WWI, WWII, Cold War Flashcards by Nina Ognjenović

What event directly triggered the start of World War I in 1914?
A. The Treaty of Versailles
B. The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
C. The invasion of Poland
D. The signing of the Treaty of Westphalia

B. The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

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Who assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife, Sophia, in Sarajevo?
A. A member of the Austro-Hungarian government
B. A Bosnian Serb nationalist named Gavrilo Princip
C. A Hungarian revolutionary
D. A German spy

B. A Bosnian Serb nationalist named Gavrilo Princip

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What group was Gavrilo Princip a member of when he assassinated Franz Ferdinand?
A. Black Hand
B. Young Bosnia
C. Serbian National Alliance
D. National Socialist Party

B. Young Bosnia

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What was Gavrilo Princip’s motive for assassinating the Archduke?
A. To support German dominance in Europe
B. To end Austro-Hungarian rule over Bosnia and Herzegovina
C. To unify Austria-Hungary under Serbian rule
D. To gain control over the Serbian government

B. To end Austro-Hungarian rule over Bosnia and Herzegovina

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How did Austria-Hungary respond to the assassination of Franz Ferdinand?
A. By declaring war on Serbia, with support from Germany
B. By annexing Bosnia and Herzegovina
C. By seeking a peaceful resolution with Serbia
D. By aligning with Serbia against Russia

A. By declaring war on Serbia, with support from Germany

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What was Kaiser Wilhelm’s role in the outbreak of World War I?
A. He led Germany to declare war on Great Britain first
B. He secretly pledged Germany’s support to Austria-Hungary against Serbia
C. He acted as a neutral mediator between Austria-Hungary and Serbia
D. He persuaded Russia to remain neutral

B. He secretly pledged Germany’s support to Austria-Hungary against Serbia

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Which country supported Serbia after Austria-Hungary declared war?
A. Germany
B. Russia
C. France
D. Great Britain

B. Russia

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What was the “chain reaction” of alliances following Austria-Hungary’s declaration of war on Serbia?
A. Austria-Hungary allied with France, prompting Britain to support Germany
B. Germany declared war on France and Russia, while France and Britain backed Serbia
C. Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia; Russia backed Serbia; France backed Russia; Germany declared war on Russia and invaded Belgium and France; Britain backed France
D. Russia declared war on Serbia, leading France to attack Austria-Hungary

C. Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia; Russia backed Serbia; France backed Russia; Germany declared war on Russia and invaded Belgium and France; Britain backed France

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What were the primary alliances at the start of World War I?
A. Austria-Hungary and Germany vs. Serbia, Russia, France, and Great Britain
B. Austria-Hungary, Germany, and Russia vs. Serbia and France
C. Austria-Hungary and France vs. Germany, Russia, and Great Britain
D. Serbia, Russia, Germany, and Great Britain vs. Austria-Hungary and France

A. Austria-Hungary and Germany vs. Serbia, Russia, France, and Great Britain

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On what date were Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife assassinated, marking the immediate cause of World War I?
A. June 15, 1914
B. July 1, 1914
C. June 28, 1914
D. August 4, 1914

C. June 28, 1914

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When did Austria-Hungary formally declare war on Serbia, beginning the conflict that would lead to World War I?
A. July 28, 1914
B. August 1, 1914
C. August 4, 1914
D. June 28, 1914

A. July 28, 1914

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Who secretly pledged their support to Austria-Hungary, providing a “carte blanche” for the declaration of war on Serbia?
A. Franz Ferdinand
B. Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany
C. Tsar Nicholas II of Russia
D. King George V of Great Britain

B. Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany

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Who declared war on Russia after Russia pledged support to Serbia?
A. Great Britain
B. France
C. Germany
D. Austria-Hungary

C. Germany

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Which of the following territories were part of Austria-Hungary prior to World War I?
A. Austria, Hungary, large parts of Poland, Romania, and Yugoslavia
B. Austria, Germany, large parts of Switzerland, Belgium, and Romania
C. Austria, Italy, large parts of France, Romania, and Serbia
D. Austria, Denmark, large parts of Sweden, Finland, and Poland

