WWII Flashcards
1
Q
(after ww1) italy and japan weren’t happy, didn’t win enough …. and had no .. on versailles treaty
A
territory; voice
2
Q
(totalitarianism) theory of government in which a single political party controls the
A
political, economic, social and cultural lives of the people
3
Q
totalitarianism=
A
total control
4
Q
(totalitarianism) characteristics: … party rule; …. leader; … control of the economy; secret .., … and …; gov’t control of ….; schools/youth organizations … the young
A
one; strong, charismatic; state; police; spies; terror; media/propaganda; indoctrinate
5
Q
(totalitarianism-conditions to take power) severe … problems
A
economic
6
Q
(totalitarianism-conditions to take power) fear of … in society
A
chaos
7
Q
(totalitarianism-conditions to take power) foreign … or …
A
threat; humiliation
8
Q
(totalitarianism-conditions to take power) the people look to strong leader to … who then takes total control beyond what people expect or want
A
fix things
9
Q
communists under lenin ….
A
hijacked revolution
10
Q
communists under lenin promised … and …; murdered … and …
A
peace; bread; czar; family
11
Q
communists win a civil war: …., …., …, and … sent troops to support anti-communists
A
brits; french; japanese; u.s.
12
Q
(communism) social organization in which all property is
A
common & owned by people
13
Q
(communism) everyone is
A
provided for
14
Q
(communism) central planners decide what and how much to
A
produce
15
Q
(communism) reality: … owns everything; no ….; everyone works for the … it takes total …. to enforce things
A
gov; private property; gov; political control
16
Q
(stalin) in 1924 .. dies; succeeded by:
A
lenin; joseph stalin
17
Q
(stalin) stalin means ….; eliminates … and takes total power by 1929
A
man of steal; political rivals
18
Q
(stalin) forced … and …. make soviet union a strong power; at cost of .. dead
A
industrialization; collective farms; 10 million
19
Q
(stalin) great purges in late 1930s killed …, even …. and …
A
millions; party members; army officers
20
Q
(ukraine famine) collectivization: seized indivudal peasants …., …, and ….
forced them to work on … farms
A
land; crops; livestock; state-owned
21
Q
(propaganada) stalin: “the
A
great father”
22
Q
gulags: a system of … scattered across siberia
A
harsh prisons
23
Q
(in the 1930s:) soviet union inwardly focused:
A
modernization/industrialization
24
Q
(in the 1930s:) much of the … not known outside soviet union
A
horror
25
(in the 1930s:) internationally ...: although FDR established ... in 1933 with .. and as a counterweight to .. and ...
isolated; diplomatic relations; trade; nazi germany; militarist japan
26
(italy) after ww1: lost ... men who were killed; economic ... hit; fear of ....; bitter over small .... and lack of ... at versailles peace conference
650,000; depression; communist takeover; territorial prizes of victory; respect
27
(benito mussolini) forms fascist party: wants to save ... from chaos; restore ...; hates ...
liberty; italy's glory; communists
28
(benito mussolini) fasces- latin term: symbol of ... and ...; an ancient ...
power; strength; roman ax
29
(benito mussolini) fascism: totalitarian philosophy of gov that glorifies the ... and ... and assigns to the state control over every ...
state; nation; aspect of national life
30
(benito mussolini) fascism entails
nationalism and militarism
31
(benito mussolini) fascism believes in ....: there is still ....
capitalism; private property
32
(benito mussolini) rise to power: blackshirts- organized thugs (WW1 vets) who
intimidate other political parties
33
(benito mussolini) blackshirts evolved into
para-military troops
34
(benito mussolini) italy was a ... democracy- fragile- only unified since ...
parliamentary; 1860s
35
(benito mussolini) as parliamentary democracy, still had a ... with some ...
king; powers
36
(benito mussolini) by 1922: italy was descending into ...; fascists battled communists in the ...
chaos; streets
37
(benito mussolini) march on rome- 1922: to avoid civil war, king victor emmanuel asks mussolini to
form a government
38
(benito mussolini) mussolini "..." came to power
legally
39
(benito mussolini) nickname:
il duce
40
(benito mussolini) mussolini outlaws other
political parties
41
(benito mussolini) establishes
secret police
42
(benito mussolini) control of
media
43
(benito mussolini) fascist
youth groups
44
(benito mussolini) supports ...: works with ... to strengthen italizn economy
capitalism; corporate leaders
45
(benito mussolini) concludes treaty with ... to create independent ...
pope; vatican city
46
(benito mussolini) nearly wipes out the
mafia
47
(benito mussolini) wants to revive the glory of the
roman empire
48
(hitler) abusive ... and doting ..; rejected by ...
father; mother; vienna school of art
49
(hitler) survived as
street artist
50
(hitler) drifted to
munich, germany
51
(hitler) joined
german army
52
(hitler) awared ... for bravery
iron cross medal
53
(hitler) like many soliders, "felt ..." when ... signed
stabbed in the back; armistice
54
(hitler) 1920s germany: fragile ..., runaway ... because of reparations: printed money without ....; extreme ..
democracy; inflation; financial backing; parties
55
(nazi party) hitler was ... member; becomes leader through:
55th; ideas, charisma, speaking talents
56
(nazism) fascist philosophy glorifies
state and nation
57
(nazism) ..., german ..., extreme racism to other groups
militarism; superiority
58
(nazism) nazism believes in ...: ...
capitalism; private property
59
(nazism) nazis hate
communists
60
(beer hall putsch) nazi "..." hitler sent to ... where he wrote "..."
brownshirts; jail; mein kampf
61
(beer hall putsch) mein kampf discussed: "..." for germany--> more ...; racial ... of germans; strong ...
living space; territory; superiority; anti-semitism
62
(nazis shifted focus) propaganda; electoral ...; winning support of ... to get money, feared ...
success; big business; communists
63
hitler ... germany: making ...
criss-crossed; speeches
64
(nazi tactics) focused on traditional ...; built on fear of ...; military ...; used ... to smash opposition
german values; communists; imagery; force
65
jan 1933: nazis win largest block of seats in .. (german ...)
reichstag; parliament
66
hitler appointed as ... by president hindenburg
chancellor
67
hitler ... gains pwoer
legally
68
reichstag fire: blamed ..., crackdown and arrests
communists
69
enabling act: hitler can pass laws without ...; supposed to last ... years
reichstag; 4
70
hindenburg dies in ...
