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final equipment operation and quality control > X-ray production > Flashcards

X-ray production Flashcards

1
Q

On the cathode side of the x-ray tube, neg. charged electrons are boiled off of the thoriated tungsten filament wire in a process known as

A

Thermonic emmission

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2
Q

They form what is called a

A

space charge or electron cloud

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3
Q

electrons are herded together by the neg. charged

A

nickel focusing cup

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4
Q

when the exposure switch is depressed, the anode begins to rotate as the _ is created

A

space charge

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5
Q

The distance between any 2 successive points on a wave

A

wavelength

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6
Q

the max. height of the wave

A

amplitude

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7
Q

the # of waves that passes a particular point in a given time frame

A

frequency

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8
Q

frequency and wavelength are _ proportional

A

inversely

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9
Q

Photon energy and frequency are _ proportional

A

directly

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10
Q

The three factors that affect x-ray emission are under who’s control

A

radiographer

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11
Q

The three factors that affect x-ray are known as

A

prime factors

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12
Q

What are the prime factors

A

mA, kV, S, and distance

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13
Q

what is the measurement of the #’s of electrons crossing the tube per sec.

A

mAs

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14
Q

what is the primary controlling factor for x-ray quantity

A

mAs

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15
Q

more mAs = _ density on the image

A

more

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16
Q

mAs is calculated my x

A

mA x s of exposure

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17
Q

what is the primary controlling factor for x-ray quality

A

kV

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18
Q

Higher kV = _ penetrability

A

higher

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19
Q

Higher penetrability = _ scatter and _ density on the film

A

higher, higher

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20
Q

kV is a _controlling factor for density (quantity)

A

secondary

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21
Q

The relationship of x-ray quantity to distance is described in the

A

inverse square law

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22
Q

If distance is doubled from an x-ray source the pt would only receive _ the radiation

A

1/4

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23
Q

Distance and radiation intensity are _ proportional

A

inversely

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24
Q

what is the formula for inverse square law

A

I1 (D2)2
— = ———
I2 (D1)2

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25
Q

Exposure Maintenance formula or DSL

A

mAs1 (D1)2
——- = ——-
mAs2 (D2)2

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26
Q

What formula states that if the radiation intensity decreases, the density on the image receptor decreases

A

Exposure maintenance formula or DSL

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27
Q

Intensity and density are _ proportional

A

directly

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28
Q

x-rays qualities

A

highly penetrating
invisible rays
form of electromagnetic radiation

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29
Q

x-rays are electrically

A

neutral

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30
Q

x-rays are not affected by either _ & _ fields

A

electric and magnetic

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31
Q

x-rays can be produced over a wide variety of

A

energies and wavelengths

polyenergetic and heterogeneous

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32
Q

x-rays release very small amounts of _ upon passing through matter

A

heat

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33
Q

x-rays travel in

A

straight lines

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34
Q

x-rays travel at the

A

speed of light

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35
Q

x-rays can _ matter

A

ionize

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36
Q

x-rays cause _ of certain crystals

A

fluorescence

37
Q

x-rays cannot be _ by a lens

A

focused

38
Q

x-rays affect

A

photographic film

39
Q

x-rays produce _ and _ changes in matter through ionization and excitation

A

chemical and biological

40
Q

x-ray produce

A

secondary and scatter radiation

41
Q

x-ray beam after it exits the tube and before it enters the pt.

A

primary beam

42
Q

x-rays that exit the pt to strike the image receptor

A

exit

43
Q

weak x-ray photon interacts with the force field of an atom and is absorbed. The atom is put in an excited state and releases the energy in the form of a scattered x-ray that is traveling in a different direction than originally

A

coherent scatter

44
Q

Coherent scatter is also called

A

classical or Thompson or Rayleigh

45
Q

Coherent interacts w

A

entire atom

46
Q

Coherent scatter is in what range

A

below diagnostic range

47
Q

What has a net loss of e-

A

compton scatter

48
Q

compton interacts with

A

outershell e-

49
Q

Compton causes

A

radiographic fog and is responsible for may. of scatter during procedures

50
Q

what has total absorption of k-shell

A

PE

51
Q

photoelectric effect creates

A

photoelectron

52
Q

what creates the annihilation affect and is above the diagnostic range and interact w/the nuclear field

A

Pair Production

53
Q

what interacts with the nucleus and is above the diagnostic range

A

Photodisintegration

54
Q

what is the reduction in # of x-ray photons in the beam as it passes through matter due to scatter and absorption

A

Attenuation

55
Q

attenuation is affected by 2 things

A

thickness of body pt

z# of the tissue the beam is striking

56
Q

Attenuation is caused by

A

absorption (PE)

scatter (compton)

57
Q

what are the 3 principal parts of an x-ray system

A

x-ray tube
operating console
high voltage generator

58
Q

x-ray tube has a protective housing which reduces

A

amount of leakage radiation

59
Q

the housing often contains

A

oil

60
Q

the oil serves as both an insulator against _ and as a thermal cushion to

A

electric shock

dissipate heat

61
Q

the tube is a vacuum tube made of either

A

glass or metal

62
Q

vacuum tube is also known as

A

diodes

63
Q

diode means what

A

has two ends one positive and one neg.

64
Q

neg. end of tube is known as

A

cathode

65
Q

positive end is known as

A

anode

66
Q

the cathode contains

A

the filament

focusing cup

67
Q

most tubes are _

A

dual focus

68
Q

dual focus means

A

they have both large and small filament w?different levels of resolution

69
Q

most tubes have rotating anodes why?

A

to dissipate heat

70
Q

target has

A

have high z#
excellent conductor of heat
high melting point

71
Q

target consists of

A

tungston

72
Q

the target is supported by

A

molybdenim and graphite

73
Q

an induction motor that is located outside of the glass housing

A

stator

74
Q

the stator causes the rotor to

A

spin

75
Q

there are slight changes in the voltage coming into the x-ray circuit from the wall outlet. This keeps the voltage coming in at a steady 220 volts

A

line compensator

76
Q

what has a single coil and can at most either double the incoming voltage, thus cutting the incoming amperes in half or vice versa

A

autotransformer

77
Q

this cuts off the current in order to stop the x-ray exposure

A

exposure timers

78
Q

exposure timers are

A

electronic timers

79
Q

step up transformer works by

A

mutual induction

80
Q

step up transformer has more coils on the

A

secondary side vs the primary side

81
Q

what reduces current to mA

A

step down transformer

82
Q

step down transformer has more coils on the

A

primary side than on the secondary side

83
Q

what only allow current to flow in one direction, thereby changing the incoming AC to DC

A

rectifiers

84
Q

Single phase, the wavelength of the electricity rises and falls

A

120 times per second

85
Q

single phase has _%voltage ripple

A

100

86
Q

what is three lines of current run at the same time, keep the sine wave amplitude at its peak nearly all of the time

A

three phase power (3 phase 6 pulse fully rectified)

87
Q

three phase power has _% voltage ripple

A

14%

88
Q

what are 4 beam restricting devices

A

aperture diaphragm
cones/cylinders
collimators
PBL

89
Q

when an image receptor is placed in the bucky, a sensing device automatically sets the collimators to film size

A

PBL

final equipment operation and quality control (2 decks)

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