Y2 High yield Flashcards
1
Q
exclamation hair marks
A
alopecia areata
2
Q
Leg extenders
A
Rectus femoris
Vastus lat
Vastus Intermedialis
Vastus medialis
3
Q
Innervation of leg extenders
A
femoral nerve
4
Q
Hip ADductors
A
Hamstrings
- adductor brevis
- adductor longus
- adductor Magnus
(gracilis)
5
Q
Hip adductor innervation
A
obturator nerve
6
Q
Hip ABductors
A
Gluteus medius
gluteus minimus
tensor fascia lata
7
Q
Innervation of hip ABductors
A
superior gluteal nerve
8
Q
Hip flexors
A
Psoas major
Iliacus
9
Q
Hip extensor
A
Glut maximusi
10
Q
innervation of hip extensor
A
inferior gluteal
11
Q
leg /thigh flexor
A
sartorious
12
Q
Forearm extender
A
triceps brachii (long head)
13
Q
arm flexor
A
pec major
14
Q
teris major function
A
arm extender (at GH)
15
Q
which nerve is tested
A
median nerve motor function
16
Q
flexor pollicis longus + flexor digitorum profundus -> index finger tests which nerve?
A
median
17
Q
which nerve is tested
A
median nerve motor function
18
Q
medial epicondyle fracture injures which nerve?
A
Ulner
19
Q
shirmers test?
A
test for ocular dryness
20
Q
L5 myotome
A
dorsiflexion
21
Q
- muscle tension changes
- muscle length stays the same
A
isometric contraction
22
Q
which nerve is tested by frontments test
A
ulnar
23
Q
which muscle does this test
A
adductor pollicis (ulnar nerve)
24
Q
L4-S3
A
sciatic nerve
25
what nerve innervates SHORT head of biceps femoris
common fibular
26
- young adult
- dense/brittle bones
- marble bone on XR
osteopetrosis
27
genetics of osteopetrosis
autosomal recessive
28
anti-PR3
c-ANCA
29
wegeners
granulomatosis w polyangitis (GPA)
30
ANCA associated with GPA?
c-ANCA
31
anti-MPO?
p-ANCA
32
p-ANCA vasculidities?
microscopic polyangitis
churg-strauss
33
charge-strauss?
Eosinophilic granulomatosis w polyangitis
34
above inter-trochanteric line
intracapsular
35
what are extra capsular hip fractures
inter-trochanteric
sub trochanteric
36
Hip fractures:
- reverse oblique
- transverse
- sub trochanteric
IM device
37
spongiosis - intracellular oedema
lymphocyte infiltrate
acute dermatitis
38
HSV type 1 and 2
genital herpes
39
virus causing eczema herpeticum
HSV
40
pellagra
niacin / B3 deficiency
41
Beri-Beri
thiamine / B1 def
42
HPV 16
HPV 18
cervical cancer
43
fever
tonsillitis
tongue w white coating
sandpaper rash all over body
scarlet fever
44
reaction to S pyogenes toxin
scarlet fever
45
HPV types causing genital warts
6 and 11
46
fever > 40
3 Cs, cough, conjunctivitis, coryza
rash starting on face
MEASLES
47
elongation of rate ridges
parakeratosis
psoriasis
48
Ramsey-hunt syndrome
herpes zoster in CN7 + CN8
facial palsy
deafness / vertigo, tinnitus
49
itchy rash following strep throat infection
guttate psoriasis
50
hand foot and mouth disease caused by
coxsackie virus
51
distinguish between scleritis and episcleritis
scleritis - v painful !
phenylephrine blanches (gets rid of) vessels in episcleritis
52
amaurosis fugax?
transient central retinal artery occlusion
"curtain comes down" for 5 mins
53
- hypermetropia
- Asian ethnicity
- dilated pupil
RF for closed-angle glaucoma
54
tx for dendritic ulcer
Herpes simplex keratitis -> topical acyclovir
55
sudden painless vision loss
cherry red spot on retina
central retinal artery occlusion
56
complication following cataract surgery
endopthalmitis
57
agent causing pupil constriction?
miotic agent
58
acute peripheral vision loss
angry red eye
pain causing vomiting
??
acute angle closure glaucoma
59
cupping of optic disc?
glaucoma
> 0.7 ratio
60
glaucoma vision loss
peripheral
61
myopia?