1934
71
hitler nickname
der fuehrer
72
triumph of the will:
german propaganda film deifying hitler
73
hitler strengthens germany: improves the .., government ...
economy; projects
74
hitler secrety (at first)
re-arms
75
hitler increases size of the ...., creates modern ships for the ..., re-creates ...
army; navy; air force
76
(italy attacks ethiopia, 1935:) ethiopia: 1 of 2
independent african nations
77
(italy attacks ethiopia, 1935:) italy
invades
78
(italy attacks ethiopia, 1935:) emperor pleads for ... none given
help
79
(germany re-occupies the rhineland marh 7, 1936) versailles required
demilitarized rhineland
80
(germany re-occupies the rhineland marh 7, 1936) hitler sends in ..., protests but no ...
troops; action
81
rome-berlin ..., 1936: the "pact of .."
axis; steel
82
(spanish civil war: 1936-39) general
francisco franco
83
(spanish civil war: 1936-39) the ... (nationalists) vs. the ... (republicans)
national front; popular front
84
(spanish civil war: 1936-39) nationalists: rebels, franco and ..; supported by ... and ... who sent ..., some ... and ... support
fascists; germany; italy; supplies; troops; air force
85
(spanish civil war: 1936-39) republicans: existing ..; pro-...; mostly ..; supported by ... through ... only
gov; democracy; socialists; soviet union; supplies
86
(spanish civil war: 1936-39) ..., .., ... do nothing
france, britain, u.s.
87
(spanish civil war: 1936-39) fdr and congress enforce strict ban on
providing supplies to either side
88
(spanish civil war: 1936-39) international brigades: ... foreign volunteers fight on ... side
40,000; republican
89
(spanish civil war: 1936-39) ... americans form the ... brigade
3,000; abraham lincoln
90
(spanish civil war: 1936-39) hemingway covering the war as a
journalist
91
(spanish civil war: 1936-39) german bomb city of ...: 500-15000 civilians .../ city ....
guernica; killed; destroyed
92
(spanish civil war: 1936-39) significance: another nation falls under ...; germans and italians used the war as a .... for their militaries
fascist dictatorship; training ground
93
(spanish civil war: 1936-39) significance: emboldens
fascist dictators
94
(the austrian anschluss, march 1938) austrian nazis wanted ... with germany
union
95
(the austrian anschluss, march 1938) vote scheduled but hitler sends in ... who are joyfully greeted
troops
96
(the ineffectiveness of the league of nations) no control of ...; no progress in ...; no effective ...;
major conflicts; disarmament; military force
97
(britain and france) appeasement: the policy of granting .... to potential enemy in the hope of maintaining ...
concessions; peace
98
(britain and france) they remembered the horror of ww1: 1 million dead; economic ...; worried about the soviet union: a strong germany is a ...
troubles; good buffer
99
(the "problem" of the sudetenland) 3 million germans lived in ....; hitler said these germans were being ...; demanded that the sudetenland be ...
czechoslovakia; persecuted; given back
100
(the munich conference- sept 1938) hitler threatened to ... and take over the sudetenland; czechoslovakia was a ... and an ally of ... and ...
invade; democracy; britain; france
101
(the munich conference- sept 1938) four Great Powers agree to meet in ...: ..., ..., .., and ...
munich, germany; britain; france; germany; italy
102
(the munich conference- sept 1938) u.s. not even
involved
103
(the munich conference- sept 1938) hitler promises this wll be his last
territorial demand
104
(the munich conference- sept 1938) hitler apparently just wants to protect
ehnic germans
105
(the munich conference- sept 1938) britain and france agree to give ....- they believe ..
sudetenland to germany; hitler
106
(the munich conference- sept 1938) czechoslovakia feels ..: left ... and loses key .... region
betrayed; defenseless; economic
107
(march 1939) germany takes over the
rest of czechoslovakia
108
nazi pre-war expansion achieved without
a single shot fired
109
1935 poll: ...% of americans thought u.s. involvement in world war i was a mistake
70
110
common belief that banks and industrialists
"tricked" america into the war to get rich
111
(u.s. policies) neutrality acts 1935-37 banned: travel on ...of nations at war; loaning ... to nations at war; selling ... and ... to nations at war; these were the factors that made the u.s. go into ww1
ships; money; weapons; supplies
112
(u.s. policies) problems: can't help "... nations
victim
113
(FDR) quarantine speech- oct 1937: war is like a ... need to quarantine ... like we quarantine sick people
disease; aggressors
114
(FDR) result of the quarantine speech: ... many people; fdr had to back off
angered
115
(britain and france) after hitler seized the rest of czechoslovakia in march 1939: britain and france pledged to defend ...; soviet union not priy to germany having ...
poland; poland
116
(britain and france) nazi-soviet non-aggression pact: germany and the soviet union--> promise not to ...; differences will be settled in a ...
attack eah other; friendly manner
117
(britain and france) nazi soviet non-aggression pact: signed aug 23, 1939; hitler would avoid a ...; secret protocol: germany and the soviet union would divide ...; soviets also get free hand to take ...; denied by the soviet union until ...
two front war; poland; baltic states; 1989
118
wwii begins: sept 1, 1939: hitler attacks ..
sept 3, 1939: britain and france ...
sept 17, 1939: soviets invade ... from the ...
oct 6, 1939: poland ...
germans march into ...
poland; declare war; poland; east; surrenders; warsaw
119
britan and france did nothing to stop the ... invasion; too ...
german/soviet; far away
120
(oct 1939- april 1940) the phony war: no actual fightin despite state of war --> germans are ... and shifting to ... after poland; brits are ...and moving troops over; french have a ... strategy
re-grouping; west; mobilizing; defensive
121
(oct 1939- april 1940) the maginot line (france):
defensive fortifications vs. germany
122
blitzkrieg: may 1940--> germany blasts into france, use 'blitzkrieg' tactics (lightning war)
blitzkrieg: a fast moving attack strategy that relies on
surprise and speed
123
blitzkrieg involves: concentrated tank units penetrate into ...; supported by ... attacks; infantry follows ot ...
enem lines; air; consolidate gains
124
blitzkrieg: planes ..., tanks ..., infantry troops ...
bomb; lead the way; follow up
125
JU 87 Stutzkampfflugzeug: "stuka"
dive bomber
126
invasion of france: 1. german ...