A. Austria, Hungary, large parts of Poland, Romania, and Yugoslavia

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Why did Serbia oppose Austro-Hungarian rule over Bosnia and Herzegovina, and how did Austria-Hungary intend to respond to Serbian nationalism?
A. Serbia wanted to annex Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Austria-Hungary planned to form an alliance with Serbia
B. Serbia sought to end Austro-Hungarian control over Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Austria-Hungary saw the situation as an opportunity to suppress Serbian nationalism
C. Serbia wanted to expand its influence in the Balkans, while Austria-Hungary offered Bosnia and Herzegovina independence
D. Serbia opposed German influence in the region, and Austria-Hungary planned to mediate between Serbia and Germany

B. Serbia sought to end Austro-Hungarian control over Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Austria-Hungary saw the situation as an opportunity to suppress Serbian nationalism

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When did the United States declare war on Germany, officially entering World War I?
A. July 28, 1914
B. May 7, 1915
C. April 6, 1917
D. November 11, 1918

C. April 6, 1917

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Which country did Woodrow Wilson favor despite his attempts to keep the United States neutral?
A. France
B. Germany
C. Great Britain
D. Austria-Hungary

C. Great Britain

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What was one of Wilson’s early efforts during World War I?
A. Forming an alliance with France and Great Britain
B. Attempting to broker a peace deal between the warring nations
C. Deploying troops to defend Belgium
D. Declaring an embargo on Germany

B. Attempting to broker a peace deal between the warring nations

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What tactic did both sides use to try to sway U.S. public opinion during the early years of World War I?
A. Economic sanctions
B. Military threats
C. Propaganda campaigns
D. Blockades

C. Propaganda campaigns

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What strategy did Germany employ in the waters surrounding Britain and Ireland, leading to tensions with the U.S.?
A. A naval blockade
B. Submarine warfare and a declaration of a ‘war zone’
C. Economic sanctions
D. Air raids on British ships

B. Submarine warfare and a declaration of a ‘war zone’

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What did former President Theodore Roosevelt want to do in response to German actions during World War I?
A. Join the German military
B. Re-constitute the ‘Rough Riders,’ an all-volunteer fighting force he led in the Spanish-American War
C. Run for president again to challenge Wilson
D. Form an alliance with Austria-Hungary

B. Re-constitute the ‘Rough Riders,’ an all-volunteer fighting force he led in the Spanish-American War

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How did Germany respond to Britain’s naval blockade during World War I?
A. By declaring a ‘war zone’ around British and Irish waters, enforcing it with submarine warfare
B. By negotiating peace with the British
C. By launching air raids on London
D. By sending troops to invade Belgium

A. By declaring a ‘war zone’ around British and Irish waters, enforcing it with submarine warfare

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What was the United States’ stance at the start of World War I?
A. It immediately joined the Allied Powers
B. It remained neutral but provided goods, raw materials, and money to Great Britain and France
C. It initially sided with the Central Powers
D. It declared war on both sides

B. It remained neutral but provided goods, raw materials, and money to Great Britain and France

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Which event strained U.S. neutrality by causing the deaths of 128 Americans?
A. The Zimmermann Telegram
B. The sinking of the Lusitania
C. The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
D. The British blockade of Germany

B. The sinking of the Lusitania

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What action did Woodrow Wilson take after the sinking of the Lusitania? A. He immediately declared war on Germany B. He demanded that Germany end attacks on passenger ships and warned against unrestricted submarine warfare C. He announced an alliance with Great Britain D. He enacted a blockade of German ports

B. He demanded that Germany end attacks on passenger ships and warned against unrestricted submarine warfare

Which slogan helped Woodrow Wilson win reelection in November 1916? A. 'Make the World Safe for Democracy' B. 'Victory Without War' C. 'He Kept Us Out of War' D. 'Peace with Honor'

C. 'He Kept Us Out of War'

Who resigned as Secretary of State in protest of Wilson’s stance on neutrality? A. William Jennings Bryan B. Theodore Roosevelt C. Charles Evans Hughes D. Henry Cabot Lodge

