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ULSD ORAD I - 2024 > X-ray Production > Flashcards

X-ray Production Flashcards

1
Q

Electromagnetic radiation that has sufficient energy to eject an electron from the shells, and produce an ion.

A

Ionizing radiation

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2
Q

Unit that is approximately equivalent to the number of protons and neutrons in the atom.

A

Atomic mass (A)

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3
Q

What is a wavelength?

A

The distance between successive crests of a wave

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4
Q

Who took the first dental x-ray?

A

Dr. Otto Walkhoff

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5
Q

What is radiation?

A

The transmission of energy through space and matter in the form of waves or particles

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6
Q

How do you find the mass of an atom?

A

Add the number of protons and neutrons

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7
Q

When & Who revolutionized the diagnostic resources in the medical and dental fields?

A

Wilhelm Rontgen on November 8, 1895

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8
Q

What research(s) did Wilhelm Rontgen perform?

A

Researched with cathode rays in vacuum tubes. Noticed that special screens in his lab glowed when exposed & experimented with them to discover that the distance in which the screens were glowing was higher than what cathode rays would travel.

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9
Q

How were X-rays formerly called?

A

Roentgen rays

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10
Q

Photoelectric Effect
(steps)

A

1) x-ray photon hits an electron of any orbital
2) photon is completely absorbed
3) the electron is ejected -> atom ionization

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11
Q

What is radiation produced by photons of the primary beam interacting with matter?

A

Secondary Radiation / Scattered radiation

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12
Q

T/F: Kilovoltage (kV) controls the electrical current/number of electrons moving within the filament

A

False
(Amperage/mA = correct answer)

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13
Q

T/F. An ion can only have a positive charge

A

False

An ion can be positively or negatively charged, just not neutral.

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14
Q

What is particulate radiation?

A

Particles of matter that have a mass, such as an alpha particle or proton.

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15
Q

What particles are used to produce x-rays?

A

Beta particles (electrons)

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16
Q

Which of the following is NOT a property of electromagnetic radiation?

a) Travels at the speed of light
b) Contains photons
c) Contains a specific amount of energy
d) Has mass

A

D. has mass

Electromagnetic radiation has zero rest mass

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17
Q

What are the three main components of an X-ray tube?

A

1) Cathode (-)
2) Anode (+)
3) Evacuated glass envelope

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18
Q

Put the following examples of electromagnetic radiation in order of highest frequency to lowest frequency, given their wavelengths.

Radio: 10^3
Infrared: 10^-5
Microwave: 10^-2
Gamma ray: 10^-12

A

1) gamma ray
2) infrared
3) microwave
4) radio

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19
Q

What is the importance of the copper when heat is added?

A

Absorbs and conducts out the heat so the tungsten target doesn’t melt.

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20
Q

What is the function of tungsten in the cathode and anode?

A

Cathode: source of electrons
Anode: focal spot (target)

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21
Q

What forms of particulate radiation have mass ≥1? What is their charge and source of mass?

A

Alpha particle radiation (2 protons, 2 neutrons, +2charge, 4 amu mass)
Neutron (n0) (1 neutron, no charge, 1 amu mass)
Proton (p) (1 proton,+1 charge, 1 amu mass)

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22
Q

What forms of particulate radiation have mass <1? What is their charge and source of mass?

A

Beta + (+1 charge, positron)
Beta - (same as electron particle) (-1 charge, electron)

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23
Q

How does the quality of image relate to kV and mA?

A

Directly proportional, increase in each may increase image quality.

kV increases electron velocity and, therefore, increases the resulting photon energy
mA increases electrical current in the tungsten filament which increases # of x-ray photons produced

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24
Q

What is the relationship between Wavelength and Frequency?

A

They are inversely proportional. If you increase wavelength, frequency goes down and vice versa.

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25
Q

Which theory explains that the energy of electromagnetic radiation is in form of photons?

A

Quantum Theory

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26
Q

T/F Electromagnetic radiation is the highest mass but no electrical charge

A

False

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27
Q

The flow of electrons flowing through a conductor is called?

A

Electric current

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28
Q

The distance between successive crests of a wave is referred to as?

