Xenobiotics Flashcards by Kay Oyekan

what is a xenobiotic

A xenobiotic is a compound that is foreign to the body. Xenobiotics include food additives, insecticides, poisons, toxins, certain drugs, chemicals, environmental pollutants, pesticides, and other foreign substances

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give examples of xenobiotics

Xenobiotic includes
-food additives,
-poisons,
-toxins,
-certain drugs,
-chemicals,
-environmental pollutants,
-pesticides and
-other foreign substances.

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what is an environmental pollutant

Any substance present in the environment, which may produce abnormality in metabolism or alter the well being of organism is called an environmental pollutant

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what is a poison

a poison is a substance which causes death or harm if introduced in the living body or brought into contact with parts of the body

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what is the lethal dose of cyanide

1mg/kg of body weight

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what is the lethal dose of morphine

25mg/kg of body weight

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what is the lethal dose of aspirin

500mg/kg of body weight

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what is the lethal dose of ethyl alchohol

10g/kg of body weight

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list some environmental pollutants

-pollutants and insecticide
-occupational and industrial hazards
-air pollutants
-toxins in food and food processing
-corrosives
-irritants

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comment on pollutants and insecticide

-DDT (dichlorodiphenyI trichloro ethane)- It is fat soluble and deposited in the adipose tissue. It is not excreted. Thus concentration inside the body goes on increasing.

-Organophosphorus compounds and organocarbamates are the common pesticides and organo sulfur compounds (dithiocarbamates) are fungicides. Organophosphorus compounds, parathion and malathion are powerful neurotoxic agents.

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comment on why DDT (dichlorordiphenyl trichloroethane) is a pollutant

it is fat-soluble and deposited in the adipose tissue. It is not excreted. Thus concentration inside the body goes on increasing

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comment on organophosphorus compounds

examples are:
-parathion
-malathion

They are powerful neurotoxic agents

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comment on the organocarbamates

they are common pesticides

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comment on the organosulfur compounds

-They are also called dithiocarbamates

-They are fungicides

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comment on occupational and industrial hazards under environmental pollutants

-Polychloro-biphenyls- bisphenols (plastic containers), vinyl phenols (PVC pipes)

-Freon (CFCl2) and chlorofluoromethane (CFCI3) are used in refrigerators and spray-cans.

-Methanol- an organic solvent widely used in paints and antifreeze

=>Air Pollutants
-Natural sources- volcanic eruption, forest fires, dust storms and air borne particles.
-Artificial sources- emissions from automobiles, industry and power plants. These are carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons. Oxides of nitrogen, oxides of sulfur and
lead
-The poisonous mixture of smoke, fog, air and other chemicals is called smog.
-Cigarette smoking

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comments on air pollutants under occupational and industrial hazards

=>Air Pollutants.

-Natural sources- volcanic eruption, forest fires, dust storms and air borne particles.

-Artificial sources- emissions from automobiles, industry and power plants. These are carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons. Oxides of nitrogen, oxides of sulfur and
lead

-The poisonous mixture of smoke, fog, air and other chemicals is called smog.

-Cigarette smoking.

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what are some artificial sources of air pollution

-emissions from automobiles and industry and power plants. These are:
- carbon dioxide,
- carbon monoxide,
- hydrocarbons
- Oxides of nitrogen,
- Oxides of sulfur and lead

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what is a smog

Smog is a poisonous mixture of:
-smoke
-air
-fog
-other chemicals

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what are common industrial pollutants

-Acid fumes- fertilizers, chlorinated organic compounds, dyes, explosives, plastics

-Cyanides- electroplating, extraction of gold or silver, fumigants

-Formaldehyde- resins, rubber, laboratory works, urethane foam

-Halides- Bleaching in pulp, paper textile industry, synthetic rubber, plastics

-Isocyanates- polyurethane foams, plastics, adhesives, surface coatings

-Nitrogen dioxide- metal etching, explosives, welding, a byproduct of burning fossil fuels

-Sulphur dioxide- coating of nonferrous metals, food processing, burning of fossil fuels

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comment on isocyanate as a industrial pollutant

