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Wars of the Roses > Y12 Edward IV > Flashcards

Y12 Edward IV Flashcards

1
Q

When was Edward named King in the council?

A

3rd March 1461.

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2
Q

Who was at the council that decided Edwards would be King?

A
  • Warwick
  • Norfolk
  • Archbishop of Canterbury
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3
Q

`When was it announced that Edward would be King?

A

4th March 1461.

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4
Q

Why did the Lords of Parliament declare Edward King?

A

They said his claim was better than Henry VI’s claim to the throne.

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5
Q

Why did Edward want to wait before being coronated?

A

He wanted to wait till the Lancastrian threat (ie Henry and Anjou) was entirely defeated and the country was more peaceful and stable.

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6
Q

On the 6th March 1461, what did Edward say?

A

He released a proclamation that said if any supporters of Henry VI swore allegiance to him within 10 days they would receive a pardon.

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7
Q

What happened in the lead up to the Battle of Ferrybridge?

A
  • Edward left London on 13th March 1461.

- The Lancastrians were at Ferrybridge, half on one side of the Aire River, one half on the other side.

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8
Q

When was the Battle of Ferrybridge?

A

28th March 1461.

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9
Q

Which nobles fought for the Yorkists at the Battle of Ferrybridge?

A
  • Edward IV (Earl of March)
  • Richard Neville Earl of Warwick
  • Lord Fitzwalter
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10
Q

Which nobles fought for the Lancastrians at the Battle of Ferrybridge?

A
  • John Clifford

- John, Lord Neville

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11
Q

What happened at the Battle of Ferrybridge?

A
  • The Lancastrians blew up Tadcaster bridge.
  • Warwick was injured in the leg with an arrow.
  • The Yorkists managed to cross River Aire and gain control of the bridge.
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12
Q

Who was killed at the Battle of Ferrybridge?

A
  • Lord Fitzwalter.

- Lord Clifford.

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13
Q

Who won the Battle of Ferrybridge?

A

Yorkists.

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14
Q

When was the Battle of Towton?

A

29th March 1461.

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15
Q

How many men fought for each side at the Battle of Towton?

A 
Lancastrians = 50,000
Yorksists = 50,000
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16
Q

Which foreign forces did Edward have fighting for him at the Battle of Towton?

A

Burgundian.

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17
Q

Which banner did Edward fly at the Battle of Towton?

A

The banner of the future Louis XI of France.

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18
Q

Which nobles fought for the Yorkists at the Battle of Towton?

A
  • Edward IV
  • Richard Neville Earl of Warwick
  • William Neville
  • John Mowbray, Duke of Norfolk
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19
Q

How many nobles in total did Edward have supporting him at the Battle of Towton?

A

8 or 9.

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20
Q

Which nobles fought for the Lancastrians at the Battle of Towton?

A
  • Henry Beaufort, Duke of Somerset
  • Henry Percy, Earl of Northumberland
  • Andrew Trollope
  • Henry Holland, Duke of Exeter
  • Thomas Courtenay, Earl of Devon
  • Ralph, Lord Dacre
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21
Q

How many nobles in total fought for the Lancastrians at the Battle of Towton?

A

19 or 20.

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22
Q

What happened at the Battle of Towton?

A
  • The Lancastrians set themselves up on high ground.
  • It was snowing, and there was a strong wind blowing in the direction of the Lancastrians.
  • Edward ordered archers to fire and then retreat.
  • When the Lancastrians fired back, as the wind was blowing against them, the arrows didn’t reach the Yorkists, so instead Edward ordered his troops to collect the leftover arrows and use them.
  • Somerset tried to drive Edward’s cavalry from the field, but it failed.
  • Warwick killed his horse to show he was ready to fight on foot.
  • The Lancastrians also couldn’t see the arrival of the Duke of Norfolk in the snow, whose attack proved too much for the Lancastrians.
  • Their remaining forces tried to retreat, but had blocked their exit way as they had blown up Tadcaster bridge the day before, and in trying to cross the river, which was now very high after the heavy snowfall, many drowned.
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23
Q

Who was killed at the Battle of Towton?