A

Wavelength

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29
Q

What is secondary radiation?

A

Radiation produced by photons interacting with matter

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30
Q

What type of absorption would you expect from the photoelectric effect?

A

Complete absorption

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31
Q

What is primary radiation?

A

X-ray beam (photons) produced in the anode, leaving the x-ray tube in a straight line from the x-ray source (focal spot or target) that has not been deflected by any object.

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32
Q

What leaves the x-ray tube that will interact with the patient?

A

Electromagnetic radiation (x-ray photons)

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33
Q

What is an electric current?

A

Flow of electrons flowing through a conductor.

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34
Q

What is meant by the scattering of radiation?

A

Radiation that spreads out (is deflected) in different directions after interacting with the matter

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35
Q

The composition of an atomic nucleus consists of:
(more than one answer may be correct)

a. protons
b. neutrons
c. electrons

A

a + b (protons + neutrons)

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36
Q

What are the shells in the Bohr model? And what does it mean?

A

K, L, M, N, O, P, Q ; the shell represents the distance from the nucleus

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37
Q

What is a trait of particulate radiation?
a. no mass
b. travels less than the speed of light
c. energy traveling in the form of waves

A

B

Properties A + C describe electromagnetic radiation (electromagnetic radiation also travels at the speed of light)

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38
Q

Which of the following determines the identity of an element.

Number of protons
Atomic mass
Number of electrons

A

Number of protons / atomic number

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39
Q

—— can also be referred to as Röntgen rays

A

X-rays

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40
Q

Which component of the X-ray tube serves as an electron source?

Tungsten filament of cathode
Concave molybdenum bowl
Copper block
Evacuated glass envelope

A

Tungsten filament of cathode

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41
Q

Characteristic radiation requires energy equal or greater than ___ kVp

A

70 kVp

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42
Q

What are the different types of x-ray interactions?

A
  • no interaction
  • complete absorption / photoelectric absorption
  • Compton scattering of the photons
  • coherent scattering of the photons
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43
Q

An ejected electron due to Compton scattering can also be known as a _______ electron

A

Compton

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44
Q

Upon reaching the target, what percentage of the kinetic energy goes toward producing X-Rays?

A

Only 1% or less

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45
Q

What is another name for Braking Radiation?

A

Bremsstrahlung

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46
Q

What describes photons produced in the anode leaving the x-ray tube?

A

Primary radiation

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47
Q

What type of scattering is being described: when a photon loses some of its energy, is deflected, and continues with less energy?

A

Compton scattering

Some of the energy is transferred to an electron to break its binding energy.

48
Q

What is an atom?

According to the Bohr model, an atom can be described as what?

A

Atom: smallest particle of an element having the chemical properties of the element

A miniature solar system

49
Q

What is radiation vs. ionizing radiation?

A

1) Radiation: transmission of energy through space and matter in the form of waves or particles
2) Ionizing radiation: high-energy radiation, capable of producing ions; enough energy to overcome the electron binding energy

50
Q

If an electron hits the nucleus of an atom:
1) what type of radiation is it?
2) what would the photon energy be (keV)?

A
  1. Braking radiation
  2. All of the electron’s energy (70 keV in case of an electron accelerated to 70 kVp)
51
Q

T/F: increasing kilovoltage would decrease the speed of electrons moving from cathode to anode and thus have lower energy.

A

False. Increasing kilovoltage increases the speed of electrons from the cathode to the anode and would give them higher energy.

52
Q

Wavelength has an _______ relationship to frequency?

A

Inverse

53
Q

When the photon is completely absorbed and the atom becomes ionized, this explains which interaction?
1. No interaction
2. Complete absorption (photoelectric effect)
3. Compton scattering

A
  1. Complete absorption (photoelectric effect)
54
Q

Vocabulary term for: energy used to produce X-rays?

A

Electricity

55
Q

Where do the electrons hit in braking radiation?

A

The nucleus of an atom or near it

56
Q

What is the most common form of radiation (x-ray) producing collision?

A

Braking radiation

57
Q

What are some different examples of non-ionizing radiation?