2. alied armies move into ...
3. ... attack to the coast
diversion; belgium; panzers
127
dunkirk .. june 4, 1940: ... men espcape back to britain, some of which are ...
evacuated; 340,000; french/polish
128
dunkirk evacuation significance: lived to ...; boosts ... in britain
fight another day; morale
129
france ... june 22, 1940
surrenders
130
now britain is all alone: winston churchill had replaced ... as british ... in may 1940
chamberlain; prime minister
131
(battle of britain) july 1940-sept 1940
| hitler needed to control the .... (operation sea lion)
skies over britain before he could invade
132
(battle of britain) britain is an .. and hitler wanted to prevent sinking of ...
island; invasion force
133
(battle of britain) luftwaffe attacked british ... and radar ...; royal air force was starting to ...
air bases; installations; crack
134
(battle of britain) in sept 1940, target shifted to ...
| hitler "..." invasion of britain
british cities; postpones
135
(the "blitz") sept 1940-may 1941: nightly ... of british cities; ... civilian deaths
bombing; 40,000
136
the london "tube": air raid ... during the blitz
shelters
137
(edward r. murrow) cbs radio ...; broadcast live from ... during the blitz; famous opening "this is ..."; a broadcast from ...
corresondent; london; london; trafalgar square
138
(edward r. murrow) significance: increased american ...of ... and increased american ... for british
awareness; nazi threat; sympathy
139
neutrality act of 1939: allowed for "cash and carry system"; U.S. could sell war supplies to fighting nations if: they paid ..., they moved supplies on their ...
cash; own ships
140
(sept 1940) u.s. trades 50 old wwi destroyers to britain for ....: warships need to escort ...; fdr does this as "commander-in-chief", by-passing congress
military bases; supply ships
141
(america-first commitee) urged ... and criticized fdr's open support for ...; led by ...
isolation; britain; charles lindbergh
142
(tripartite pact-sept 1940) rome-berlin-tokyo
| the ... powers
axis
143
(tripartite pact-sept 1940) germany/italy/japan agree to:
cooperate in establishing a ...
reconize ...
provide assistance if one nation is attacked by a nation not already ...
aimed at the ..
new order; spheres of influence; int he war; u.s.
144
in june 1940, most americans did not support the u.s. going to
war against germanyy
145
1940: u.s. military forces was
458,000
146
(selective service act- sept 1940) a peacetime ... (1st in u.s. history)
draft
147
(selective service act- sept 1940) authorized for training of:
1.2 million active ...
800,000 ...
duty troops; reserve troops
148
(selective service act- sept 1940) fdr also orders military ... ($37 billion); ..., ..., ...
build-up; tanks, planes, ships
149
(election of 1940) FDR against Wendell Wilkie, a ... who never held office
republican businessman
150
(election of 1940) fdr wins a ... which was never done before
third term
151
(u.s. lend-lease act- march 1941) authorizes the president to: ..., ..., or ... to any government any defensive supplies the president thinks is "necessary in the interests of the ..."
sell; transfer; lend; u.s. defense
152
(u.s. lend-lease act- march 1941) no ... required
repayment
153
(u.s. lend-lease act- march 1941) essentially paying others to
fight for us
154
(u.s. lend-lease act- march 1941) made the u.s. "the arsenal of "
democracy
155
(u.s. lend-lease act- march 1941) sold, transfered, leased: ..., ..., ...., ...
planes; trucks; tanks; guns
156
(u.s. lend-lease act- march 1941) helped ..., ...
britain and soviety union
157
(operation barbarossa: june 22, 1941) .... german soldiers; ... tanks; invade ...--> germany turns on them
3,000,000; 3,400; soviet union
158
(atlantic charter) roosevelt and churchill sign t... in august 1941 which solidifies ... and echoed wilson's ...;
treaty of friendship; alliance; 14 points
159
(atlantic charter) calls for... type organization; signaled strong u.s. support for ...
league of nations; britain
160
by the fall of 1941: u.s. navy protecting lend lease convoys to ..., u-boats fire on ... and sink a u.s. destoyer: ...
britain; u.s. ships; u.s.s. reuben james
161
fdr authorizes navy to ...., undeclared ... in the atlantic
| german u-boats called "..."
sink u-boats; naval war; rattlesnakes
162
in 1941, ... controlled most of europe
germany
163
japan transformed: up to 1900 rapidly modernizes following the western model:
industrialization; social changes
164
russo-japanese war: began with surprise attack on russian ...; 1910: japan annexes ...
naval base; korea
165
by mid-1920: japan is a world power with ... largest economy and ... largest navy
9th; 3rd
166
(japan's gov) the emperor was ... considered a .. in shinto religion
supreme; god
167
(japan's gov) a ... ruled in his name: prime minister
| parliament
parliamentary democracy
168
(japan's gov) emperor hirohito ruled from
1926-1989
169
(japan's gov) by late 1920s economic ... threatened democracy:
moderate politicians ...
stress; assassinated
170
(japan's gov) government comes more and more under the influence of the ... throughout the 1930s
military
171
(japan's gov) extreme ... dominates the government and society
all other cultures are ".."
nationalism; barbarian
172
(japanese militarism in 1930s) militarism and nationalism suggest: territorial expansion to fix ... and become ...; japan's lack of ... also a major factor
economic problems; strong; natural resources
173
(manchurian crisis-1931) japan had .... and ... influence in manchuria since 1905
military; economic
174
(manchurian crisis-1931) in 1931, japanese junior officers blew up a japanese-owned rr bridge to ... (blamed ...)
provoke trouble; chinese
175
(manchurian crisis-1931) japanese gov angry at 1st but then sees ..., source of ...
ivades and sets up ... of manchukuo
opportunity; raw materials; puppet state
176
(invasion of china-1937) skirmishes between ... and ... troops were common in the 1930s
chinese and japanese
177
(invasion of china-1937) in 1937, japan committed to a
full-scale nvasion
178
(invasion of china-1937) invasion partly driven by the ... as it was semi-independent of gov control in china; partly driven by desire for ... and ...