A
  • Henry Percy, Earl of Northumberland.
  • Andrew Trollope.
  • Egremont.
  • Lord Dacre.
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24
Q

What was the outcome of the Battle of Towton?

A

Many of the Northern Lords (Percys) were removed after the Battle of Towton.

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25
Q

Who won the Battle of Towton?

A

Yorkists.

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26
Q

How many people died in total at the Battle of Towton?

A

28,000 (1% of the population).

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27
Q

Where did Anjou and Henry flee after Towton?

A

When they heard of the defeat at Towton, they went to Scotland and gained the support of James III.

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28
Q

Where did Henry Beaufort, Duke of Somerset flee after the Battle of Towton?

A

To Dunstanburgh Castle to join Henry and Anjou.

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29
Q

What did Anjou offer to the French in order to gain their support in 1461?

A

Calais.

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30
Q

What else was taken by the French in 1461 after Anjou had negotiated with them?

A

Channel Islands - they were attacked by the French and retaken.

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31
Q

Whose allegiance did the offer of the Channel Islands switch?

A

Louis XI - he had supported Edward IV at Towton but the offer of Calais made him support Henry and Anjou.

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32
Q

When was Edward crowned King of England?

A

28th June 1461.

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33
Q

Who did the majority of Wales support when Edward came to the throne and why?

A

Henry VI because lots of the Welsh castles were in the hands of Lancastrian Lords.

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34
Q

In 1461, what positions were given to Humphrey Stafford and William Herbert?

A

Humphrey Stafford = baron.

William Herbert = Earl of Pembroke

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35
Q

Which system of finance did Edward move to during his first reign?

A

Chamber System of Finance - this meant income from land went straight to the King. It replaced the old system of the Chamber of the Exchequer, which was inefficient.

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36
Q

What was the Land Revenue Experiment and when was it begun?

A

1461 - this was when an organisation was given the role to inspect the crown estates to see if they were paying what they were meant to.

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37
Q

What did the Land Revenue Experiment do to Crown finances?

A

Increased them as money went straight to the Crown.

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38
Q

How much did cloth exports increase by during Edward’s first reign?

A

Cloth exports doubled.

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39
Q

How did Edward control law and order in his first reign?

A

He used ‘new men’ such as Lord Hastings (who owed their position to the King so would be loyal) to keep the law and order where they were.

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40
Q

What patronage did Edward give to Richard Neville Earl of Warwick at the start of his first reign?

A

Warwick was given lands and moneys (approx £12,000 a year), made Viceroy in the North, Captain of Calais, Constable of Dover Castle, admiral of England and Ireland, made Lord Great Chamberlain, Lord Chancellor and given Wardenship of the Cinque Ports.

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41
Q

What patronage was given to Edward’s brother Richard by Edward in his first reign?

A

The title of the Duke of Gloucester and lands to the value of £3660 and offices with an annual salary of £650.

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42
Q

What patronage was given to John Neville Lord Montagu by Edward in his first reign?

A

He was made Earl of Northumberland - previously Henry Percy’s role.

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43
Q

What patronage was given to George Neville by Edward in his first reign?

A

He was made Archbishop of York.

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44
Q

What patronage was given to William Neville (Fauconberg) by Edward in his first reign?

A

He was made Earl of Kent.

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45
Q

What patronage was given to Lord Hastings by Edward in his first reign?

A

He was made chamberlain of the Royal Household.

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46
Q

What patronage was given to Edward’s brother George in his first reign?

A

He was given the title of the Duke of Clarence.

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47
Q

What patronage was given to William Herbert by Edward in his first reign?

A

He was made viceroy of Wales.

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48
Q

What are ‘Customs Duties’?

A

Taxes paid to Edward from people importing goods to England.

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49
Q

When did Edward get taxes to go to war with Scotland?

A

1462.

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50
Q

Which castles did Edward order to be taken by Warwick in 1462 as the Percys were refusing to make peace with him?

A
  • Alnwick
  • Dunstanburgh
  • Bamburgh
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51
Q

When did Edward return the Percys’ castles as part of his appeasement policy?

A

April 1462.

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52
Q

How did Edward’s appeasement policy backfire on him in regards to the Percys?