A

Radio, microwave, infrared and visible light

58
Q

In this kind of X-ray production, when an electron that passes close to the nucleus of a tungsten atom is slowed down, an x-ray photon is generated.

A

Braking radiation

59
Q

Which type of photon interaction with matter results in the densities seen among the different oral tissues in dental radiographs?

A

No interaction

60
Q

What is responsible for increasing or decreasing the voltage electric current?

A

High-voltage and low-voltage transformers

61
Q

Deflected in any direction after interacting with the matter

A

Scattering of radiation

62
Q

What happens to the atom after a coherent scattering and why?

A

The photon interacts with the whole atom and momentarily excites it. But overall there is no change to the atom in the end.

63
Q

Is there ionization when an electron is deflected by the electrons of the outer shells and what is released?

A

No ionization, but heat is generated.

64
Q

Characteristic radiation is generated by?

A

Electrons changing positions between the orbitals after an inner orbital electron being removed from its orbital.

65
Q

In an atom the atomic mass (A) represents the number of?

A

Protons + Neutrons

66
Q

What (2) components of x-ray production have a direct affect on image quality?

A
  • milliamperage (mA)
  • kilovoltage (kV)
67
Q

______ scattering causes both ionization and scattering

A

Compton scattering

68
Q

Radiation produced by photons interacting with matter.

A

Secondary Radiation

69
Q

If the frequency increases then the wave length will _______ .

A

decrease

70
Q

What are the two theories that describe Electromagnetic radiation?

A

wave theory and quantum theory

71
Q

Tiny particles of matter that have mass and travel in a straight-line in high speed?

A

Particulate radiation

72
Q

Which colored line exhibits a low frequency?

A

The teal colored line

73
Q

What is a transformer responsible for?

A

Increasing or decreasing the voltage of the electric current

74
Q

Match the term with its correct definition:

DEFINITIONS
1. energy used to produce x-rays
2. path through which an electric current goes into the machine
3. responsible for increasing or decreasing the voltage of the electric current
4. flow of electrons flowing through a conductor

TERMS
a. circuits
b. transformers
c. electricity
d. electric current

A
  1. electricity (c)
  2. circuits (a)
  3. transformers (b)
  4. electric current (d)
75
Q

When is electromagnetic radiation generated?

A

Generated when the velocity of an electrically charged particle is altered.

76
Q

which of the following is NOT a type of ionizing radiation:
a. infrared
b. ultraviolet
c. gamma ray
d. x-ray

A

a. infrared

77
Q

What happens during no interaction of the X-rays?

A

The photon passes through the patient unchanged and leaves the atom unchanged.

78
Q

Why are X-rays passing through matter with no interaction significant to dentistry?

A

They produce densities in the receptor, allowing dental radiography to be possible.

79
Q

T/F: Characteristic radiation is a type of radiation where the electron hits the nucleus of an atom.

A

False; Braking Radiation hits the nucleus, whereas characteristic radiation is the displacement of an electron of the inner shell.

80
Q

Collisions which generate heat production interact with…

A. Electrons of the inner shells
B. The Nucleus
C. Electrons of the outer shells

A

C. Electrons of the outer shells

81
Q

In oral radiology, in order to produce an x-ray we alter ______________.

A

the velocity of an electron

82
Q

How did William Rontgen discover x-ray technology?

A

While experimenting with vacuum tubes, noticed a green fluorescence on plates that were away from the tube. He then replaced these plates with photographic films.

83
Q

What is the purpose of the Copper block on the X-ray tube?

A

Acts as a thermal conductor for the heat generated in the anode’s target.

84
Q

T/F: Coherent scattering causes ionization of the atom

A

False

85
Q

What happens with the photon in Compton scattering?

A

Photon loses some of its energy, is deflected, and continues with less energy.

86
Q

T/F: Braking radiation is generated by displacing an electron of the inner shell.

A

False. Characteristic radiation is generated by displacing an electron of the inner shell. Braking radiation is when an electron hits the nucleus or is deflected by it.

87
Q

What type of X-ray interaction does not cause ionization?

A

Coherent scattering

88
Q

True or False - The X-Ray tube uses a radioactive source for X-Ray production.