japanese army; natural resources; labor
179
(rape of nanking) 200,000 civilians killed
japanese ... chinese women and ... them
people randomly ..
raped; bayoneted; executed
180
concerning japan's full-scale war in china the world does little except
protest
181
japan needs .. to feed ... and ...
raw materials; war machine; economy
182
soviet union is ruled out after disastrous
border war in 1939
183
soviet-japanese neutrality pact:
april 1941
184
(july 1940) japan seizes french ...--> french is under german control. britain can't do anything as they are being ...
indochina; being bombed
185
(u.s. reaction) in 1940, FDR imposes ... of key materials: o... and ...; ..., ... and ...; ... and ...
economic embarge; oil; fuel; rubber; steel; scrap metal; iron; copper
186
(u.s. reaction) in july 1941, u.s. freezes ...
japan eneters ongoing negotiations with the u.s.: u.s. wants japan to return to ...; japan wants u.s. to stay ... in asia
japanese assets; 1931 borders; neutral
187
(japan's dilemma) u.s is reacting to japanese
aggression
188
(japan's dilemma) u.s. is ...a nd ... than japan
bigger; stronger
189
(japan's dilemma) general hideki tojo: war ..., becomes prime minister in oct 1941 and decides .... is required
minister; aggressive action
190
(japan chooses war) plan: devastate the ... in ..., especially battleships
us pacific fleet; pearl harbor, hawaii
191
(japan chooses war) expected results: us will ... and ... or the us will be unable to react for ... by which time japan will be ...
back down; leave japan alone; 9-12 months; even stronger
192
(japanese attack) fleet leaves japan on nov 26, 1941; arrives within range of pearl harbor on
dec 7, 1941
193
(japanese attack) ... aircraft carriers and ... planes
6; 414
194
(diplomatic background) u.s. and japan had been in diplomatic negotiations to .... since july 1941
broker a peace deal
195
(diplomatic background) japan intended to advise the US that "negotiations were over"
30 min before the attack
196
(diplomatic background) japan govt transmission of the fact that negotiations over to japanese diplomats in DC took ...; delivered .. after the attack was underway
too long to decode and deliver; an hour
197
(diplomatic background) ... civilians killed in the attack
68
198
(outcome of pearl harbor) only ... battleships lost, 2 sunken ships were ... and ...
2; raised; repaired
199
(outcome of pearl harbor) all battleships present were ...; new state-of-the art battleships under construction including the ...
old; USS New Jersey
200
(outcome of pearl harbor) the three .... were not present--> ww2's most ...
pacific aircraft carriers; important ship
201
(outcome of pearl harbor) a third wave to ... not launched
devastate repair facilities/ oil storage
202
person who planned japanese attack→
admiral isoroku yamamoto
203
(why attack u.s.) japan was driven to ... for ... and ... needs esp raw materials and siberia was ruled out because of ...
conquer neighbors; economic; military; neutrality pact
204
```
(why attack u.s.) target: ...
French indochina
British burma, malaya & singapore
dutch east indies
U.S. phillippines
```
southeast Asia
205
(why attack u.s.) needed to ... the U.S.- japan's only ...
neutralize; threat
206
(why attack u.s.) goal: east asia ...
| ... of east asia by japan
co-prosperity sphere; domination
207
after pearl harbor, japan attacked and conquered the following places for ...:
```
raw materials;
malaya & singapore
burma
indonesia
thailand
northern new guinea
```
208
japan also attacked u.s. possessions in the pacific
wake island
guam island
the philippines
209
(the philippines) japanese attack on 12/8/41 and gain upper hand:
u.s. troops ...., geared for ...
japanese forces are ...
most of u.s. planes ... on ground alt outset
inexperienced; peactime; elite combat veterans; destroyed
210
(the philippines) general douglas macarthur: army commander in far east
ordered to personally .... by fdr in march 1942
"i shall ..."
evacuate; return
211
(philippines fall) u.s. troops fight on until ..., cut off from any ...
may 1942; re-supply
212
(philippines fall) 75,000 american & filipino troops
surrender
213
(philippines fall) forced on ... to prison camp
55 mile hike
214
bataan death march: over ... troops die/killed on 55 mile march to prison camp
7,000
215
(doolittle raid-april 1942) commander:
col. james doolittle
216
(doolittle raid-april 1942) 16 bombers launched from .... (U.S.S. Hornet) ... miles from Japan
aircraft carrier; 800
217
(doolittle raid-april 1942) plan: bomb ... and ....
tokyo; fly to china
218
(doolittle raid-april 1942) ... land in china
15 bombers
219
(doolittle raid-april 1942) ... bombers land in soviet union
1
220
(doolittle raid-april 1942) results: ... damage to tokyo with ... dead
minimal; 50
221
(doolittle raid-april 1942) ... airman ok
69
222
(doolittle raid-april 1942) significance: major ... for america, japanese military ... which affects their military ...
morale boost; embarrassed; planning
223
(battle of the coral sea-may 1942) japanese ... planned for ...→direct threat to ... which was an american ... and main ... for ...
invasion; southern new guinea; australia; ally; base; supplies
224
(battle of the coral sea-may 1942) first sea battle in which opposing fleets did not ...→... attacked fleets
see each other; carrier based planes
225
(battle of the coral sea-may 1942) tactically-a tie: u.s. lost ... but japan held the ...
less; field of battle
226
(battle of the coral sea-may 1942) strategically- a us. ...: japanese invasion force ... for first time
victory; turned away
227
(battle of the coral sea-may 1942) u.s.
morale boost
228
(battle of midway- june 1942) goal: japan wanted a .. (midway) to ... and destroy the ... in the process--> threaten ...
base; extend its perimeter; us aircraft carriers; hawaii
229
(battle of midway- june 1942) victor:
u.s.a
230
(battle of midway- june 1942) significance: .... of the pacific war. serious blow to ....
japan will be on the ... for the remainder of the war
turning point; japan's navy; defensive
231
(battle of guadalcanal aug 1942- feb 1943) goal: japan wanted an .... to .... en route to ...
air base; harrass allied supplies; australia
232
(battle of guadalcanal aug 1942- feb 1943) goal: japan occupied ... in feb 1942 ...
guadalcanal; unopposed
233
(battle of guadalcanal aug 1942- feb 1943) the u.s. marines land in
1942
234
(battle of guadalcanal aug 1942- feb 1943) victor:
u.s.a
235
(battle of guadalcanal aug 1942- feb 1943) significance: first u.s.
offensive ground operations
236
(battle of guadalcanal aug 1942- feb 1943) significance: japan will not ... for the remainder of the war
invade new territory
237
(battle of guadalcanal aug 1942- feb 1943) significance: blueprint for combined use of
land, naval and air forces
238
(sgt john basilone, U.S.M.C. of Raritan, NJ) awarded
congressional medal of honro
239
(sgt john basilone, U.S.M.C. of Raritan, NJ) his machine gun crews (12 men) held off ....