A

In October 1462, they defected back to the Lancastrians despite Edward having given back their castles in April 1462.

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53
Q

When did Anjou try to attack England and why was it not successful?

A

November 1462 - she only had a small Scottish army and had some support from Louis XI, which made her very unpopular in England. However, all her forces still weren’t big enough to fight Edward’s army.

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54
Q

In October 1463, who did Edward agree a truce with and who did this affect?

A

Edward agreed a truce with Louis XI (France) and this withdrew support from the Lancastrians as France stopped funding them.

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55
Q

In December 1463, who did Edward agree a truce with and who did this affect?

A

James III (Scotland) and this withdrew support from Henry VI, who was forced to flee Scotland.

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56
Q

Who was Warwick planning Edward’s engagement to?

A

Bona of Savoy - sister-in-law to Louis XI.

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57
Q

Why did Warwick want Edward IV to wed a French bride?

A

To improve Anglo-French relations.

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58
Q

Who offered a bride up for Edward IV to marry (+bonus: how to Edward respond)?

A

Henry of Castile - he offered his sister Isabella but Edward refused.

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59
Q

When did Edward secretly marry Elizabeth Woodville?

A

1st May 1464.

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60
Q

What did Margaret of Anjou order to be surrendered to the Scots in 1464?

A

The town of Berwick.

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61
Q

Who started the Northumbrian Revolt?

A

Henry Beaufort, Duke of Somerset.

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62
Q

What happened in the lead up to the Battle of Hedgeley Moor?

A
  • Scottish ambassadors were coming to York to make peace with the English at a small parliament meeting.
  • Somerset headed to the Percy castles in the North and met up with some of the key Lancastrian nobles. This threatened the safety of the Scottish ambassadors.
  • John Neville, Lord Montagu, was sent by Edward IV North to guide the Scottish ambassadors South to York.
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63
Q

When was the Battle of Hedgeley Moor?

A

25th April 1464.

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64
Q

How many men fought for each side at the Battle of Hedgeley Moor?

A 
Yorkists = 6,000
Lancastrians = 5,000
65
Q

Which nobles fought for the Yorkists at the Battle of Hedgeley Moor?

A
  • John Neville, Lord Montagu.
66
Q

Which nobles fought for the Lancastrians at the Battle of Hedgeley Moor?

A
  • Henry Beaufort, Duke of Somerset.
  • Sir Ralph Percy.
  • Sir Ralph Grey.
  • Lord Hungerford.
  • Lord Roos.
  • Sir William Tailboys.
67
Q

What happened at the Battle of Hedgeley Moor?

A
  • Montagu arrived at Hedgeley Moor with around 5,000 to 6,000 men.
  • He met the Lancastrian forces led by Somerset, barring the way North.
  • One of the Lancastrian flanks failed fairly early on in the battle, causing the other troops to panic and Somerset to organise a retreat.
68
Q

Who was killed at the Battle of Hedgeley Moor?

A

Sir Ralph Percy.

69
Q

What was the outcome of the Battle of Hedgeley Moor?

A
  • The Scottish ambassadors made it to York and a successful agreement was made.
  • The Lancastrians regrouped at Alnwick Castle.
  • Montagu returned to Newcastle.
70
Q

Who won the Battle of Hedgeley Moor?

A

Yorkists.

71
Q

What happened in the lead up to the Battle of Hexham?

A
  • After Hedgeley Moor, Somerset headed into the Tyne Valley, and Montagu decided to intercept him.
  • Montagu led his forces along the River Tyne.
  • The two forces met at Hexham.
72
Q

When was the Battle of Hexham?

A

15th May 1464.

73
Q

How many men fought for each side at the Battle of Hexham?

A 
Yorkists = 3,000/4,000
Lancastrians = 2,000
74
Q

Which nobles fought for the Yorkists at the Battle of Hexham?

A
  • John Neville, Lord Montagu.
75
Q

Which nobles fought for the Lancastrians at the Battle of Hexham?

A
  • Henry Beaufort, Duke of Somerset
  • Lord Roos
  • Baron Hungerford
76
Q

What happened at the Battle of Hexham?