short sighted
longer eyeball
62
blockage in aqueous humour trying to leave the eye
glaucoma
63
reduce production of aqueous humour
BB
64
- reduce production of aqueous fluid
- increase uveoscleral outflow
sympathomimetics - bromidine
65
optic nerve damage caused by raised intraocular pressure
glaucoma
66
Drusen
dry AMD
67
bilateral AMD?
wet AMD, more acute
68
ARMD vision loss?
central (scotoma)
69
function of macula
generates colour vision in the centre of visual field
70
treatment for wet AMD
anti-VEGF intra-vitreal injection
71
differentials for sudden painless vision loss
- retinal detachment
- CRAO
- CRVO
- vitreous haemorrhage
72
halux valgus?
bunion, big toe points towards second toe
73
abx causing achilles tendonopathy / rupture?
quinolones
(also steroids)
74
ples planus?
flat foot
75
Hallux rigidus?
OA of big toe MCP
- grind test pos
76
arches of foot?
- medial longitudinal
- lateral longitudinal
- transverse arch
77
tendons in DQT!!
- Abductor pollicis longus
- extensor pollicis brevis
APL + EPB
78
contents of carpal tunnel?
MEDIAN NERVE
flexor tendons
79
tabletop test?
dupuytrens
80
supraspinatus function
abduction - to 15* then deltoid takes over
81
teres minor
external rotation
82
subscapularis function
internal rotation
83
Ix for rotator cuff tear?
- USS - good ROM
- MRI - soft tissue
84
atraumatic shoulder dislocation in young person?
marfans or ehler-danlos
85
tear to anterior surface of glenoid labrum
bankart lesion
86
Hill-Sachs lesion
- anterior dislocation
87
APS antibodies?
anticardiolipin
anti-B2-GPI
+ve lupus anticoagulant assay
88
first line for raynauds?
1.CCB -> nifedipine
2. IV vasodilators - prostacyclin
89
what is G6PD deficiency?
erythrocytes dont produce glutathione
cannot protect against oxidative stress
90
CD30
hodgkin lymphoma
91
test to measure intrinsic pathway
aPTT
92
- bone pain
- constipation
- kidney dysfunction
- thrombocytosis
myeloma
93
generation of NADPH and glutathione
hexose monophosphate shunt
94
tumour lysis treatment
rasburicase
95
tx for pernicious anaemia
hydroxycobalamin injections
96
dx test for myeloma
protein electrophoresis
97
iron absorbed at
duodenum
98
folate absorbed at
jejunum
99
b12 absorbed at
ileum
100
I fuck bears do join in
101
8:14 translocation
Burkitt lymphoma
102
inheritance of von willibrand disease
autosomal dominant
103
Tx for von willibrand disease
- tranexamic acid - mild
- desmopressin
104
pathway targeted by warfarin
extrinsic
105
measure extrinsic pathway
PT
106
low calcium
low phosphate
high ALP
osteomalacia + Ricketts
107
L5 myotome
foot dorsiflexion
108
thrombocytopenia + prolonged APTT
APS
109
supracondylar fracture
median nerve injury
110
wrist drop
radial nerve injury
111
S/2 myotome
ankle plantarflexion
( you don't plant 5 trees!)
112
calcium pyrophosphate
pseudogout
113
needle-shaped, negative birefringence crystals
gout
114
innervation of anterior compartment of leg
deep fibular
115
L1/2 myotome
hip flexion
116
anti-SCL-70
diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis
117
muscle tension changes
length stays constant
isometric
118
innervation of short head of biceps femoris
common fibular nerve
119
- knee pain
- limp
- loss of internal rotation
paediatric
SUFE
120
claw hand?
ulnar nerve injury
121
osteomyelitis in diabetic foot ulcer
pseudomonas
122
fondaparinux MOA?
binds with thrombin, not thrombin - antithrombin complex
123
low conjugated bilirubin
high urobilinogen
pre-hepatic jaundice
124
high conjugated bilirubin
low urobilinogen
post-hepatic or hepatic jaundice
125
Tx for hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy
therapeutic hypothermia
126
healthy term infant?
