X-ray Production Flashcards
Electromagnetic radiation that has sufficient energy to eject an electron from the shells and produce an ion.
Ionizing radiation
Unit that is approximately equivalent to the number of protons and neutrons in the atom.
Atomic mass (A)
What is a wavelength?
The distance between successive crests of a wave
What is radiation?
Radiation is the transmission of energy through space and matter in the form of waves or particles
What is ionizing radiation?
Ionizing radiation is high energy radiation capable of producing ions (enough energy to overcome the electron binding energy)
What is radioactivity?
Radioactivity is the spontaneous nuclear disintegration process of a molecule to acquire a more stable form
What is the atomic mass?
Number of protons and neutrons; determines stability of atom
What is the difference between radiation and ionizing radiation?
Radiation is the transmission of energy through space/matter in the form of waves or particles. However, Ionizing radiation is a high-energy type of radiation that is capable of producing ions (overcoming the electron binding energy).
If an atom has 2 protons, 3 neutrons, and 3 electrons, what is the charge and atomic mass of the atom?
Charge= -1
(2 protons (+) + 3 electrons (-))
Atomic mass= 5 AMU
(protons + neutrons)
According to the wave theory, what happens to the wavelength when the frequency increases?
Wavelength decreases
William Röntgen
German physicist that on November 8, 1895, revolutionized the diagnostic resources in the medical and dental fields by discovering the X-rays
Maximum voltage that enables the movement of electrons from the cathode to the anode
Kilovoltage (kV)/kilovolt peak (kVp)
Radiation produced by photons interacting with matter
Secondary radiation
Radiation is ________, meaning it is deflected in all directions after interacting with the matter
scattered
In x-ray production, upon reaching the tungsten target, __% of kinetic energy is used for x-ray production and the remaining __% is lost as heat
1% or less
99%
What is the energy used to produce x-rays?
Electricity
What is the definition of electric current?
Flow of electrons flowing through a conductor
What is the definition of circuits?
Path through which an electric current goes into the machine
What type of radiation is produced by displacement of an electron of the inner shells/orbitals?
Characteristic radiation
When an electron hits the nucleus of an atom what type of radiation is it?
One of the 2 types of Braking radiation
In braking radiation an electron hits the ______ or ______ ?
nucleus of an atom
is deflected near the nucleus
What does the amperage/milliamperage (mA) control in x-ray production?
The electrical current/number of electrons moving within the filament
How many orbital shells do atoms have in the Bohr model?
7 shells – (K,L,M,N,O,P,Q)
What is the cathode (-) made of?
Tungsten filament (source of electrons) and a concave molybdenum bowl (focusing cup)
What is the recipe for x-rays?
-electrons
-change the velocity of them (accelerate then decelerate)
What is primary radiation?
X-ray beam (photons) produced in the anode, leaving the x ray -tube
Which 2 x-ray interactions involve ionization?
- Absorption of energy / Photoelectric effect
- Compton scattering
Collisions with _______ shells are likely to result in heat generation
outer
For radiation to be ionizing it has to have a ____(1)____ frequency and a ____(2)____ wavelength
1) higher
2) shorter
Which of the following is not a trait of Braking radiation?
a. 70% of x-rays are produced
b. It does not collide with other electrons
c. It requires energy greater than 70 kVp
d. In some situations, all kinetic energy is converted into a high-energy x-ray photon
c. Requires energy equal or greater than 70 kVp
That is for Characteristic Radiation
What 2 things are electrons known as?
Beta particles or cathode rays
Which type of radiation has no mass?
Electromagnetic radiation
List some of the properties of X-rays as a type of electromagnetic radiation.
- Appearance: X-rays are invisible.
- Mass: X-rays have no mass or weight.
- Charge: X-rays have no charge.
- Speed: X-rays travel at the speed of light.
- Wavelength: X-rays travel in waves and have short wavelengths with a high frequency.
- Path of travel: X-rays travel in straight lines and can be deflected or scattered.
- Focusing capability: X-rays cannot be focused to a point and always diverge from a point.
- Penetrating power: X-rays can penetrate liquids, solids, and gases. The composition of the substance determines whether x-rays penetrate or pass through or are absorbed.
- Absorption: X-rays are absorbed by matter; the absorption depends on the atomic structure of matter and the wavelength of the x-ray.
- Ionization capability: X-rays interact with materials they penetrate and cause ionization.
- Fluorescence capability: X-rays can cause certain substances to fluoresce or emit radiation in longer wavelengths (e.g., visible light and ultraviolet light).
- Effect on receptor: X-rays can produce an image on a receptor.
- Effect on living tissues: X-rays cause biologic changes in living cells.
From:
Iannucci J, Howerton LJ. Dental Radiography: Principles and Techniques. Elsevier; 2021.
Explain the difference between primary radiation and secondary radiation.
Primary radiation = the X-ray beam is produced in the anode and is emitted
Secondary radiation = produced when X-ray photons interact with matter
Are microwave ovens ionizing?
No! Microwave ovens use a spectrum of electromagnetic radiation that is not ionizing radiation. Examples of ionizing radiation would include: X-rays and Gamma rays.
What is the frequency in Electromagnetic Radiation?
Frequency is the number of waves that pass a fixed point in 1 second.
What is the process of ionization?
Ionization is the process of adding or removing electrons from an atom.
What kind of interaction occurs when an x-ray photon hits an electron of any orbital, and the photon is completely absorbed?
absorption of energy/ Photoelectric Effect
What kind of x-ray interaction occurs when there is scattering with ionization, and the photon loses some of its energy?
Compton Scattering
What kind of interaction occurs when photons interact with an atom, the atom becomes momentarily excited and generates another photon with the same energy?
Coherent Scattering
What creates the densities/dark areas of an x-ray?
When the x-ray photon passes through the patient unchanged and leaves the atom unchanged (No interaction)
What are the two types of radiation?
Particulate and electromagnetic
What are the two theories to describe electromagnetic radiation properties?
- Wave theory
- Quantum theory
What are examples of ionizing radiation?
Ultraviolet, X-Ray, and Gamma Rays
What are the 3 components of an X-Ray tube?
Cathode (-), Anode(+), and an evacuated glass envelope
What does an increase in amperage/milliamperage (mA) cause?
When you increase the milliamps, there are more electrons and therefore more X-Ray photons being generated.
Increased frequency = __________ wavelength
Decreased
An ejected electron by Compton scattering can also be referred to as?
Compton electron
What happens to the energy of the electron hitting the nucleus in braking radiation?
All the kinetic energy is converted into a high-energy x-ray photon.
How does particulate radiation travel?
straight lines at high speeds but less than the speed of light
When it comes to X-ray interactions, why is no interaction helpful in generating dental radiography?
While the X-ray photon passes through the patient unchanged and the atom is unchanged, this interaction is responsible for producing densities that make dental radiography possible.
Who is the pioneer for dental radiology?
Dr. Otto Walkhoff
What are the different ways X-rays interact with matter (e.g., a patient)?
X-rays can interact with matter in these ways:
No interaction: The photon passes through the matter unchanged
Absorption (Photoelectric effect): The photon is completely absorbed by an electron, causing the electron to be ejected from its orbital, and resulting in ionization
Compton scattering: The photon loses some energy and is deflected, ejecting an electron, and resulting in ionization
Coherent scattering: The photon is deflected without losing energy or causing ionization
What are atoms composed by?
Atomic nucleus containing protons and neutrons
Orbitals containing electrons
What are transformers responsible for?
Increasing or decreasing the voltage electric current
What is the definition of an atom according to the Bohr model?
Smallest particle of an element composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