A

False - The X-Ray tube uses electricity to produce the X-Rays.

89
Q

T/F: Compton scattering is when the atom becomes momentarily excited and generates another photon with the same energy

A

False; Coherent Scattering

90
Q

X-ray interactions: What happens to a photon in Compton Scattering?

A

The photon loses some of its energy, is deflected, and continues with less energy

91
Q

What is the photoelectric effect?

A

X-ray photon his an electron of an orbital, the photon loses all its energy, and the electron gets ejected out of its orbital.

92
Q

What is the purpose of the tungsten filament in the x-ray unit?

A

To have a lower voltage current from the wall socket in order to generate an electron cloud in preparation for the high voltage firing moment.

93
Q

What causes the consistency in photon energy in generating characteristic radiation?

A

Displacing an electron of the inner shell causes other electrons to shuffle inward to replace it. The shuffling of each electron gives off energy (as less is needed to maintain a new bond closer to the nucleus) that is consistent and reflects the movement made across shell layers.

94
Q

What is the name for the three-dimensional areas around the nucleus where a particular electron resides?

A

electron orbitals

95
Q

Which of the following is not a part of the anode of an x-ray tube?
a) concave molybdenum bowl
b) tungsten
c) copper block

A

a) concave molybdenum bowl

96
Q

In a dental x-ray tube, the number of electrons that can be accelerated is controlled by the

A

milliamperage

97
Q

T/F: Voltage is the number of electrons moving through a conductor.

A

False

Amperage = number of electrons moving through a conductor.
Voltage= electric force that causes electrons to move from a negative to positive pole.

98
Q

What is the variable current in the tungsten filament?

A

3 to 10 Volts

99
Q

What does the Concave molybdenum bowl act as?

A

Focusing cup

100
Q

What is the smallest particle of an element having the chemical properties of the element?

A

Atom

101
Q

The atomic mass of an element determines the ______ of the atom

A

stability

102
Q

What is the source of electrons on the cathode within the X-ray tube and how does it interact with the anode?

A

The source of electrons on the cathode is the Tungsten filament. On the anode there is the tungsten focal spot.

103
Q

What is the Compton electron?

A

The ejected electron during Compton scattering.

104
Q

Compare and contrast primary radiation and secondary radiation.

A

Primary = x-ray beam (photons) are produced in the anode, leaving x-ray tube

Secondary = Radiation produced by photons that interact with matter

105
Q

Which way do electrons flow in x-ray production?

A

Cathode (-) to anode (+)

106
Q

How is Wavelength measured?

How is Frequency measured?

A

Lamda - meters. Which is the distance between successive crests of a wave.

Hertz - number of waves that pass a fixed point in a given amount of time (1 second)

107
Q

The evacuated glass envelope of X-Ray tubes is made of ___ and contains a window of ___ .

A

lead glass;
non-lead glass

108
Q

What is the transmission of energy through space and matter in the form of waves or particles?

A

Radiation

109
Q

True/False:
Microwaves are characterized as Ionizing Radiation.

A

FALSE

They are considered Non-Ionizing Radiation!

110
Q

Number of electrons determines the _____ of an atom.

A

charge

111
Q

Does Electromagnetic radiation have mass?

A

No

112
Q

T/F: Infrared is a kind of ionizing radiation.

A

False, it is non-ionizing.

113
Q

Ultraviolet, x-ray, and gamma rays are considered which type of radiation?

A

Ionizing electromagnetic radiation

114
Q

What does kV control?

A

Maximum voltage that enables the movement and velocity of electrons from the cathode to the anode

115
Q

What is the spontaneous nuclear disintegration process of a molecule to acquire a more stable form?

A

radioactivity

116
Q

Who is noted as a “pioneer in dental radiology,” and what did he do?

A

Dr. Otto Walkoff

Took the first dental x ray by placing a photographic glass plate in his mouth and exposed it to radiation for 25 minutes.

117
Q

What does the wave theory of electromagnetic radiation states?

A

Electric and magnetic fields are perpendicular to one another

ULSD ORAD I - 2024 (8 decks)

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