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A Level Biology > Y12 MS - Heart and Haemoglobin (Complete) > Flashcards

Y12 MS - Heart and Haemoglobin (Complete) Flashcards

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1
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What is the structure labelled with 1?

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2
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What is the structure labelled 2?

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What is the structure labelled 3?

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What is the structure labelled 4?

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What is the structure labelled 5?

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What is the structure labelled 6?

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What is the structure labelled 7?

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What is the structure labelled 8?

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What is the structure labelled 9?

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10
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What is the structure labelled 10?

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11
Q

What is the structure labelled 11?

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Also known as the chordae tendinae

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12
Q

Why is blood flow through the heart a double circulatory system?

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Blood enters the heart from the body and is transported to the lungs to become oxygenated. The blood then returns to the heart to be pumped around the body. The blood passes through the heart twice in one circuit

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13
Q

Describe the cardiac cycle

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Blood enters the atria but cannot pass into the ventricles because the atrio-ventricular (bicuspid and tricuspid) valves are closed
The walls of the atria contract, raising the pressure of the blood in the atria which forces open the atrio-ventricular valves so blood can pass into the ventricles
When the ventricles are full, they contract which increases the pressure of the blood in the ventricles which closes the atrio-ventricular valves so blood cannot pass back into the atria
The ventricles continue to contract which further increases the pressure, forcing open the semi-lunar valves at the base of the aorta and pulmonary artery. Blood is ejected into the arteries, the pulmonary artery carries blood into the lungs while the aorta carries it to all other parts of the body
As the ventricles empty, the higher pressure in the pulmonary artery and aorta closes the valves in the blood vessels. The cycle then begins again

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14
Q

What is systole?

A

The contraction of the heart

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15
Q

What is diastole?

A

The relaxation of the heart

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16
Q

What does one systole and one diastole result in?

A

A heartbeat

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17
Q

What does it mean that the heart is myogenic?

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It can initiate its own contraction

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18
Q

In this diagram how many seconds does it take for one heartbeat?

A

0.6 seconds

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19
Q

What does A show on the diagram?

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The atrioventricular valves close

20
Q

What does B show on the diagram?

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The semi-lunar valves open

21
Q

What does C show on the diagram?

A

Semi-lunar valves close

22
Q

What does D show on the diagram?

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The atrioventricular valves open

23
Q

What do arteries do?

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Transport blood away from the heart (usually at high pressure)

24
Q

What do veins do?

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Transport blood to the heart (usually at low pressure)

25
Q

What do arterioles do?

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Arteries branch into narrower blood vessels called arterioles which transport blood into capillaries

26
Q

What do capillaries do?

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Carry blood close to every cell within an organ

27
Q

What is the cross section of an artery?

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Thick wall with a narrow lumen

28
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What is the blood pressure in each of the blood vessels?

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Artery - high and in pulses
Arterioles - not as high and pulsatile as artery
Capillary - pressure drops through the capillary network
Vein - low and non-pulsatile

29
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What are the adaptations of each of the blood vessels?

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Artery - large amount of elastic tissue allows stretching during pulses and recoil afterwards
Arteriole - large amount of smooth muscle allows them to contract and close the lumen to stop blood flow
Veins - contains valves which prevent the backflow of blood. Blood under low pressure so thin walls
Capillaries - thin, permeable walls to allow the formation of tissue fluid for exchange with surrounding cells. Blood under low pressure so thin walls

30
Q

Which chamber in the heart has the thickest wall?

A

The left ventricle

31
Q

What is blood?

A

The liquid held in our arteries, veins and heart

32
Q

What is tissue fluid?

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Tissue fluid is a liquid which bathes the cells of individual tissues (except from the circulatory system)
The exchange of substances occurs through tissue fluid

33
Q

How is tissue fluid formed?

A

When the left ventricle contracts, the hydrostatic pressure at the the arterial end of the capillary bed is high
Fluid containing solutes is forced out of the capillary wall
Proteins and large molecules remain in the blood
The water potential of the blood becomes negative as the fluid moves out so water moves back into the venous end of the capillary by osmosis
The lymphatic system collects the excess tissues fluid

34
Q

What is the structure of haemoglobin?

A

Haemoglobin is a globular protein which is made up of four interlocking peptide chains, each chain contains one haem (iron) group. Each haem group can combine with one oxygen molecule (02)

35
Q

When does haemoglobin have a high or low affinity for oxygen

A

At the gas exchange surface e.g the lungs, haemoglobin has a high affinity for oxygen so oxygen bind to it (loading)

At the respiring tissues haemoglobin has a low affinity for oxygen. The high concentration of C02 changes the shape of haemoglobin so that oxygen is released (unloading)

36
Q

What is formed when oxygen combines with haemoglobin?

A

Oxyhaemoglobin
This is a reversible reaction

37
Q

What are the units for the partial pressure of oxygen?

A

kilopascals - the measure of oxygen concentration (p02)

38
Q

What is shown by this image?

A

An oxygen dissociation curve
Sigmoidal curve shape

39
Q

How does the sigmoidal curve relate to the loading and unloading of oxygen?

A

The curve is initially shallow as it is difficult for the first molecule of 02 to bind as the four subunits are close together

The curve steepens as it is easier for the second and third 02 molecules to bind when haemoglobin changes shape

The curve flattens off as the forth molecule is difficult to bind as it is the only unoccupied site left

40
Q

What are the advantages of the sigmoidal curve?

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Lower affinity at lower partial pressures of oxygen
- unloading oxygen to tissues is more efficient

Higher affinity at high partial pressures of oxygen
- more efficient at loading oxygen in the lungs

41
Q

What is the Bohr effect on the oxygen dissociation curve?

A

In a C02 rich environment (e.g at respiring tissues) more oxygen dissociates from oxyhaemoglobin

The ODC shifts to the right as a high p02 is required to saturate haemoglobin with H+ competition

42
Q

How does higher C02 affect the oxygen dissociation curve?

A

Higher rate of respiration means more C02 is produced in respiring tissues
Therefore, the pH becomes lower, changing the shape of haemoglobin and resulting in it having a lower affinity for 02
More 02 is unloaded rapidly so more 02 is available for respiration

The ODC shifts to the right

43
Q

How is cardiac output calculated?

A

Cardiac output = heart rate x stroke volume

44
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

The volume of blood that leaves the heart in dm^3 per heartbeat

45
Q

What is heart rate?

A

The beats of the heart per minute

A Level Biology (12 decks)

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