Y10 Flashcards
Description of bone types?
Long bones- Longer than wide and provide support and a large range of motion.
Flat bones- They are large and protect vital organs.
Short bones- Small and are used for intricate movements and stability.
Irregular bones- Shape suited for job.
What are the functions of the skeletal system?
Support- Without supporting the body it would be a mass of soft tissue that couldn’t move.
Protection- Needed to prevent injury and is crucial for performance so players can train and play.
Movement- Occurs at the joint when muscles contract to pull on the bone and is central to physical activity.
Blood cell production- Takes place on the bone and is important in aerobic activity as the red blood cells carry oxygen.
What are the parts of a synovial joint?
Joint capsule
Cartilage
Bursae
Synovial fluid
Tendon
Ligament
Synovial membrane
What do the parts of a synovial joint do?
Bursae- Sack filled with liquid to reduce friction between tendon and bone.
Joint capsule- Stop synovial fluid from escaping and holds bones together.
Cartilage- Stops bones rubbing and absorbs shock.
Synovial fluid- Lubricant to reduce friction.
Tendon- Connects muscle to bone and is non-elastic to restrict movement.
Ligament- Bone to bone and slightly movable.
Synovial membrane- Secrets synovial fluid.
What is isotonic and isometric?
Isotonic- Muscle change in length, concentric shortens and eccentric lengthens.
Isometric- No change in length.
What are adaptations of the alveoli?
- Large surface area.
- One cell thick walls.
- Moist walls.
- Short diffusion distance.
- High capillary density.
What muscles are used when breathing at rest?
Inhalation- Diaphragm and intercostals contract.
Exhalation- Diaphragm and intercostals relax.
What muscles are used when breathing in exercise?
Inhalation- Sternocleidomastoid, trapezius, pectorals, intercostals, deltiods and diaphragm contract.
Exhalation- Intercostals and diaphragm relax and abdominals contract.
What are the components of the spirometer trace?
Tidal Volume- Amount of air inhaled or exhaled in a standard breath.
Expiratory reserve volume- Amount of air that can be forced out after TV.
Inspiratory reserve volume- Amount of air that can be forced in after TV.
Residual Volume- Amount of air that remains in lungs after ERV.
Vital Capacity- Largest volume of air that can be forcibly expired after the deepest possible inspiration.
How does exercise change the components of the spirometer trace?
TV- Increases
ERV- Decreases
IRV- Decreases
RV- Doesn’t change
VC- Never changes
How does breathing rate change during exercise?
It increases and so does the depth with is shown on the spirometer trace as waves are more frequent and the difference between crest and trough is bigger.
Why do ERV and IRV decrease during exercise?
TV increases the there is less excess air to be inhaled or exhaled.
What is the pathway of blood?
(Deoxygenated blood is being pumped) Lungs→Vena Cava→Right Atrium→atrioventricular valves→ Right Ventricle→Pulmonary Artery → lungs (gaseous exchange) →(Oxygenated blood is being pumped) Pulmonary vein → Left Atrium → atrioventricular valves→Left Ventricle→Aorta→ Oxygenated blood goes around the body→Repeats.
What is blood pressure?
Force exerted by blood against the vessel wall.
What are systolic and diastolic readings?
Systolic- Blood pressure when blood is ejected.
Diastolic- Blood pressure when heart is relaxing and filling with blood.
What is vasoconstriction?
Narrowing of blood vessel so less blood is delivered to inactive areas and decreasing their oxygen supply e.g. digestive system when running.
What is vasodilation?
Widening of blood vessel to increase the amount of blood delivered to active areas e.g. legs when running.
What is the equation for Q?
Q=SVxHR
What are SV, HR and Q?
Stoke Volume (SV)- The volume of bloood pumped out the heart by each ventricle during 1 contraction.
Heart Rate (HR)- Number of times the heart beats in1 minute.
Cardiac Output (Q)- Volume of ejected blood from heart in 1 minute.
What are the adaptations and why of the blood vessels?
Artery- Thick wall and muscle but narrow lumen to allow high blood pressure.
Vein- Thin muscle and wall but wide lumen contain valves to prevent back flow and have low blood pressure.