3,000 japanese attackers, killing 1,000
240
(sgt john basilone, U.S.M.C. of Raritan, NJ) only ... and ... were standing after the overnight attack
basilone; 2 others
241
(after pearl harbor) germany and italy declare war on U.S. on ... for following reason:
- allies of ...
- u.s. material spport for ...
- "cat and mouse" game: u.s. ...and german ... in atlantic
dec 11, 1941; japan; britain and soviets; navy; u-boats
242
(after pearl harbor) hitler hated the U.S.: democracies were "..." U.S. was a "..." nation, saw u.s. as a.... anyway
weak; mongrel; long-term threat
243
```
germany, italy and japan were "allies":
had common ...- U.S. and britain
but each had its own ... and ...
never truly coordinated their efforts:
germany and italy invaded the soviet union but japan and soviets had a ...
```
enemies; agenda; spheres of influence; non-aggression pact
244
fdr & churchill had developed a working parternship and personal friendship before pearl harbor that reflected the common ... and ... of the U.S. and Britain:
..., ..., and ...
history; values; democracy; freedom; liberty
245
(a united front- britain and u.s.) agreed on a germany first strategy: greater resources to be dedicated to
defeating Germany first
246
(a united front- britain and u.s.) agreed on a .... in europe
unified military command
247
(a united front- britain and u.s.) germany seen as ... : bombing britain, fighting the U.S. & british navies in our "backyard", fighting the soviet union on a 1,200 mile front
bigger threat
248
(the u-boat threat) america had become the "arsenal of democracy" but supplies were needed over there, german u-boats ruled the ... in 1942: solo u-boats and in attack groups known as "..."
atlantic; wolf packs
249
(s.s. dixie arrow) enroute texas to ... sunk may 1942 off cape hatteras, NC
nj
250
(u-boats) counter-measures: ... on east coast of u.s., ...., air .., better ..., sheer number of ... both ... and ..., .... die in wwiii
blackouts; convoys; patrols; sonar/tactics; ships; escorts; merchant; 8,000 merchant sailors
251
(the eastern front- 1942) summer 1942, nazi goal to take ... in southern Soviet Union, city of ... in the way
oil foods; stalingrad
252
(battle of stalingrad: sept 1942- feb 1943) german and russian army, relatively equivalent in
strength
253
(battle of stalingrad: sept 1942- feb 1943) sept 1942- germans
bomb city into rubble
254
(battle of stalingrad: sept 1942- feb 1943) oct 1942- germans hold ... of city
90%
255
(battle of stalingrad: sept 1942- feb 1943) vicious ... with small groups
street fighting
256
(battle of stalingrad: sept 1942- feb 1943) ... a major weapon
snipers
257
(battle of stalingrad: sept 1942- feb 1943) ... have advantage
soviet defenders
258
(battle of stalingrad: sept 1942- feb 1943) nov 1942
| soviets surround ... germans
250,000
259
(battle of stalingrad: sept 1942- feb 1943) feb 1943: last 90,000 germans ...., only ... would return to germany after the war
surrender; 6,000
260
(battle of stalingrad: sept 1942- feb 1943) significance: stalingrad the ... of war in europe
germans would be on ... vs. soviets until ... may 1945
turning point; defensive; final surrender
261
(vichy france) under ... control, nations in ... owned by france
nazi; africa
262
(the north africa campaign: the battle of el alamein, oct 1942) significant victory on part of
british
263
(operation torch) goal: drive the ... and ... out of north africa, gain control of ..., potential to ...
germans; italians; mediterranean; invade italy
264
(operation torch) result: ... win
allies
265
(operation torch) ... personally escapes before final defeat
.... germans and italians ... in may 1943
rommel; 275,000; surrender
266
year of turning points;
1943
267
(1943 turning pt) feb 1943: japanese defeated on
guadalcanal
268
(1943 turning pt) feb 1943: germans surrender to soviets @
stalingrad
269
(1943 turning pt) may 1943: germans and italians surrender in
north africa
270
(1943 turning pt) merchant ships sunk in 1943 cut by ... vs. 1942
67%
271
(1943 turning pt) after feb 1943- germans and japanese on
defensive for rest of war
272
(casablanca conference) fdr & churchill meet in morocco in jan 1943 and agree to:
increase ... of germany
invade ...
demand "...." of the axis powers: no deals
aerial bombing; italy; unconditional surrender
273
(bombing capaign: 1942-43) british efforts: bombed by ..., ... bombing: large # of bombs over ..., goal: inflict most ..., reduce ...
night; saturation; wide area; damage; airplane losses
274
(bombing capaign: 1942-43) american efforts: bombed by ..., needed to ...; ... bombing: bombs targeted at .... such as ..., ..., ...; goal: reduce german ..
day; target; strategic; high value targets; factories; power plants; U-Boat docks; war effort
275
B-17
flying fortress
276
(bombing capaign: 1942-43) costly campaing: ... us airmen killed, ... u.s. planes lost, allied fighter escorts could not make whole trip until .., but: shot down ... german planes
30,000; 18,000; 1944; 30,000
277
(bombing capaign: 1942-43) effect on german war effort ..., production ... in 1944
BUT: germans forced to shift planes to ...., helped ...
debatable; increased; defend homeland; soviets
278
(tuskegee airmen) ... pilots, ... escorts, flew ... missions, never ....
