
All patients need to have access to a high quality of care.
Public and professional education into the early signs of cancer.
Patients, families and carers to be given clear information about the treatment and outcomes.
Cancer care should be patient centred.
Primary care is the central focus of cancer care.
Psychological aspects need to be recognised.
Cancer registration and monitoring.
Commitments and recommendations made to improve cancer care and reduce cancer.
Lower smoking rates.
Reduce waiting times 5 fruit and veg a day.
National school fruit scheme - free piece of fruit for children 4-6 at school.
Raise public awareness.
Cancer screening Increased funding for palliative care nurses and MacMillan nurses Investment in staff and equipment.
Cancer networks to improve experiences.
Extra funding for hospices.
End postcode lottery - NICE recommended drugs available to all health authorities
Commitments and recommendations made to improve cancer care and reduce cancer.
Lower smoking rates.
Reduce waiting times 5 fruit and veg a day.
National school fruit scheme - free piece of fruit for children 4-6 at school.
Raise public awareness.
Cancer screening Increased funding for palliative care nurses and MacMillan nurses Investment in staff and equipment.
Cancer networks to improve experiences.
Extra funding for hospices.
End postcode lottery - NICE recommended drugs available to all health authorities
Cancer registries
- 4 in the UK
- Responsible for registering all cancer that occur in their population.
- Prime aim to establish incidence and survival.
- Identify all new cases and follow them through to death.
- Allows comparison of incidence in different regions.
- Allows researchers to examine long term outcome provides inform on cancer epidemiology.
Bradford Hill Criteria
Criteria for causation - minimal conditions necessary to provide adequate evidence of a causal relationship between incidence and possible consequence
- Strength - larger = more likely to be causal.
- Consistency (reproducibility)
- Specificity - causation likely if a very specific population and disease with no other likely explanation
- Temporality - effect after cause
- Biological gradient - greater exposure = greater incidence of effect
- Plausibility
- Coherence - between epidemiological findings and lab findings
- Experiment
- Analogy
Risk factors for chronic liver disease
Alcohol
Obesity
Viral hepatitis
Metabolic syndrome
Healthcare workers
IVDU
Unprotected sex with multiple partners
Working with toxic chemicals
Certain medications
Ways to reduce viral hepatitis
Hep B vaccine
Antenatal testing for Hep B and C.
Test in prisons.
Needle exchange programs.
Free barrier contraception
Ways to restrict alcohol consumption
Minimum unit price for alcohol.
Offer interventions for alcohol.
AUDIT
CAGE
Raise public awareness
Treat alcohol dependence
Clear unit information on alcoholic drinks
Stop special offers
Stop advertising to young people
Lower recommended limits
Alcohol liaison nurses
Ways to restrict alcohol consumption
Minimum unit price for alcohol.
Offer interventions for alcohol.
AUDIT
CAGE
Raise public awareness
Treat alcohol dependence
Clear unit information on alcoholic drinks
Stop special offers
Stop advertising to young people
Lower recommended limits
Alcohol liaison nurses