A
  • Montagu surprised Somerset.
  • Somerset didn’t have enough time to get his troops together and ready.
  • Some of the troops fled at the start of the battle.
  • The rest of the troops tried to retreat but either drowned or were crushed on the way down the hill.
  • Somerset, Hungerford and Roos were captured, taken away and beheaded.
77
Q

Who was killed at the Battle of Hexham?

A
  • Somerset.
  • Hungerford.
  • Roos.
  • In total, 20 leading Lancastrians were killed.
78
Q

What was the outcome of the Battle of Hexham?

A
  • It crushed the Lancastrian resistance in the North.
  • Henry VI fled to the North West of England.
  • Anjou fled to France.
79
Q

Who won the Battle of Hexham?

A

Yorkists.

80
Q

When was the marriage of Edward IV and Elizabeth Woodville revealed?

A

14th September 1464.

81
Q

Why was there a problem with Edward’s marriage to Elizabeth Woodville?

A
  • She was a widow and had 2 children (not a virgin).
  • She had been married to a Lancastrian supporter, Sir John Grey, who had in fact died fighting for the Lancastrians at the second Battle of St Albans.
  • Her family is not rich or politically powerful.
  • Louis XI felt pushed out because of Edward IV’s rejection of Bona of Savoy as a wife - could be seen to have damaged foreign relations with France.
82
Q

Who was Eleanor Talbot and what was the problem surrounding her?

A

There were rumours that Edward had previously been married to Eleanor Talbot, daughter of the first Earl of Shrewsbury, as they had been betrothed at one stage.

83
Q

Why did Warwick disapprove of the marriage to Elizabeth Woodville?

A
  • He didn’t want to damage Anglo-French relations.
  • He was worried that the Woodvilles would be elevated quickly in court, given lots of patronage and have patronage taken away from the Nevilles.
84
Q

What happened with the marriage to Anne Holland?

A

She was originally betrothed to Warwick’s nephew, but was then married off to Thomas Grey, one of Elizabeth Woodville’s sons after her marriage to Edward IV.

85
Q

Give some examples of marriages the Woodvilles got shortly after Elizabeth and Edward’s marriage.

A
  • Catherine Neville was married to John Woodville.

- William Herbert was married to Mary Woodville.

86
Q

What happened with the marriage to Warwick’s aunt?

A

Warwick’s aunt was married off to the Queen’s brother John, despite about a 50 year age gap!

87
Q

Give an example of how patronage was taken away from the Nevilles in Edward’s reign (+bonus: when did this happen)?

A

Montagu, who had been Earl of Northumberland, was stripped of the position and it was returned to Ralph Percy (March 1470).

88
Q

How was patronage taken away from Warwick’s family and given to the Woodvilles?

A
  • Mountjoy (Warwick’s uncles)’s position of treasurer was taken and given to Lord Rivers, Elizabeth Woodville’s father.
89
Q

Which marriage did Warwick ask Edward IV permission for in 1467 (+bonus: what was Edward’s reaction)?

A

Warwick asked Edward permission for his daughter, Isobel Neville, to marry his brother, George Duke of Clarence. Edward refused the marriage.

90
Q

How and when did Warwick try and get the marriage with Clarence and Isobel Neville to go ahead (+bonus: how did Edward react)?

A

June 1467 He asked the Pope for dispensation. Edward was disgusted and reacted by dismissing Warwick from his position as Lord Chancellor.

91
Q

When was Edward granted Customs Duties for life?

A

1465.

92
Q

When and where was Henry VI captured?

A

July 1465 in Clitheroe in Lancashire. He was put in the Tower of London.

93
Q

When did Edward IV make a treaty with Burgundy?

A

1467.

94
Q

What did the treaty with Burgundy agree?

A
  • There was a commercial element to the treaty.

- There was also a marriage treaty arranged between Charles the Bold and Margaret (Edward’s sister).

95
Q

When did Charles the Bold and Margaret (Edward’s sister) get married?

A

1468.

96
Q

When did Edward IV sign a treaty with Brittany?

A

1468.

97
Q

When was Edward granted a tax to go war against France?

A

1468.

98
Q

When were all forms of retaining (private armies) made illegal?

A

1468.

99
Q

When was the uprising of Robin of Redesdale?