african-american; fighter; 1500; lost a bomber
279
(the italian campaign: europe's "soft underbelly") summer of 1943, allies not strong enough to ..., decide italy would be possible, mainland italy invaded ...,
invade France; sept 1943
280
(the italian campaign: europe's "soft underbelly") italy ...: fighting against german troops would go until ...
surrenders; end of war
281
(the italian campaign: europe's "soft underbelly") italy proves ... due to .., .., and ...
difficult; rivers, mountains, rain
282
(the battle for sicily: july 1943) allies take island but most germans ..., mussolini ... and ..., but is rescued by ...
escape to mainland; forced out; arrested; German special forces
283
(gen. george patton) brilliant american ..., led ...., "old blood and guts"
tank commander; invasion of sicily;
284
(tehran conference november 1943) the big three:
fdr, churchill, stalin
285
(tehran conference november 1943) big three met for first time, stalin upset that the U.S./ Britain have not ..., considers mediterranean activity a ..., us./brits agree to ... in may 1944, soviets agree in principle to fight Japan after ...., agree to recognize ...
invaded france; diversion; invade france; defeat of germany; iranian independence
286
the battle of monte casino- february, 1944: bombed
cathedral
287
the allies liberate rome:
june 5, 1944
288
in 1940, american armed forces was ..., but 1942: ...
460,000; 4.0 million men
289
1942 american rmed forces had some volunteers, which consisted of ... african-ameriacns, ... mexican-americans, ... native americans
1 million; 300,000; 25,000
290
american armed forces was ... by 1945
12 million
291
(women join up) W.A.A.C.s
women's army auxiliary corps
292
(women join up) part of the army; ... women who were ..., ..., ..
150,000; clerks; drivers; technicians
293
(women join up) other branches copied the W.A.A.C.s:
navy: W.A.V.E.S
| air corp: W.A.S.Ps
294
(women join up) ... nurses, ... women overseas
57,000; 15,000
295
(maximize production) war production board- jan 1942: managed the conversion of industry from
peacetime to wartime production
296
(maximize production) office of war mobilization: ... and .. production: allocate .., regulate production of ..., control ..., negotiate ...
plan; coordinate; scarce materials; civilian goods; inflation; production contracts
297
(ford motor company) converted assembly lines to production of ...
B-24
war products; liberator bomber
298
(kaiser shipyards) developed "...": large capacity ..., could be built in ... days, used "..." parts
liberty ships; merchant ships; 4.5; pre-assembled
299
(american war production) by 1944, u.s. production levels were ... that of germany and japan combined
2x
300
unemployment ... significantly between 1940 and 1944
decreased
301
(bracero program) problem: ... farm workers in the ...
100,000; miitary
302
(bracero program) solution: u.s. arranged for ten o fthousands of mexican workers to
fill jobs mainly in california
303
(bracero program) impact: accelerated a trend that
continues to this day
304
(latinos at war) latinos were not organized into ..., estimated 250,000-500,000 served, 13 ... recipients
separate units; congressional medal of honro
305
(latinos at war) sgt. jose lopez: killed ... germans with a ... during battle of the bulge- providing cover to his unit as it ...
100; machine gun; retreated
306
(rationing) limited amounts of certain products
available to each person
307
(rationaing) people given weekly coupon books for:
```
gasoline
coffee
meat
butter
sugar
tires
```
308
(recycling) collections were made for materials that could be ..., including: ..., ..., ..., ..., ...
reused for war production; scrap metal; paper; rubber; glass; cooking fat
309
(paying for the war) war cost ..., how pay? national deb in 1945: ... billion
... atax on all workers
$330 billion; $269; 5%
310
(paying for the war) war bonds: loans made to the government in exchange for
interest
311
(controlling the economy) office of price administration: agency charged with ..., set ma..., controlled ..
controlling inflation; maximum prices; rents
312
(controlling the economy) national war labor board: strictly controlled ... and ..., companies could not offer ... to ...→offered ..., like health insurance
wages; increases; higher wages; attract workers; benefits
313
(office of war information) federal agency that coordinated with the ... (radio, print, movies) to promote ...
media; support of the war
314
(office of war information) be careful with ..., ..., ..., ..., ... and ...
info ; ration/recycle; war bonds; join military; unity; patriotism
315
(election of 1944) FDR against
thomas e. dewey
316
(election of 1944) thomas e. dewey is .... of NY and ...
republican governor; federal prosecutor
317
(election of 1944) .. wins ...
FDR; 4th term
318
(japanese-americans) 120,000 residents of ... lived in US (mainland 48 states) in 1942
japanese ancestry
319
(japanese-americans) ... of the 120,000 were american citizens, born here -...
2/3; nissei
320
(japanese-americans) ... of the 120,000 were non citizens, born in japan-...
1/3; issei
321
(japanese-americans lived primarily on
west coast
322
(executive order 9066) FDR allowed local military commanders to designate "..." as ".." from which "..."
military areas; exclusion zones; any or all persons may be excluded
323
(executive order 9066) japanese-americans were targeted for removal: their ... was questioned, suspecting of .. and ...
loyalty; sabotage; spying
324
(executive order 9066) ultimately, .. people were relocated to .. in sparsely populated, inland western states
120,000; camps
325
(executive order 9066) ...% of hawaiin population (... people) were japanese
33; 150,000
326
(executive order 9066) hawaiin japanese were not ... as it was not ... or essential to the ... and ...
put in camps; practical; economy; war effort
327
(executive order 9066) hawaiian japanese were subject to ... and ...
curfews; discrimination
328
(executive order 9066) german/italian americans were not
rounded up
329
(korematsu vs. the U.S.) a american citizen of japanese descent, Fred Korematsu, was arrested for ...
resisting the roder
330
(korematsu vs. the U.S.) filed a lawsuit that charged as an american citizen he was denied
equal protection under the law
331
(korematsu vs. the U.S.) in 1944, the u.s. supreme court ruled against korematsu and said that the military order was
justified for security reasons
332
(korematsu vs. the U.S.) dissenting justice frank murphy wrote that the internment "falls into the ugly abyss of ..."
racism
333
(the internment) 442nd infantry regiment: ... soldiers; ... from hawaii; ... from camps; fought in ...; most ... in US history; ... killed in action
japanese-american; 3,000; 1,000; europe; decorated unit; 650
334
reparations to japanese: 1948→... granted to claims of property loans
$38 million
335
civil liberties act of 1988 $1.2 billion, granted ... to each surviving detainee
$20,000
336
europe- april 1944: soviets pushing nazis back on ... with massive .., had been urging an ... since 1942
eastern front; casualties; invasion of france
337
(operation overlord) the allied invasion of ... in june 1944
normandy, france
338
(operation overlord) plan: land ... men on beaches, supported by 6,900 ships and 12,000 airplanes; the atlantic wall→german coastal ...