37-42 weeks
127
healthy neonate weight
2.5-4kg
128
neonate head swelling:
can cross suture
oedematous
max size at bith
caput succedaneum
129
neonatal head swelling:
- does not cross suture line
- distinct margin
- max size 12-24hr
cephalhaematoma
130
neonatal head swelling:
- extends
- ill defined
- progressive
subgaleal
131
Tx for neonatal jaundice
Blue light phototherapy 460-490nm
132
- gynaecomastia
- microorchidism
- lack of secondary sexual characteristics
klinefelters syndrome
133
oncogenes
uncontrolled cell growth/proiferation
134
tumour suppressors
failure of normal apoptotic response (to UVR in derm)
135
p53
tumour suppressor gene
136
NER deficiency
xeroderma pigmentosum
137
example of oncogene
RAS mutation
138
folate cycle?
uridine -> thymidine conversion
(ie nucleosides made for DNA synthesis)
139
methionine cycle?
homocysteine -> adenosyl methionine
140
drugs causing folate deficiency?
anti-convulsants
141
most common cause of iron deficiency anaemia
BLOOD LOSS
heavy periods
GIT bleeds
142
pernicious anaemia antibodies
anti-GPC
anti-IF
143
targeted tx for CML/ Philadelphia positive myeloproliferative
imatinib
144
imatinib?
Bcl-2 inhibitor
treatment for CML
145
philadelphia chromosome?
BCR-ABL1 gene
146
Richters transformation?
CLL -> non-hodgkin lymphoma
147
most common inherited thrombophilia
Factor V leiden
148
thrombophilia with lowest risk of VTE
factor V leiden
149
aplastic crisis in sickle cell?
parvovirus / slapped cheeck
causes rapid drop in Hb
150
Blood findings for DIC
- low platelets
- prolongued PT
- prolonged aPTT
- low fibrinogen
- raised D-dimers
151
commonest cause of croup
parainfluenze type I
152
commonest cause of epiglottitis
haemophilus influenze B
153
Tx for epiglottitis
ceftriaxone
154
thumbprint sign on radiograph
epiglottitis
155
most common cause for bacterial tonsitilits
GAS - strep pyogenes
156
acute follicular tonsilitis
strep pyogenes
157
- fever
- arthritis
- pericarditis
3 weeks post tonsitilits
rheumatic fever
158
inspiratory wheeze due to airway obstruction
stridor
159
commonest cause for exacerbations in CF patients?
pseudomonas
160
Dx test for bronchiectasis
high-resolution CT (HRCT)
161
immune cells involved in atopic asthma
Th2 response
IL - 4,5, 13
162
Microbes causing exacerbations in bronchiectasis
H. influenza
163
Decreased DLCO?
high emphysema
164
sympathetic system effect on airway?
causes smooth muscle dilation
via B2 adrenoreceptors
165
low FVC
restrictive
166
low FEV1
both
167
normal Fev1/FVC ratio
restrictive
168
low Fev1/FVC ratio
obstructive
169
ALT> AST/ALP
liver disease causing hepatocellular injury
170
AST is 2x greater than ALT?
acute alcoholic hepatitis
171
unconjugated bilirubin causes which type of jaundice
pre hepatic
172
unconjugated + conjugated bilirubin causes which type of jaundice
hepatic - cannot process bilirubin correctly
173
conjugated bilirubin causes which type of jaundice
post-hepatic - blood is being conjugated by liver, just cannot travel to small intestine
174
dark urine + pale stools
post hepatic jaundice
stools are pale - not getting conjugated bilirubin from bile
175
accessory muscles of expiration
internal intercostals
abdominals
176
muscles of inspiration
external intercostals
diaphragm
177
accessory muscles of inspiration
SCM
Pec major + minor
serrates anterior
lat. dorsi
178
example of active expiration
hyperventilation
179
stimulates peripheral chemoreceptors (to induce inspiration)
arterial H+
180
vitamins given for dry AMD
vit C
vit E
zinc
181
Pulmonary valve ausculated?
left sternal edge
2nd ICS
182
Aortic valve ausculated?
right sternal edge
2nd ICS
183
tricuspid valve auscultated?
left sternal edge
4th ICS
184
mitral valve auscultated?
left
5th ICS
midclavicular line
185
which lung lobe is most likely to aspirate things?
right lower lobe
186
carina vertebral level?
T4/5
187
which structure is most superior in the left lung hilum?
pulmonary artery
188
level of horizontal fissure?
T10
189
artery for lateral stemi?
circumflex
190
QRS complex time?
<0.12s
191
normal PR interval?
0.2s
192
leads for lateral MI?
aVL
LL I
V5-V6
193
inferior MI leads?
LL II
LL III
aVF
194
what is occurring at PR interval?
AV node delay
195