A

April 1469.

100
Q

What was the uprising of Robin of Redesdale?

A

A pro-Warwick rebellion in the North lead by Robin of Redesdale.

101
Q

Who dealt with the uprising of Robin of Redesdale?

A

Lord Montagu, Warwick’s brother as Warwick refused return to England (he was in Calais) to deal with the problem.

102
Q

In 1469, an alliance was formed between who?

A

Warwick and Clarence.

103
Q

When did Clarence and Isobel Neville marry and why (+bonus: where did they marry)?

A

July 1469 as an act of defiance from Clarence and showing his alliance with Warwick.
They married at Calais.

104
Q

What rumours did Warwick and Clarence spread?

A

That Edward IV was an illegitimate child (bastard).

105
Q

When did Warwick issue a manifesto and what did it say?

A

12th July 1469 - he declared his intent to relieve england of its “evil advisors”. It also included national grievances, and the fact that new men, hinting probably at the Woodvilles, were getting too much power. It also hinted that Edward would be disposed of, like some of the Kings before him as people were unhappy with him.

106
Q

After issuing a manifesto, what did Warwick do?

A

He sailed back to England.

107
Q

When did Warwick land in England?

A

16th July 1469.

108
Q

What happened in the lead up to the Battle of Edgecote Moor?

A
  • Warwick landed in England.

- His forces met the loyalist army led by William Herbert, Earl of Pembroke.

109
Q

When was the Battle of Edgecote Moor?

A

26th July 1469.

110
Q

How many men fought for each side at the Battle of Edgecote Moor?

A

Warwick = unknown.

William Herbert = 5,000/6,000

111
Q

Which nobles fought for the loyalist army?

A
  • William Herbert, Earl of Pembroke.

- Humphrey Stafford, Earl of Devon.

112
Q

Who died at the Battle of Edgecote Moor?

A

William Herbert Earl of Pembroke.

113
Q

Who won the Battle of Edgecote Moor?

A

Warwick and his troops.

114
Q

Who was captured at the Battle of Edgecote Moor and where were they held?

A

Edward IV - he was held in Warwick Castle.

115
Q

Who attempted to rule after the Battle of Edgecote Moor?

A

Warwick and Clarence.

116
Q

Who was beheaded on 12th August 1469 at Warwick’s command?

A

Lord Rivers (Elizabeth Woodville’s father)

117
Q

When and why was Edward IV released from captivity?

A

September 1469 - there had been public uprisings in London after his capture and imprisonment after the Battle of Edgecote Moor.

118
Q

When was Edward IV reunited with Warwick and Clarence (+bonus: what did he do to them)?

A

December 1469 - neither of them were punished and he forgave them both for their actions.

119
Q

What did Warwick and Clarence start in Spring 1470?

A

A rebellion in Lincolnshire.

120
Q

How many people were involved in Warwick and Clarence’s rebellion in Spring 1470?

A

30,000.

121
Q

Why did Warwick and Clarence start a rebellion in Spring 1470?

A

As Clarence’s bid for the crown.

122
Q

What happened in the lead up to the Battle of Losecoat Field?

A
  • Warwick and Clarence had started a rebellion in Lincolnshire in Spring 1470.
  • Edward IV heard of the rebellion and led troops to stop it.
123
Q

When was the Battle of Losecoat Field?

A

12th March 1470.

124
Q

What happened at the Battle of Losecoat Field?

A
  • Edward IV heard of the rebellion and led troops to stop them.
  • The rebel forces and the King’s forces met at Losecoat Field on 12th March 1470.
  • The better trained and equipped killed most of the rebel troops.
  • The rest of the rebel troops retreated.
125
Q

What happened after the Battle of Losecoat Field?

A

Warwick and Clarence fled to France.

126
Q

When Warwick reached France, he made an alliance with who (+bonus: who arranged this alliance)?

A

Warwick made an alliance with Margaret of Anjou, arranged by Louis XI.

127
Q

Which treaty was signed between Warwick and Anjou in France and when?

A

July 1470 - Treaty of Angers.

128
Q

How is the alliance between Warwick and Anjou cemented?

A

Edward Prince of Wales was married to Anne Neville.