160,000; fortification system
339
(operation overlord) planned for 6/5/44; men loaded on planes and ships night of ..., cancelled by ike for ...
6/4; bad weather
340
(operation overlord) general dwight "ike" eisenhower→supreme ..., ... operation
allied commander; headed
341
D-Day:
june 6, 1944
342
(d-Day) ... men to land including ... paratroopers, eisenhower meets the ... before the jump
160,000; 20,000 paratroopers; 101st Airborne Division
343
(d-Day) success! by end of the day: ... allied troops in france, controlled ... square miles; allied losses: ...
155,000; 80; 4,400 killed
344
(normandy breakout) allied troops trapped in "..." territory until late July; ... too thick for tanks to break through
bocage; hedgerows
345
(normandy breakout) curtis culin of nj attached a ... to tanks
hedge-breaking thing
346
tanks:
u.s. sherman tank; german tiger tank
347
july 20, 1944, Hitler assassination attempt: major Claus von Stauffenberg, put ... by Hitler's desk
briefcase of explosives
348
paris liberated
august 25, 1944
349
hitler's "secret weapons":
v-1 rocket: "buzz bolmb" (highly inaccurate aim); V-2 Rocket
350
(the battle of the bulge: hitler's last offensive dec. 16, 1944- jn 25, 1945) the nazi goal: hitler wanted to ... the allied armies, seize the main ... of antwerp, belgium, the us and Britain would then ...
split; supply port; negotiate a peace
351
(the battle of the bulge: hitler's last offensive dec. 16, 1944- jn 25, 1945) the nazi plan: mass 200,000 troops and 1,000 tanks; strike the allied forces in a ...- the ardennes forest
use ...- whichground allies planes to his advantage
weak sector; bad weather
352
(the battle of the bulge: hitler's last offensive dec. 16, 1944- jn 25, 1945) fail: us 101st airborne holds ..., allies shift armies to .. (general patton), weather ... and allied airplanes join the fight, the u.s. and british troops ...
crossroads of bastogne; counter-attack; improves; roll in western germany
353
(FDR Dies) FDR had been re-elected in 1944 to a fourth term, but dies on ..., succeeded by ...
april 12, 1945; vice president harry truman
354
(battle of berlin: apr 15- may 2, 1945) ... take berlin!
soviets
355
mussolini and his mistress, claretta petacci are hung in .., on ...
milan; apr 28, 1945
356
hitler commits sucide on .. with ...
april 30, 1945; cyanide and gunshot
357
(V-E Day- May 8, 1945) the plan→island hopping: ... and take over ... on the way to Japan; at the same time, ... other japanese-held islands along the way
assault; key islands; isolate
358
(V-E Day- May 8, 1945) the plan: supreme commander was
admiral chester nimitz (naval & marine forces)
359
(V-E Day- May 8, 1945) at the same time: general macarthur would lead a ... (U.S. Army) through ... and the ...
land-based campaign; New Guinea; Philippines
360
(island hopping) tarawa, gilbert islands: nov 1943, 170 U.S. dead, Japan 4500 dead with 17 survivors; u.s. learned from
mistakes made here
361
(kwajalein Atoll) marshall islands, feb 1944, 372 U.S. dead; Japan 8,000 dead: 100 survivors, japan learned defending at the beach..
too costly
362
(U.S.S. New Jersey) battleship: nine .. guns with .. mile ranges; .. ft. long; launched ...; joined pacific war in jan 1944; most ... in U.S. naval history
16" 30; 900; 1943; decorated battleship
363
(battle of saipan Jun 15- Jul 9, 1944) goal: u.s. wanted an air base to ...
launch bombing raids of mainland japan
364
(battle of saipan Jun 15- Jul 9, 1944) victor:
usa
365
(battle of saipan Jun 15- Jul 9, 1944) significance: provided an .. within range of ... massive .. over japan could begin
air base; mainland Japan; bombing campaign
366
(japanese resistance) guided by ...: ancient japanese warriors code that stressed .. and ... until death--> ... was dishonorable
bushido; loyalty; honor; surrender
367
(japanese resistance) on saipan, a large % of japanese soldiers died in a final ...: a ... when the battle is lost
Banzai charge; suicidal charge at the enemy
368
the b-29 superfortress: b-29 could reach apan from
saipan & tinian
369
(the battle of peleliu sept 15- nov 27, 1944) goal: the u.s. wanted to ... that threatened the planned invasion of the philippines
neutralize the Japanese airfield
370
(the battle of peleliu sept 15- nov 27, 1944) u.s. planned to win in
4 days
371
(the battle of peleliu sept 15- nov 27, 1944) victor:
USA
372
(the battle of peleliu sept 15- nov 27, 1944) significanc: demontrated the move away from ... to tenacious defense based on ... and ...
banzai tactics; caves; fortified bunkers
373
(the battle of peleliu sept 15- nov 27, 1944) significane: the strtegic value of peleliu has been questioned by
military historians
374
(battle of the philippines oct 1944- aug 1945) complex invasion of ..., former ..., significant ..., macarthur, fighting continued in places until ...
multiple, large islands; u.s. territory; japanese forces; end of war
375
(kamikazes) ... whose mission was to slam their ... into U.S. ships
suicide pilots; bomb-loaded planes
376
(kamikazes) means
"divine wind"
377
(kamikazes) why?
- inflict ...
planes ..
