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x2 Flashcards

1
Q

receptors that respond to temperature

A

Thermoreceptors

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2
Q

The patellar reflex is a classic example of what

A

Monosynaptic reflex arc

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3
Q

What type of receptor continues to fire as long as the stimulus is present?

A

Slowly adapting (tonic).

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4
Q

The direct pathway _(does what to?) ___ motor activity and the indirect pathway _(does what to?) ___ motor activity.

A

increases, decreases

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5
Q

Hemiballism is associated with wild, flinging movements and is caused by a lesion in the

A

subthalamic nucleus

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6
Q

What is the evidence that a computer’s vision system is not as sophisticated as ours (from the Charlie Rose video/transcript)?

A

computer requires about 10 times more pixels to recognize a face than we do

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7
Q

The ____ is a commissure that connects the two hemispheres of the CNS

A

corpus callosum

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8
Q

The loss of what cell type is responsible for the movement pathology in Huntington’s disease?

A

GP projecting GABAergic cells in straitum

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9
Q

The neurotransmitter that is lost in Parkinson’s disease is ___ and it is produced by specific neurons in the (looking for a specific brain structure here) ____ in the midbrain

A

dopamine, pars compacta of substantia nigra

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10
Q

A person who experiences vision as a series of time lapse photographs rather than a fluid motion picture has what disorder?

A

Akinetopsia

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11
Q

Name the four main types of mechanoreceptors. Of these, identify the two that are rapidly adapting.

A

*Meissner’s corpuscles,
*Pacinian corpuscles,
Merkel’s disks, and
Ruffini’s corpuscles

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12
Q

All cortical areas involved in the planning and execution of movement send projections into what two structures of the basal ganglia? ___ and __ . These structures together are called the __

A

caudate, putamen,neostriatum

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13
Q

What nucleus do most of the optic nerve fibers project to?

A

Lateral geniculate nucleus

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14
Q

In my video on development, I mention 5 major subdivisions of the central nervous system (not including the spinal cord). I made a point of saying you should know these. Name these five subdivisions and the brain structures associated with each one.

A

Telencephalon (cerebral cortex and basal ganglia),
Diencephalon (thalamus, subthalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus),
Mesencephalon (midbrain),
Metencepholon (pons and cerebellum), and
Myencephalon (medulla oblongata)

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15
Q

Where do fibers from ganglion cells in the right eye project (careful here)?

A

About half of them (nasal retina projection) go to the left lateral geniculate nucleus and the other half (temporal retina projection) go to the right lateral geniculate nucleus

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16
Q

The basal ganglia is comprised of 5 structures. Name them

A 
Claudate nucleus, 
Putamen, 
Globus pallidus, 
Subthalamic nucleus, and 
Substantia nigra
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17
Q

The striatal neurons use what inhibitory transmitter when synapsing in the globus pallidus?

A

GABA

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18
Q

Where are the cell bodies of first-order sensory axons?

A

Dorsal root ganglia

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19
Q

Define proprioception

A

The perception of forces arising from the body itself.

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20
Q

The ability to respond to visual stimuli without having any conscious perception of having seen anything is called what?

A

Blindsight

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21
Q

___ is a general term (not looking for specific receptor subtypes here) used to describe receptors that carry two different types of information, e.g. temperature and pain

A

Polymodal

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22
Q

What is a weakness of two-point discrimination tests, i.e. the results vary with what (three were named, you only need to write one)?

A

A limitation of these tests is that the sensory thresholds vary with practice, fatigue and stress so the same results can sometimes not be reproduced

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23
Q

The central sulcus separates the __ and the __ cortices. (be specific- I am not looking for broad areas here).

A

Primary motor cortex and primary somatosensory cortex

24
Q

What is the area MT and what sensory information does it respond to?

A

The middle temporal lobe region of the macaque monkey.

Movement and direction.

25
Q

Increased movement is called __, whereas decreased movement, a hallmark of Parkinson’s disease is called __.

A

hyperkinetic,hypokinesia

26
Q

What is glabrous skin and what are the most common receptors found there?

A

It is smooth hairless skin, like the fingertip, common receptors: Meissner’s

27
Q

The cortical projections to the basal ganglia use what neurotransmitter?