-polyurethane foams,
-plastics,
-adhesives,
-surface coatings

comment on sulphur dioxide as an industrial pollutant

-coating of nonferrous metals,
-food processing,
-burning of fossil fuels

comment on nitrogen dioxide as an industrial pollutant

-metal etching,
-explosives,
-welding,
-byproduct of burning fossil fuels

comment on halides as an industrial pollutant

-Bleaching in pulp,
-paper textile industry,
-synthetic rubber,
-plastics

what are some cyanides in industrial pollutants

-electroplating,
-extraction of gold or silver,
-fumigants

what are some formaldehyde in industrial pollutants

-resins, -rubber, -laboratory works, -urethane foam

what are some acid fumes in industrial pollutants

-fertilizers, -chlorinated organic compounds, -dyes, -explosives, -plastics

what are the toxins in food and food processing

-Alkaloids- Some mushrooms contain poisonous alkaloids. In small quantities the produce nausea, diarrhea, etc. In large quantities, it may produce acute necrosis of liver and death may result. -Adulterant- lathyrism, argamone oil -Food additive- e.g. monosodium glutamate (aginomoto)- it deteriorate mental alertness -Food cyanide poisoning- cyanogenic glucosides, linamarin and lotautralin

what are the alkaloids as toxins in foods and food processing

Some mushrooms contain poisonous alkaloids. In small quantities the produce nausea, diarrhea, etc. In large quantities, it may produce acute necrosis of liver and death may result.

what are the aldulterants that are toxins on food and food processing

-Lathyrism -Argamone oil

what food additives are toxins in food and food processing

-Monosodium glutamate (aginomoto), which deteriorates mental alertness

what xenobiotics contribute to food cyanide poisoning

-cyanogenic glucosides, -linamarin and -lotautralin

what are the corrosives

These are: - strong acids (sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid); - strong alkalies (sodium hydroxide, ammonia); and - salts (zinc chloride, potassium chromate).

what are the salts that are corrosives

-zinc chloride -potassium chromate

what are the strong alkalies that are corrosives

-sodium hydroxide -ammonia

what are the strong acids that are corrosives

-sulfuric acid -hydrochloric acid

what are the irritants

=>Important chemical irritants are: - phosphorus, - chlorine, - bromine - iodine. =>Metallic irritants are: - arsenic, - antimony, - mercury, - copper, - lead, - zinc - silver. =>Organic irritants from plants include: - castor, - croton, - calotropis.

what are the chemical irritants

-phosphorus -bromine -chlorine -iodine

what are the organic irritants

They are derived from plants: -Castor -Calotropis -Croton

what are the organic irritants

They are derived from plants: -Castor -Calotropis -Croton

what are the metallic irritants

-arsenic -copper -mercury -silver -antimony -lead -zinc

what is metabolism of xenobiotics

This refers to the detoxification of toxic substances in the body

what is detoxification

The biochemical processes whereby the noxious substances are rendered less harmful and more water-soluble are known as DETOXIFICATION.

WHAT IS BIOTRANSFORMATION

biotransformation is the process whereby a substance is changed from one chemical to another by a chemical reaction within the body.

why is biotransformation not synonymous with detoxification

This is because in some cases, the metabolites are more toxic than the parent substance. EXAMPLE: vinyl chloride is converted to vinyl chloride epoxide, which covalently binds to DNA and RNA, this is a step leading to cancer of the liver.

give an example pf why biotransformation is not synonymous with detoxification

vinyl chloride is converted to vinyl chloride epoxide, which covalently binds to DNA and RNA, this is a step leading to cancer of the liver.

what is a phase 1 reaction

-Phase 1 is the alteration of the foreign molecule, so as to add a functional group, which can be conjugated in phase 2. -Phase 1 reactions result in the formation of compounds with decreased toxicity (detoxification). Sometimes this may result in increased toxicity (entoxification), e.g. methanol to formic acid. =>Phase 1 metabolism includes: - oxidation, - reduction, - hydrolysis and - hydration reactions as well as other rarer miscellaneous reactions. Oxidation is considered separately because of its importance and the diversity of reactions performed by this enzyme system.

in what case does the phase 1 reaction of xenobiotic metabolism result in increased toxicity

methanol to formic acid

what reactions are under phase 1 metabolism

- oxidation, - reduction, - hydrolysis and - hydration reactions as well as other rarer miscellaneous reactions.