x2 Flashcards
receptors that respond to temperature
Thermoreceptors
The patellar reflex is a classic example of what
Monosynaptic reflex arc
What type of receptor continues to fire as long as the stimulus is present?
Slowly adapting (tonic).
The direct pathway _(does what to?) ___ motor activity and the indirect pathway _(does what to?) ___ motor activity.
increases, decreases
Hemiballism is associated with wild, flinging movements and is caused by a lesion in the
subthalamic nucleus
What is the evidence that a computer’s vision system is not as sophisticated as ours (from the Charlie Rose video/transcript)?
computer requires about 10 times more pixels to recognize a face than we do
The ____ is a commissure that connects the two hemispheres of the CNS
corpus callosum
The loss of what cell type is responsible for the movement pathology in Huntington’s disease?
GP projecting GABAergic cells in straitum
The neurotransmitter that is lost in Parkinson’s disease is ___ and it is produced by specific neurons in the (looking for a specific brain structure here) ____ in the midbrain
dopamine, pars compacta of substantia nigra
A person who experiences vision as a series of time lapse photographs rather than a fluid motion picture has what disorder?
Akinetopsia
Name the four main types of mechanoreceptors. Of these, identify the two that are rapidly adapting.
*Meissner’s corpuscles,
*Pacinian corpuscles,
Merkel’s disks, and
Ruffini’s corpuscles
All cortical areas involved in the planning and execution of movement send projections into what two structures of the basal ganglia? ___ and __ . These structures together are called the __
caudate, putamen,neostriatum
What nucleus do most of the optic nerve fibers project to?
Lateral geniculate nucleus
In my video on development, I mention 5 major subdivisions of the central nervous system (not including the spinal cord). I made a point of saying you should know these. Name these five subdivisions and the brain structures associated with each one.
Telencephalon (cerebral cortex and basal ganglia),
Diencephalon (thalamus, subthalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus),
Mesencephalon (midbrain),
Metencepholon (pons and cerebellum), and
Myencephalon (medulla oblongata)
Where do fibers from ganglion cells in the right eye project (careful here)?
About half of them (nasal retina projection) go to the left lateral geniculate nucleus and the other half (temporal retina projection) go to the right lateral geniculate nucleus
The basal ganglia is comprised of 5 structures. Name them
Claudate nucleus, Putamen, Globus pallidus, Subthalamic nucleus, and Substantia nigra
The striatal neurons use what inhibitory transmitter when synapsing in the globus pallidus?
GABA
Where are the cell bodies of first-order sensory axons?
Dorsal root ganglia
Define proprioception
The perception of forces arising from the body itself.
The ability to respond to visual stimuli without having any conscious perception of having seen anything is called what?
Blindsight
___ is a general term (not looking for specific receptor subtypes here) used to describe receptors that carry two different types of information, e.g. temperature and pain
Polymodal
What is a weakness of two-point discrimination tests, i.e. the results vary with what (three were named, you only need to write one)?
A limitation of these tests is that the sensory thresholds vary with practice, fatigue and stress so the same results can sometimes not be reproduced
The central sulcus separates the __ and the __ cortices. (be specific- I am not looking for broad areas here).
Primary motor cortex and primary somatosensory cortex
What is the area MT and what sensory information does it respond to?
The middle temporal lobe region of the macaque monkey.
Movement and direction.
Increased movement is called __, whereas decreased movement, a hallmark of Parkinson’s disease is called __.
hyperkinetic,hypokinesia
What is glabrous skin and what are the most common receptors found there?
It is smooth hairless skin, like the fingertip, common receptors: Meissner’s
The cortical projections to the basal ganglia use what neurotransmitter?
Glutamate
Early on, we learned that neurons depolarize through the opening of sodium channels. Cold sensitive neurons depolarize via a different mechanism. What is that mechanism?
They depolarize by closing K channels instead of Na channels
CSF is synthesized in the __ of the lateral ventricles and is reabsorbed in the __
choroid plexus, arachnoid
Seeing colors associated with numbers or letters, or sensing different smells associated with certain words is a phenomenon known as __
synesthesia
What non-pharmacological treatment has been effective in alleviating some of the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease?
Stimulation with electrodes
What is haptic feedback and what is an example of its use in everyday life?
Is the information received by active touching. Example is moving finger
Why is the optic nerve not a true cranial nerve?
Because the ganglion layer is an outshoot of the diencephalon
What is the evidence that face recognition may be “wired in”, ready to be “fine tuned” by experience?
Infants can start to recognize faces very early on
Decreased movement is a hallmark feature of Parkinson’s disease. What are 2 of the 3 other signs that accompany Parkinson’s disease?
Resting tremor
Balance problems
Where are alpha motor neurons found (be specific)?
Ventral horn
What area of the cortex controls eye movement?
Frontal eye fields
Object constancy is defined as what?
ability to recognize common objects in countless uncommon circumstances.
The __ stream encodes for motion and location (Where?) and the __ stream encodes for object and form recognition (What?).
dorsal, ventral
Compare/contrast a slow motor unit to a fast, fatigue-resistant motor unit
Slow motor unit has low contraction speed and can stay active for a long time.
Fast fatigue resistant motor unit has a fast contraction speed and can stay active for quite some time.
There are 3 ways to increase muscle tension (force). Name 2.
By changing the frequency of motor neuron action potentials.
By changing type of motor unit that is active
Give an example of a stimulus that Pacinian corpuscles would respond to.
Feeling texture on a shirt
What is the name of the cortical area that controls the production of speech?
Broca’s area
What is the evidence for adult human neurogenesis?
Seeing new neurons with C14 after death
What part of movement is the posterior parietal cortex involved in?
Planned movement
Define achromatopsia
Deficit in color perception
What area of the retina is responsible for visual acuity and what cell is responsible for that acuity?
The fovea
the Cone cell
corticospinal fibers originate in layers III and V of what cortical region (be specific)? Name one other brain area that gives rise to corticospinal fibers
Primary motor cortex and Primary somatosensory cortex or area 6
Define Motor Pool.
All the neurons that are cluster together and innervate one muscle
Four of the 5 descending pathways are referred to as extrapyramidal tracts. Name 3 and a function each subserves
Rubrospinal,
Tectospinal,
Vestibulospinal
When you remove sensory input from a monkey’s arm (a term called deafferentation), s/he will be unable to use the arm. Sensory information is required for conscious movement. f/t?
false
What are central pattern generators?
They are neuronal circuits that when activated they can produce rhythmic motor pattern, like walking or flying, in the absent of sensory or descending cortex inputs
__ are receptors that respond to painful stimuli, e.g. burning.
nociceptors
Define Motor Unit.
It’s a neuron and all of the muscle fibers it innervates.
Huntington’s disease is characterized by involuntary choreiform movements. What does that mean?
Involuntary, random, purposeless jerks in different part of the body
The __ separates the temporal lobe from the frontal lobe
lateral sulcus
Why does the patellar reflex still function if the spinal cord has been severed at the cervical level, and why does the person report that he/she does not feel the stimulus?
It still functions even after the spinal cord has been severed at the cervical level because the signal only has to travel to the spinal cord to be responded to.
The reason the person does not feel the stimulus is because the sensation has to travel to the brain, and since the spinal cord has been severed, there is no way for this sensation signal to make it there, thus the person cannot feel the stimulus.
