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ULSD ORAD I - 2024 > Radiation Protection and Legal Aspects > Flashcards

Radiation Protection and Legal Aspects Flashcards

1
Q

T/F: NEVER stand in front of the primary beam

A

True

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2
Q
  1. Composed of subatomic particles
  2. Large quantity is blocked by terrestrial electromagnetic shield
  3. Harmful to astronauts

What is this describing? Primary or Secondary space radiation?

A

Primary space radiation

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3
Q
  1. Affects living beings on Earth
  2. Interaction of primary radiation with the atmosphere
  3. Increases with the altitude

What is this describing? Primary or Secondary space radiation?

A

Secondary space radiation

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4
Q

Do you use anything radioactive in X ray production?

A

No

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5
Q

What is the average annual effective dose of Ionizing radiation in a dental setting in the United States?

A

0.007 mSv

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6
Q

At what point does the chance of developing cancer is scientifically known to increase linearly?

A

At 100 mSv

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7
Q

What is the minimum dosage of radiation that might result in a patient to developed cancer?

A

Any dosage might result in developing cancer, with higher risks with increased dosage.

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8
Q

What does ALADA stand for?

A

As Low As Diagnostically Acceptable

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9
Q

T/F. Cancer risk decreases linearly with radiation exposures greater than 100 mSv.

A

False.
Cancer risk increases linearly with radiation exposures greater than 100 mSv.

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10
Q

Which type of radiation can we control our exposure doses of?

A

Medical radiation and others (artificial radiation), not natural background radiation

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11
Q

Rectangular ___ can reduce the effective dose by as much as 80% and it improves image quality by reducing scatter.

_____ limits the amount of radiation, both primary and scattered, to which the patient is exposed.

A

collimation (for both blanks)

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12
Q

For source-to-skin distance, the ___ the distance, the ___ divergent the photons will be, and the ___ the irradiated area.

A

longer, less, lower

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13
Q

T/F: just one photon cannot cause cancer

A

False

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14
Q

What are the three guiding principles in relation to radiation protection?

A

Justification, optimization, and dose limitation

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15
Q

What does collimation limit?

A

The amount of radiation (shape of the beam), both primary and scattered to which the patient is exposed

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16
Q

What’s the purpose of filtration?

A

To filter out the photons with less energy

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17
Q

What can you use to reduce the number of x-ray repetitions?

A

A receptor holding device

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18
Q

What guiding principal of optimization does this statement describe: “The radiation dose to the patient should be kept as low as diagnostically acceptable”.

A

A.L.A.D.A. (as low as diagnostically acceptable)

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19
Q

According to the KAR, what is the largest diameter of circle that should be able to contain the x-ray field at a minimum SSD (Source-to-skin distance) of 18 cm?

A

7 cm

20
Q

How does collimation limit radiation exposure?

A

Collimation defines the amount of x-rays leaving the tube head. There are circular and rectangular collimations, with rectangular collimation limiting more the area of x-ray exposure for the patient.

21
Q

How does the length of the PID aiming cylinder affect x-ray exposure?

A

The longer the distance, the less divergent photons will be and the lower the irradiated area on the patient. (20 cm - 40 cm recommended by ADA)

22
Q

How do digital imaging devices decrease radiation exposure to patients?

A

Digital sensors are more sensitive to radiation so less exposure time is required for image development which decreases patient exposure.

(This is the same reason that only fast films should be used instead of other slower options like D films)

23
Q

How do receptor holding devices help and when should they be used?

A

They should be used whenever possible, as they help reduce the number of repetitions

24
Q

How much does rectangular collimation reduce the effective dose?

A

It can reduce the effective dose as much as 80% and it can improve image quality by reducing scatter

25
Q

Definition of Radiation Protection?

A

Related to the protection of people (radiation workers, members of the public, and patients undergoing radiation diagnosis and therapy) against the harmful effects of ionizing radiation

26
Q

Examples of consumer products that can account for some radiation exposure?

A

Cigarette smoking
* Building materials
* Air travel
* Combustion of fossil fuels

27
Q

How to reduce the radiation dose that the patient is exposed to?

A

We cannot change much of the background radiation, but we can reduce medical radiation, implementing radiation protection.

28
Q

T/F:
Patients do not have a radiation dose limitation defined by the ICRP.

A

True

29
Q

Protective collars protect what area of body and radiosensitive organ?

A

The thyroid (neck area)

30
Q

What is the dose limitation for an operator per year?

A

20 mSv per year, on average, over a period of 5 years, with a maximum of 50 mSv per year

31
Q

For an operating voltage between 50-70 kVp, how many mm of aluminum equivalent total filtration is required in Kentucky?

A

1.5 mm

32
Q

The longer the size of the aiming cylinder:
a. the more divergent photons will be and lower irradiated area
b. the less divergent photons will be and lower irradiated area
c. the more divergent photons will be and more irradiated area

A

b. the less divergent photons will be and lower irritated area

33
Q

Who should hold the X-ray tube head?

A

Neither patient or operator. Should be fixed.

34
Q

Who should hold the X-ray tube head?

A

Neither patient nor operator. Should be fixed.

35
Q

Terrestrial radiation produces what percent of background radiation?

A

7% of background exposure

36
Q

To have a protective barrier for personnel, what should the team do?

A

The team must leave room or use barrier protection with leaded glass windows

37
Q

What do ALARA and ALADA stand for in optimization?

A
  • ALARA: As Low As Reasonably Achievable
  • ALADA: As Low As Diagnostically Acceptable
38
Q

True/False:
The term “general public” in radiation protection includes the patient receiving the radiation.

A

False. (Other people in waiting room is an example)

39
Q

Which of the following is true of Radon?

  • releases Beta particles
  • a gas that you can smell and taste
  • accounts for ~73% of background radiation
A

Accounts for ~73% of background radiation

40
Q

What is the principal risk of oral maxillofacial radiography?

A

The unlikely chance of radiation-induced cancer

41
Q

Is it Kentucky state law for the patient to wear a lead apron and thyroid guard?

A

Yes! The KAR specifies the lead apron, but the thyroid guard is recommended by the other recommendation documents.

42
Q

Which form of space radiation impacts humans the most?

A

Secondary space radiation

43
Q

What is the highest average exposure form of radiation in medical imaging?

A

Computed tomography (excluding dental CTs)

44
Q

Can a dose less than 100 mSv result in cancer?

A

Yes, but very low risk, due to linear no-threshold hypothesis, stating a linear relationship exists even at low radiation doses. However, this is a hypothesis, and research shows a not very high risk with other possible hypothesizes, such as high risk, low risk, and hormesis/threshold model existing.

45
Q

What is the currently accepted model as the approach to develop radiation protection guidelines?

A

Linear no-threshold (LNT) hypothesis

46
Q

What type of collimation exposes the patient to less radiation and improves image quality?

A

Rectangular collimation

47
Q

Rectangular collimator decreases the radiation dose by how much as compared to a circular one?

A

Up to fivefold! (or as much as 80%)

ULSD ORAD I - 2024 (8 decks)

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