Xenobiotics- AntiBiotic and herbicide resistance

Question 1

Mechnisms of Antibiotic resistance

Answer 1

Impermeable barrier
Efflux pumps
resistance mutations
Drug inactivation

Question 2

How can resistance be selected for in an enviroment

Answer 2

low conc of antibiotics, enviromental mutagens

Co selection(heavy metal resistance)
Co resistance- different mechanisms on same gene
cross resistance- same genetic element has resistance to both

Question 3

Mechanisms of herbicide resistance

Answer 3

Sequestion
enchanced metabolism
reduced uptake
reduced translocation-
insensitive to target site

Question 4

What is the main herbicide that resiliance has developed

Answer 4

GLyphosphate

Question 5

Translocation mechanism

Answer 5

Resistance- reduced translocation, accumalation in the tip of leaves

Question 6

How is target site desensitised to glycophostphate

Answer 6

a single nucleotide mutation of proline to serine

Question 7

Increase metabolism mechanism

Answer 7

Gene amplification

EPSPS enzyme upregulated in resistant strains

Question 8

Cost of Restistance

Answer 8

Metabolic- distruption of enzyme functon, and transport
energetic
can be more susceptible to pathogens and completition
less fit in another enviroment