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A level maths applied stuff > Y1 Stats > Flashcards

Y1 Stats Flashcards

1
Q

What are the advantages of a census?

A

Should give a completely accurate result

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2
Q

What are the disadvantages of a census?

A

Time consuming and expensive, hard to process large quantity of data.

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3
Q

What is the difference between a census and a sample?

A

Census measures every member of a population, sample is only from a subset of the population.

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4
Q

What are the advantages of a sample?

A

Less time consuming and expensive, less data to process, fewer have to respond.

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5
Q

What are the disadvantages of a sample?

A

Data may not be accurate, and there may not be enough data to give information about subgroups.

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6
Q

When can a census not be used?

A

If testing the product destroys it.

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7
Q

What are the advantages of simple random sampling?

A

Free of bias, easy and cheap for small populations, each sampling unit has a KNOWN chance of selection.

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8
Q

What are the disadvantages of simple random sampling?

A

Not suitable for a large population as it time consuming / disruptive, needs a sampling frame.

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9
Q

What are the advantages of systematic sampling?

A

Simple and quick, suitable for large populations.

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10
Q

What are the disadvantages of systematic sampling?

A

Need a sampling frame, if the frame isn’t random can introduce bias.

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11
Q

What are the advantages of stratified sampling?

A

Accurately reflects the population structure, guarantees proportional representation of groups.

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12
Q

What are the disadvantages of stratified sampling?

A

Population must be classified into ‘strata’, same as simple random sampling within each strata.

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13
Q

What are the advantages of quota sampling?

A

Allows a small group to represent population,
No sampling frame needed,
Quick, easy and cheap,
Allows for easy comparison between groups

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14
Q

What are the disadvantages of quota sampling?

A

Non-random sampling introduces bias,
Dividing population into groups can be inaccurate,
Hard to scale up,
Non-responses not recorded.

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15
Q

What are the advantages of opportunity sampling?

A

Easy, cheap

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16
Q

What are the disadvantages of opportunity sampling?

A

Unlikely to be representative, and accuracy depends a lot on researcher.

17
Q

What is qualitative data, and what is quantitative data?

A

Qualitative = non-numerical observations
Quantitative = numerical observations

18
Q

What is continuous data, and what is discrete data?

A

Continuous can take any value, discrete can only take specific values. Usually integers.

19
Q

LDS - what is cloud cover measured in?

A

Oktas, eights of the sky covered by cloud

20
Q

Where are the locations in the LDS?

A

UK: Camborne, Hurn, Heathrow, Leeming, Leuchars
Overseas: Beijing, Perth, Jacksonville

21
Q

Rank the locations in the LDS from most to least far North.

A

Leuchars, Leeming, Heathrow, Hurn, Camborne, Beijing, Jacksonville, Perth

22
Q

Which location in the LDS is in the southern hemisphere?

A

ONLY Perth

23
Q

What are sampling frames?

A

Where individual units of a population are named or numbered.

24
Q

How do you calculate the mean from a frequency table?

A

The sum of the products of data values and frequencies / sum of frequencies. Easier than it sounds.

25
Q

How do you estimate the location of data through interpolation?

A

Assume data is evenly distributed within each class. So find width of class then how far along it you are.

26
Q

How are variance and S.D related?

A

Standard deviation is the root of the variance.

27
Q

How do you calculate variance?

A

Mean of the squares minus square of the mean

28
Q

On the calc I use, where is the ‘frequency’ table?

A

2nd from left, assuming 1-var.

29
Q

How does coding in the form y = (x - a )/ b work?

A

Mean is (mean of (x) - a )/b
S.D is original S.D / b

30
Q

What do you do when finding quartiles?

A

Use n/4 or 3n/4. If not whole round up, if whole is halfway between that point and the one above it. How weird.

31
Q

Where should the 2nd set of lines be on a box plot?

A

Either at highest/lowest non-anomalous value OR at the boundary for outliers.

32
Q

What are cumulative freq. graphs useful for?

A

Finding the quartiles, median etc.

33
Q

What can you comment on when comparing data?

A

Measure of location, measure of spread.

34
Q

What are mutually exclusive events?

A

No overlap between events.
Events where P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B)

35
Q

What are independent events?

A

Have no effect on each other.
P(A and B) = P(A) x P(B)

36
Q

When can you model something using a binomial dist.?

A

Fixed number of trials, two possible outcomes, fixed success prob, trials are independent.

A level maths applied stuff (3 decks)

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