... planes
no time to ...
glorious to ...
massive casualties; outclassed; too few; train pilots; die for the emperor
378
(kamikazes) ... kamikaze attacks
2800
379
(kamikazes) sank .. ships: . escort carriers, ... destroyers
34; 3; 14
380
(kamikazes) damaged ... other ships including the U.S.S. Intrepid; ... u.s. sailors killed, .. wounded
368 others; 4900; 4800
381
(battle of iwo jima Feb 19- mar 26, 1945) goal: the us needed an ... between Saipan/Tinian and Japan to provide a ... for shorter-range fighter planes to ... and to give damaged bombers a ...
airfield; base; escort bombers; closer place to land
382
(battle of iwo jima Feb 19- mar 26, 1945) victor:
usa
383
(battle of iwo jima Feb 19- mar 26, 1945) significance: provided the desired ... much closer to ...
airfield; mainland Japan
384
(battle of okinawa apr 1945- june 1945) goal: the u.s. needed a major ... to launch an invasion of ...
base of operation; mainland japan
385
(battle of okinawa apr 1945- june 1945) victor:
usa
386
(battle of okinawa apr 1945- june 1945) significance: The U.S. now had a ... from which to ... mainland Japan
the horrific costs in life on both sides was not ...
major base; invade; lost on the americans
387
(battle of okinawa apr 1945- june 1945) the bombers:
b-17 flying fortress (europe)
| B-20 "Super Fortress" (pacific)
388
"little friends": p-51 mustang fighter: introduced winter of ..., could ... to Germany and back, reduced ...
1943-44; escort bombers; bomber losses
389
(conventional raids) initally high ..,
explosive bombs
390
(conventional raids) shift to .. bombs: "fire-bombing": use of bombs designed to ..., goal to destroy everything in German & Japanese cities : destroy ..., demoralize ...
incendiary; start fires; factories; civilians
391
(the bomb) albert einstein alerted FDR about potential ... in aug 1939
german super weapon
392
(the bomb) manhattan project: code name for development of ... by US; top secret- truman had to be ... when FDR died; july 19, 1945: successful test in ...
atomic bomb; told about it; new mexico deserlt
393
(the decision) dropped an a-bomb on hiroshima on ..., with .. killed/ japan does not ...
aug 6, 1945; 100,000; surrender
394
(the decision) dropped an a-bomb on nagasaki on ..., with ... killed/ Japan does not immediately ...
aug 9, 1945; 65,000; surrender
395
(the decision) aug 15, 1945: japan ...; emperor hirohito addresses the nation on ... for the first time; extremist military officers try to ... but are ...
surrenders; radio; kidnap Hirohito; killed
396
(the decision) V-J Day: aug 15, 1945:
the war is really over
397
(formal ending- sept 2, 1945) japanese representatives sign formal .. in u.s.s. missouri in ...
surrender; tokyo bay
398
(formal ending- sept 2, 1945) emperor hirohito allowed to ..., ceremonial position- .. power, had to declare he was ...
stay on; zero power; not a god
399
(2-tme survivor) tsutomu yamaguchi: was visiting hiroshima on aug 6, survived, returned home to ... in time for aug 9 bomb, died in ... at age ..
nagasaki; 2010; 93
400
(holocaust- early period 1933-39) nuremberg laws- 1935: laws that deprived Jews of
basic civil rights
401
(holocaust- early period 1933-39) kristallnacht- Nov 9-10, 1938: "night of the ..."
organized rampage by nazi thugs that ..., .. of Jewish men
broken glass; destroyed Jewish neighborhoods and synagogues; mass arrests
402
(holocaust- early period 1933-39) concentration camps (harsh prisons): tens of thousands ...: jews and ...
incarcerated; political prisoners
403
(holocaust- early period 1933-39) only ... Jews in german nation of ... million
500,000; 80
404
(holocaust- early war period 1939-1941) ghettos: in occupied territory, jews were forcedinto cramped portions of major cities and ..
sealed off with barbed wires and walls
405
(holocaust- early war period 1939-1941) einsatzgruppen (mobile death squads): operated in ..., esp. ...; killed ... Jews via ... and ....
eastern europe; soviet union; 2 million; machine gun massacres; mobile gas chamber vans/trucks
406
(holocaust- early war period 1939-1941) wannsee conference- jan 1942: top nazis unhappy with answers to ".", agreed to a "..." to this question
jewish question; final solution
407
(holocaust- late war period 1942- 1945) concentration (work) camps (dachau, buchenwald): primarily located in .... with prisoners being ..., ..., ..., and ...
germany; jews; roma (gypsies); homosexuals; political enemies
408
(holocaust- late war period 1942- 1945) concentration camps: inmates forced to .., man "worked to ..." or ...
work; death; executed for infractions
409
(holocaust- late war period 1942- 1945) new extermination (death) camps (auschwitz, Treblinka) primarily located in ..., -esp. .... with ..., ..., ..., and ...
eastern europe; poland; jews; gypsies; homosexuals; poltical enemies
410
(holocaust- late war period 1942- 1945) inmates unfit for ...- ... upon arrival via ...; other inmates ... to death
work; exterminated; gas chambers; worked
411
(holocaust- late war period 1942- 1945) new slave labor camps: prisoners were ..., ..., ...; inmates forced to ..., many "worked to ..." or ...
prisoners of war; christian poles; russians; work; death; executed for infractions
412
(holocaust- a survivor) by the age of 17, mr. henry greenbaum had been enslaved in ... in .. years, and was on his wy to a sixth, when american soldiers freed him in ...; greenbaum said that "everything should be ..."
five camps; five; 1945; documented
413
(holocaust results) in 1933, ... jews lived in europe: by may 1945, ... jews killed in holocaust (... in camps, ... by einsatzgruppen)
9 million; 6 million; 4 million; 2 million
414
(holocaust- late war period 1942- 1945) ... other people killed, consisting of: ..., ..., ... & ... ill, ... and ...., ..- especially ... and ...
5 million; gypsies; homosexuals; disabled; mentally; communists; dissenters; slavs; poles; russians
415
(holocaust guilt) eisenhower ordered theGerman civilians ... and ... camps; civilian ...; troops/guards/mid-level leader "excuse"--> "i was just ..."
view; clean up; excuses; following orders
416
(fdr and the holocaust) refugees in the 1930s ... let in; fdr was aware that something was happening with jews, but didn't know ...
weren't; precisely what
417
(holocaust guilt) war refugees board - (1944): created by FDR's ..., worked with ...t o rescue ... jews
executive order; neutral nations; 200,000
