Y10 up to lesson 12 Flashcards
Description of bone types?
Long bones- Longer than wide and provide support and a large range of motion.
Flat bones- They are large and protect vital organs.
Short bones- Small and are used for intricate movements and stability.
Irregular bones- Shape suited for job.
What are the functions of the skeletal system?
Support- Without supporting the body it would be a mass of soft tissue that couldn’t move.
Protection- Needed to prevent injury and is crucial for performance so players can train and play.
Movement- Occurs at the joint when muscles contract to pull on the bone and is central to physical activity.
Blood cell production- Takes place on the bone and is important in aerobic activity as the red blood cells carry oxygen.
What are the parts of a synovial joint?
Joint capsule
Cartilage
Bursae
Synovial fluid
Tendon
Ligament
Synovial membrane
What do the parts of a synovial joint do?
Bursae- Sack filled with liquid to reduce friction between tendon and bone.
Joint capsule- Stop synovial fluid from escaping and holds bones together.
Cartilage- Stops bones rubbing and absorbs shock.
Synovial fluid- Lubricant to reduce friction.
Tendon- Connects muscle to bone and is non-elastic to restrict movement.
Ligament- Bone to bone and slightly movable.
Synovial membrane- Secrets synovial fluid.
What is isotonic and isometric?
Isotonic- Muscle change in length, concentric shortens and eccentric lengthens.
Isometric- No change in length.
What are adaptations of the alveoli?
- Large surface area.
- One cell thick walls.
- Moist walls.
- Short diffusion distance.
- High capillary density.
What happens when breathing at rest?
Inhalation- Diaphragm and intercostals contract.
Exhalation- Diaphragm and intercostals relax.
What happens when breathing during exercise?
Inhalation- Sternocleidomastoid, trapezius, pectorals, intercostals, deltiods and diaphragm contract.
Exhalation- Intercostals and diaphragm relax and abdominals contract.
What are the components of the spirometer trace?
Tidal Volume- Amount of air inhaled or exhaled in a standard breath.
Expiratory reserve volume- Amount of air that can be forced out after TV.
Inspiratory reserve volume- Amount of air that can be forced in after TV.
Residual Volume- Amount of air that remains in lungs after ERV.
Vital Capacity- Largest volume of air that can be forcibly expired after the deepest possible inspiration.
How does exercise change the components of the spirometer trace?
TV- Increases
ERV- Decreases
IRV- Decreases
RV- Doesn’t change
VC- Never changes
How does breathing rate change during exercise?
It increases and so does the depth with is shown on the spirometer trace as waves are more frequent and the difference between crest and trough is bigger.
Why do ERV and IRV decrease during exercise?
TV increases the there is less excess air to be inhaled or exhaled.
What is the pathway of air?
(Deoxygenated blood is being pumped) Lungs→Vena Cava→Right Atrium→atrioventricular valves→ Right Ventricle→Pulmonary Artery → lungs (gaseous exchange) →(Oxygenated blood is being pumped) Pulmonary vein → Left Atrium → atrioventricular valves→Left Ventricle→Aorta→ Oxygenated blood goes around the body→Repeats.
What is blood pressure?
Force exerted by blood against the vessel wall.
What are the characteristics and components of the blood vessels?
Artery- Thick outer wall and muscle, narrow lumen. Contains high blood pressure.
Vein- Thin wall and muscle, wide lumen. Contains low blood pressure and valves to prevent back-flow.
Capillaries- 1 cell thick wall and narrow lumen. Carry blood from vein to artery and have medium blood pressure.