A. William Jennings Bryan

How did former President Theodore Roosevelt react to the sinking of the Lusitania? A. He supported Wilson’s neutrality stance B. He denounced German acts as 'piracy' and pressured Wilson to declare war on Germany C. He advised Wilson to broker a peace deal with Germany D. He remained silent on the matter

B. He denounced German acts as 'piracy' and pressured Wilson to declare war on Germany

What term did Theodore Roosevelt use to criticize Wilson after the Zimmermann Telegram? A. 'A warmonger' B. 'The lily-livered skunk in the White House' C. 'A pacifist in sheep’s clothing' D. 'The great betrayer'

B. 'The lily-livered skunk in the White House'

Who were the primary Allied Powers at the beginning of World War I, forming the Triple Entente? A. France, Italy, and the United States B. France, Russia, and Britain C. Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy D. Germany, Japan, and Russia

B. France, Russia, and Britain

Who were the original members of the Central Powers, also known as the Triple Alliance? A. Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy B. Germany, Britain, and Italy C. France, Russia, and Britain D. Germany, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria

A. Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy

Which countries joined the Allies later in the war? A. The Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria B. Italy, Japan, Romania, and the United States C. Italy, Russia, Germany, and the Ottoman Empire D. Austria-Hungary, Japan, and Bulgaria

B. Italy, Japan, Romania, and the United States

What action by Germany led Britain to join the war on the side of the Allies? A. Germany’s invasion of Russia B. Germany’s alliance with the Ottoman Empire C. Germany’s march into neutral Belgium to attack France D. Germany’s naval blockade of Britain

C. Germany’s march into neutral Belgium to attack France

What were some of the major causes of World War I? A. Ethnic tension, the arms race, fear of a powerful Germany, and competition for colonies B. Isolationism, lack of alliances, and weak economies in Europe C. Peace treaties, international cooperation, and economic stability D. Religious conflict, economic alliances, and the collapse of the Ottoman Empire

A. Ethnic tension, the arms race, fear of a powerful Germany, and competition for colonies

How many soldiers and civilians were estimated to have died as a result of World War I? A. 12 million soldiers and 5 million civilians B. 9 million soldiers and 7 million civilians C. 15 million soldiers and 2 million civilians D. 6 million soldiers and 8 million civilians

B. 9 million soldiers and 7 million civilians

When did Italy join the Allies during World War I? A. 1914 B. 1915 C. 1916 D. 1917

B. 1915

What year did the United States join the Allies in World War I? A. 1914 B. 1915 C. 1916 D. 1917

D. 1917

Who joined the Central Powers during World War I alongside Germany and Austria-Hungary? A. Italy and Japan B. The Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria C. Romania and the United States D. France and Great Britain

B. The Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria

Who aligned with the Allies despite being a former member of the Central Powers, ultimately joining the fight against Austria-Hungary? A. Japan B. Italy C. Bulgaria D. The Ottoman Empire

B. Italy

What was the total financial cost of World War I? A. $200 billion B. $150 billion C. $337 billion D. $450 billion

C. $337 billion

How many total casualties resulted from World War I? A. 20 million casualties B. 30 million casualties C. 40 million casualties D. 10 million casualties

C. 40 million casualties

How many American lives were lost during World War I? A. 50,000 B. 200,000 C. 120,000 D. 75,000

C. 120,000

What was the main proposal made to Mexico in the Zimmermann Telegram? A. Mexico would receive financial aid from Germany B. Mexico would regain lost territory from the United States if it joined the war against the Allies C. Mexico would form an alliance with Great Britain D. Mexico would invade Canada on Germany’s behalf

B. Mexico would regain lost territory from the United States if it joined the war against the Allies

Which territories did Germany promise to help Mexico regain if it entered the war on the side of the Central Powers? A. California, Nevada, and Utah B. Arizona, Texas, and New Mexico C. Oregon, Idaho, and Wyoming D. Louisiana, Arkansas, and Missouri

B. Arizona, Texas, and New Mexico

Who intercepted and decrypted the Zimmermann Telegram, revealing Germany’s secret proposal to Mexico? A. American Intelligence B. French Codebreakers C. British Naval Intelligence Codebreakers D. Russian Spies