129
Q

How did Louis XI offer to help Warwick and Anjou (+bonus: what did he want in exchange for this)?

A

Louis XI said he would give the Lancastrians ships and money, if in return they would wage a campaign against Burgundy when Henry VI was back on the throne.

130
Q

What did Anjou promise to Warwick and Clarence?

A

Anjou promised to make Warwick regent when Henry VI was on the throne, and promised Clarence the throne if Edward Prince of Wales should die childless.

131
Q

Who was Edward scared would attack him in a pincer movement?

A

From the North - Montagu

From the South - Warwick

132
Q

How was Edward distracted from Warwick’s entry to England?

A

Some of the Nevilles in the North began uprisings.

133
Q

When did Warwick and Clarence land in Devon and what did they do?

A

September 1470 - they marched North.

134
Q

What did Edward do when he heard about Warwick and Clarence landing in Devon?

A

He marched South.

135
Q

What happened when Edward and his troops met with Warwick, Clarence and their troops?

A

Edward’s troops deserted him.

136
Q

Who urged their troops to support Warwick?

A

Montagu.

137
Q

Where did Edward sail from and to on the 2nd October 1470?

A

He sailed from King’s Lynn in Norfolk to Holland.

138
Q

When was the readeption of Henry VI?

A

3rd October 1470.

139
Q

Why were many Lancastrian lords disappointed with Henry VI after he returned to the throne?

A

They expected their lands to be returned to them, but Henry VI gave them to Warwick and Clarence instead.

140
Q

Who did Henry VI declare war on in late 1470 (+bonus: what reaction did this prompt)?

A

Burgundy - this caused Charles the Bold to support Edward.

141
Q

How did Charles the Bold support Edward?

A

He gave him 15,000 German and Flemish troops, 18 ships and 5,000 crowns.

142
Q

When did England land back in England and where?

A

He landed at the Humber Estuary on 14th March 1471.

143
Q

Where was Edward denied access to?

A

York and Hull.

144
Q

What did he claim in order for York to let him pass through?

A

He claimed he wasn’t wanting his throne back, he only wanted to reclaim his Dukedom.

145
Q

Where did Edward march after landing in England in March 1471 and why?

A

Edward marched to Warwick in an attempt to confront him.

146
Q

Who did Edward meet at Warwick Castle (+bonus: what happened as a result of this)?

A

Edward was reconciled with Clarence at Warwick Castle, and here they decided to team up.

147
Q

What did Edward do at Warwick Castle?

A

He proclaimed himself King,

148
Q

How many troops did Clarence have, and how many in total did this give Edward?

A

Clarence had 12,000, taking Edwards troops total to about 27,000.

149
Q

Where did Edward and Clarence march after being reconciled at Warwick Castle?

A

They marched towards London.

150
Q

What happened in the lead up to the Battle of Barnet?

A
  • Edward and Clarence marched towards London.

- Warwick intercepted them about 16 kilometres outside of London.

151
Q

When was the Battle of Barnet?

A

14th April 1471 (Easter Sunday).

152
Q

Who many men fought for each side at the Battle of Barnet?

A 
Edward = 27,000
Warwick = 15,000
153
Q

What happened at the Battle of Barnet?

A
  • Warwick and Edward met just outside of London.
  • There was a dense fog that day.
  • Warwick ordered his troops to fire where they thought Edward’s troops were, but they missed.
  • Eventually, Edward’s forces overcame Warwick’s forces.
154
Q

Who was killed at the Battle of Barnet?

A

Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick.

155
Q

Who won the Battle of Barnet?

A

Edward and Clarence.

156
Q

How many men died in total at the Battle of Barnet?

A

Approximately 1,500.

157
Q

What happened after the Battle of Barnet?

A

Edward marched into London (he had been granted access on 11th April 1471).

158
Q

What were Edward’s immediate actions after entering London?

A
  • He placed Henry VI in the Tower of London.

- He went to Westminster Abbey to see his newborn son.

159
Q

Where and when did Anjou land after sailing in from France?

A

14th April 1471 - she landed at Weymouth, and marched through Cornwall, Devon and Somerset to gain support.

Wars of the Roses (8 decks)

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