A

Glutamate

28
Q

Early on, we learned that neurons depolarize through the opening of sodium channels. Cold sensitive neurons depolarize via a different mechanism. What is that mechanism?

A

They depolarize by closing K channels instead of Na channels

29
Q

CSF is synthesized in the __ of the lateral ventricles and is reabsorbed in the __

A

choroid plexus, arachnoid

30
Q

Seeing colors associated with numbers or letters, or sensing different smells associated with certain words is a phenomenon known as __

A

synesthesia

31
Q

What non-pharmacological treatment has been effective in alleviating some of the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease?

A

Stimulation with electrodes

32
Q

What is haptic feedback and what is an example of its use in everyday life?

A

Is the information received by active touching. Example is moving finger

33
Q

Why is the optic nerve not a true cranial nerve?

A

Because the ganglion layer is an outshoot of the diencephalon

34
Q

What is the evidence that face recognition may be “wired in”, ready to be “fine tuned” by experience?

A

Infants can start to recognize faces very early on

35
Q

Decreased movement is a hallmark feature of Parkinson’s disease. What are 2 of the 3 other signs that accompany Parkinson’s disease?

A

Resting tremor

Balance problems

36
Q

Where are alpha motor neurons found (be specific)?

A

Ventral horn

37
Q

What area of the cortex controls eye movement?

A

Frontal eye fields

38
Q

Object constancy is defined as what?

A

ability to recognize common objects in countless uncommon circumstances.

39
Q

The __ stream encodes for motion and location (Where?) and the __ stream encodes for object and form recognition (What?).

A

dorsal, ventral

40
Q

Compare/contrast a slow motor unit to a fast, fatigue-resistant motor unit

A

Slow motor unit has low contraction speed and can stay active for a long time.
Fast fatigue resistant motor unit has a fast contraction speed and can stay active for quite some time.

41
Q

There are 3 ways to increase muscle tension (force). Name 2.

A

By changing the frequency of motor neuron action potentials.

By changing type of motor unit that is active

42
Q

Give an example of a stimulus that Pacinian corpuscles would respond to.

A

Feeling texture on a shirt

43
Q

What is the name of the cortical area that controls the production of speech?

A

Broca’s area

44
Q

What is the evidence for adult human neurogenesis?

A

Seeing new neurons with C14 after death

45
Q

What part of movement is the posterior parietal cortex involved in?

A

Planned movement

46
Q

Define achromatopsia

A

Deficit in color perception

47
Q

What area of the retina is responsible for visual acuity and what cell is responsible for that acuity?

A

The fovea

the Cone cell

48
Q

corticospinal fibers originate in layers III and V of what cortical region (be specific)? Name one other brain area that gives rise to corticospinal fibers

A

Primary motor cortex and Primary somatosensory cortex or area 6

49
Q

Define Motor Pool.

A

All the neurons that are cluster together and innervate one muscle

50
Q

Four of the 5 descending pathways are referred to as extrapyramidal tracts. Name 3 and a function each subserves

A

Rubrospinal,
Tectospinal,
Vestibulospinal

51
Q

When you remove sensory input from a monkey’s arm (a term called deafferentation), s/he will be unable to use the arm. Sensory information is required for conscious movement. f/t?

A

false

52
Q

What are central pattern generators?

A

They are neuronal circuits that when activated they can produce rhythmic motor pattern, like walking or flying, in the absent of sensory or descending cortex inputs

53
Q

__ are receptors that respond to painful stimuli, e.g. burning.

A

nociceptors

54
Q

Define Motor Unit.

A

It’s a neuron and all of the muscle fibers it innervates.

55
Q

Huntington’s disease is characterized by involuntary choreiform movements. What does that mean?

A

Involuntary, random, purposeless jerks in different part of the body

56
Q

The __ separates the temporal lobe from the frontal lobe

A

lateral sulcus

57
Q

Why does the patellar reflex still function if the spinal cord has been severed at the cervical level, and why does the person report that he/she does not feel the stimulus?

A

It still functions even after the spinal cord has been severed at the cervical level because the signal only has to travel to the spinal cord to be responded to.

The reason the person does not feel the stimulus is because the sensation has to travel to the brain, and since the spinal cord has been severed, there is no way for this sensation signal to make it there, thus the person cannot feel the stimulus.

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