Capillaries- Have a one cell thick wall and narrow lumen to allow for quick diffusion in gaseous exchange and have medium blood pressure and connect arteries to veins.
How is blood pressure affected short term?
Blood pressure goes up during exercise as muscles need more oxygen and the heart starts to pump blood harder and faster so systolic blood pressure rises.
How is blood pressure affected long term?
Blood pressure is lowered long term as regular exercise strengthens the heart so more blood can pump with less effort so force exerted on arteries decreases.
Aerobic and anaerobic exercise.
Aerobic is exercising in the presence of oxygen.
Glucose+O2→CO2+ H2O
Anaerobic is exercise in the absence of enough oxygen.
Glucose→Lactic acid
What is EPOC?
Exercise Post Oxygen Debt- The additional amount of oxygen consumed after anaerobic exercise to replenish the body with O2 to convert lactic acid to glucose, CO2 and H2O.
What are the 4 R’s of recovery?
Refuel
Repair
Rehydrate
Recouperate
What is refuel, rehydrate and repair?
Carbohydrates:
- Eat lots of complex carbs before exercise to maximise glucose stores and after replenishing energy.
Protein:
- Should be consumed after exercise to repair muscle tears faster.
Rehydration:
- Water/ isotonic drinks should be consumed to replace lost fluids.
- Sweat releases water and salt which if lost causes dizziness/ nausea.
What is recuperation/ recovery processes?
Cool down:
- Gradually reducing intensity helps maintain elevated breathing/heart rate and ensures blood continues to flow to the muscles and replenishes oxygen
Ice baths:
- Get in a bath of icy water for
5-20m after exercise.
- Helps repair muscle tissue and reduces inflammation/sourness.
-Helps prevent DOMS.
- Narrows blood vessels so when you get out blood rushes to muscles and rids of waste products.
Massage:
- Reduces sourness by increasing blood flow so oxygen can be delivered to the muscles.
Immediate effects of exercise.
- Heart rate increases to deliver O2 to muscles.
- Feel hotter as body temperature increases.
- Breathe deeper and more frequently to deliver O2 to muscles.
- Sweat and skin will redden as your body is trying to cool yourself.
Short- term effect of exercise.
- Muscle cramps/ aches.
- Feel fatigued.
- Feel light-headed/ nanuseous.
- DOMS if high intensity
What are long-term effects of exercise?
- Hypertrophy: enlargement of tissue/organ due to cell size.
- Better stamina.
- Resting heart rate decreases.
- Cardiac hypertrophy- Cardiac output increases and O2 is transported faster and waste products are removed faster.
- Improve components of fitness.
What are the lever class systems?
1st - Load Fulcrum Effort
2nd- Effort Load Fulcrum
3rd- Load Effort Fulcrum
FLC 123
Examples of lever class systems.
1st- Throw in football, Line out rugby, basketball shot, Javelin.
2nd- Long/high jump take off at ankle and jump shot basketball.
3rd- Bicep curl, Shooting in football, rowing.
How do you calculate mechanical advantage?
Effort/Load
What are the mechanical advantages of each class?
1st- High if the fulcrum is closer to load and low if it is closer to effort.
2nd- High as the effort arm is longer than the load arm.
3rd- Low as load arm is longer than effort.
What do low and high mechanical advantage mean?
High- Easier to lift large loads with less effort.
Low- Larger range of movement with relatively low effort.
What are the 3 planes and what occurs at them?
Sagittal- Side to side and flexion and extension.
Frontal- Front and back and abduction and adduction.
Transverse-Top and bottom and rotation and horizontal flexion and extension.
What are the 3 axis with examples?
Transverse- Runs from side to side. Running, bicep curl, shot in basketball and backstroke.
Longitudinal- Runs from top to bottom. Throwing, spinning, golf swing and bowling in cricket.
Sagittal- Runs from front to back. Star jump, cartwheel, breaststroke and butterfly.
What planes have which axis?
Sagittal-Transverse
Frontal-Sagittal
Transverse- Longitudinal
What is health and fitness?
Helath- A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmary.
Fitness- The ability to meet the demands of the environment without undue fatigue.`
Look in book for components of fitness.
