x3 Flashcards
Why would it make sense to hypothesize that the frontal eye fields played a part in directing attention?
Because there are direct connections between the frontal eye fields and numerous areas known to be influence by attention
What evidence supports the idea that language is learned?
Children deprived of language will fully learn a language if learning takes place before puberty
The fear response is mediated by what brain structure?
amygdala
Define phoneme
A single distinct sound that contrasts with another and makes it possible to determine the existence of a word in a language
People with amnesia not only have difficulty with remembering the past. What is an important function of memory that is missing in amnesics and why is this important?
People with amnesia can’t imagine themselves in future situations. This is important because in order to plan for the future, you need to able to imagine yourself in a future situation
What are 3 behavioral characteristics cited in the required reading that are commonly associated with ADHD?
Inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsiveness
The chapter on language communication lists several features of human language that distinguish it from other animal communication systems. Name two
- the messages human language can convey
* allows us to relate items, actions, and properties to one another
Name one of many physiological changes that can take place in a cell as a function of either LTD or LTP.
increase/decrease in receptors, increase/decrease in receptor efficiency, increase/decrease in gene expression
With reference to language, what is the definition of morphology?
rules for combining words into longer words by adding prefixes and suffixes
What two types of information might discourse include?
- info about general topic underdiscussion
* info about the intentions of a speaker and listener and the current attentional foci.
_____ is a long-lasting enhancement in signal transduction between two neurons when they are stimulated at the same time (essentially Hebbian learning at the cellular level). It might be considered a molecular basis for sensitization.
long term potentiation
Define Localizationist theory and name one piece of evidence that supports it
Says that language processing components are localized in specific parts of the cortex.
Broca’s patient could understand language but not speak. Postmortem examination of Broca patients’ brain showed a lesion in the posterior region of the frontal lobe. Wernicke’s patient could speak but not understand language and the location of the lesion in Wernicke’s patient was different from Broca’s patient. It was in at the junction of the temporal, parietal and occipital lobes
What evidence, showing in children, supports the idea that language acquisition is innate?
Children together in a social environment but deprived of any developed language will invent their own language.
The nondominant hemisphere may be involved in what type of language operations (name 2)?
In interpreting nonliteral language such as metaphors…-50%
What surgery results in the Kluver-Bucy Syndrome and what are 2 behavioral correlates of this syndrome?
bilateral lesions of the amygdala
- no emotion
- fearless
If a subject, following damage to one hemisphere, draws a picture in which all the features or components of the drawing were crowded onto one side of the paper, what syndrome might they have?
Neglect syndrome
What part of the frontal cortex works with the prefrontal cortex to monitor ongoing activity?
Medial frontal cortex
What 2 brain structures identified in the chapter are smaller in children with ADHD?
Prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia
What is a phonological loop (please use your own words).
Hypothesis mechanisms for acoustically coding information in working memory that has to do with verbal memory with learning forging languages and native language
We often refer to the limbic system as the emotional brain. Why is this not really correct
?
Compare and contrast classical conditioning with instrumental conditioning
Both of these are types of associative learning in which associations between events are formed. Classical conditioning uses a conditional stimulus to eventually elicit a response. In the beginning, the conditional stimulus will not elicit any sort of response, for example, the bell ringing in Pavlov’s experiment. When the conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus (which will elicit a response without training), the subject learns to eventually pair the conditioned stimulus with the unconditioned stimulus (whether it is presented or not) and consequently produce the response. Instrumental conditioning relies on using motivation to train the subject to associate a response with a meaningful stimulus. An example of this would be a rat learning to press a lever to receive food. The motivation is the food reward at the end. This type of conditioning requires complex neural circuits
When something, e.g. aspects of language, are believed to be innate, what does that mean?
That we are born knowing something or with something that we don’t need to learn, like breathing
When we study behavioral manifestations of internal events and perceptions, what are we studying?
emotions
Recall from your readings that Bartlett was the researcher who used foreign folk tales to study memory. He found that memory was imperfect and, in fact, the retelling of the tale often left out portions that were inconsistent with the teller’s culture and incorporated incorrect information that was consistent with the teller’s culture. He called this type of memory ___.
?