C. British Naval Intelligence Codebreakers

What was the purpose of Germany’s offer to Mexico in the Zimmermann Telegram? A. To establish trade relations with Mexico B. To encourage Mexico to join the war against the United States and the Allies C. To support a Mexican invasion of Canada D. To convince Mexico to adopt a monarchy

B. To encourage Mexico to join the war against the United States and the Allies

In what year was the Zimmermann Telegram sent, leading to increased tensions between the United States and Germany? A. 1914 B. 1915 C. 1917 D. 1918

C. 1917

What event in early 1917 directly led President Wilson to ask Congress for a declaration of war on Germany? A. Germany’s alliance with the Ottoman Empire B. Germany’s invasion of France C. German submarines sinking seven U.S. merchant ships D. The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

C. German submarines sinking seven U.S. merchant ships

Which other three factors (apart from Germany sinking seven merchant US ships) contributed to the United States’ decision to enter World War I? A. The sinking of the Lusitania, Germany’s alliance with Austria-Hungary, and U.S. alliances with Japan B. The Zimmermann Telegram, the fall of the Tsarist regime, and a $2 billion U.S. loan to Great Britain C. Germany’s invasion of Belgium, U.S. debt to France, and Wilson’s isolationist policies D. The Russian Revolution, the Treaty of Versailles, and a British naval blockade

B. The Zimmermann Telegram, the fall of the Tsarist regime, and a $2 billion U.S. loan to Great Britain

What did German Emperor Wilhelm II believe regarding U.S. intervention in World War I? A. The U.S. would quickly win the war for the Allies B. Germany could defeat the Allies before the U.S. could mobilize C. The U.S. would remain neutral throughout the conflict D. The U.S. would side with Germany

B. Germany could defeat the Allies before the U.S. could mobilize

In what areas did the United States make its major contributions to the Allied war effort after entering the war? A. Naval battles and air superiority B. Submarine warfare and espionage C. Supplies, raw materials, and financial support D. Territorial expansion and defense of Belgium

C. Supplies, raw materials, and financial support

How many military personnel did the United States mobilize during World War I? A. 2 million B. 3 million C. 4 million D. 5 million

C. 4 million

What was one significant outcome for the U.S. government as a result of its involvement in World War I? A. A dramatic reduction in military forces B. An expansion of government to manage the war effort C. A decrease in federal regulations D. A shift towards complete neutrality in future conflicts

B. An expansion of government to manage the war effort

What was one of President Wilson’s primary goals for the United States in joining World War I? A. To bring reform and democracy to the world B. To annex European territories C. To promote economic isolationism D. To expand the British Empire

A. To bring reform and democracy to the world

Which act did Congress pass to authorize conscription and raise a national army for World War I? A. The War Powers Act B. The Defense Act C. The Selective Service Act D. The National Guard Act

C. The Selective Service Act

What was the size of the U.S. Army at the start of World War I, and to what size did it grow after the draft? A. 500,000 to 1,000,000 B. 120,000 to 5,000,000 C. 300,000 to 2,500,000 D. 1,000,000 to 10,000,000

B. 120,000 to 5,000,000

How many Americans registered for the draft under the Selective Service Act during World War I? A. 10 million B. 15 million C. 24 million D. 30 million

C. 24 million

What term describes the U.S. government’s approach to managing the economy during World War I, including regulation of industry, transportation, labor, and agriculture? A. Free-market economy B. Command economy C. Mixed economy D. Socialist economy

B. Command economy

What did the term 'command economy' mean for the United States during World War I? A. The government allowed private companies to operate without any restrictions B. The government regulated and controlled key sectors like industry, transportation, labor relations, and agriculture to support the war effort C. The government reduced its involvement in economic matters to focus on military efforts D. The government handed control of the economy over to private industries

B. The government regulated and controlled key sectors like industry, transportation, labor relations, and agriculture to support the war effort

Who was notably excluded from Wilson’s delegation to the Treaty of Versailles negotiations, leading to challenges in gaining U.S. support? A. French representatives B. British diplomats C. Republican leaders D. Military officials

C. Republican leaders

Who later used the principles of self-determination from the Treaty of Versailles to justify expansion into the Sudetenland? A. David Lloyd George B. Benito Mussolini C. Adolf Hitler D. Francisco Franco

C. Adolf Hitler

What was the primary goal of Wilson’s Fourteen Points issued in January 1918? A. To seek revenge against the Central Powers B. To outline principles of world order with a “peace without victory” C. To negotiate terms for an alliance with Germany D. To promote colonial expansion for the Allies

B. To outline principles of world order with a “peace without victory”

Which international organization did Wilson propose in his Fourteen Points to promote peace? A. The European Union B. The League of Nations C. The United Nations D. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization

B. The League of Nations

Which concept emphasized in Wilson’s Fourteen Points led to minority issues in newly formed nations? A. Freedom of the seas B. Self-determination C. Free trade D. Military alliances

B. Self-determination

What restrictions did the Treaty of Versailles place on Germany’s military? A. Germany could have no military forces B. Germany could maintain only a limited navy and no submarines, air force, or tanks, with a reduced army of 100,000 C. Germany could have a full navy but no air force D. Germany could retain all military forces but had to disarm nuclear weapons

B. Germany could maintain only a limited navy and no submarines, air force, or tanks, with a reduced army of 100,000

What clause in the Treaty of Versailles placed sole responsibility for World War I on Germany? A. The Reparations Clause B. The Territorial Concessions Clause C. The War Guilt Clause D. The Disarmament Clause

C. The War Guilt Clause

What amount in reparations was Germany required to pay according to the Treaty of Versailles, as set by the Inter-Allied Reparations Commission in January 1921? A. 50 billion gold marks B. 132 billion gold marks C. 100 billion gold marks D. 250 billion gold marks

B. 132 billion gold marks

How did the Treaty of Versailles fuel nationalism in Germany? A. By requiring Germany to annex new territories B. By enforcing harsh disarmament and reparations that humiliated Germany and encouraged resentment C. By granting Germany military supremacy in Europe D. By uniting all German-speaking regions under one government

B. By enforcing harsh disarmament and reparations that humiliated Germany and encouraged resentment

What principles were included in Wilson’s concept of “peace without victory”? A. Military expansion, territorial annexation, and secret alliances B. No unjust aggrandizement, no secret diplomacy, reduction of arms, return of Poland, free trade, freedom of the seas, and the creation of the League of Nations C. Complete disarmament, immediate independence for colonies, and isolationism D. Partitioning Germany, expanding the British Empire, and establishing permanent military bases

B. No unjust aggrandizement, no secret diplomacy, reduction of arms, return of Poland, free trade, freedom of the seas, and the creation of the League of Nations

Which issue resulted from the principle of self-determination after the Treaty of Versailles? A. The collapse of the United Nations B. Minority problems, such as German-speaking populations in Czechoslovakia, Poland, Italy, and France C. The unification of Austria and Germany D. The establishment of a French-led European empire

B. Minority problems, such as German-speaking populations in Czechoslovakia, Poland, Italy, and France

What principle did Adolf Hitler later use to justify the annexation of the Sudetenland? A. Free trade B. Freedom of the seas C. Self-determination D. Reduction of arms

C. Self-determination

Which city, created as a free city separate from Germany under the Treaty of Versailles, had a predominantly German population? A. Munich B. Strasbourg C. Danzig D. Vienna

C. Danzig

Who set the reparations for Germany after World War I? A. The League of Nations B. The Inter-Allied Reparations Commission C. The Treaty of Versailles negotiators D. The Allied Supreme Council

B. The Inter-Allied Reparations Commission

When did the Inter-Allied Reparations Commission set the reparations for Germany? A. June 1919 B. January 1921 C. November 1918 D. March 1920

B. January 1921

What was the primary goal of the League of Nations, founded in January 1920? A. To annex European territories for the U.S. B. To promote free trade and economic expansion C. To prevent wars through collective security and disarmament D. To establish military dominance over Asia

C. To prevent wars through collective security and disarmament

What did Article 10 of the League of Nations Covenant require of member nations? A. To guarantee territorial integrity for members under external attack B. To join an economic alliance with the United Kingdom C. To allow the League to make laws for all member nations D. To adopt a common language for diplomatic affairs

A. To guarantee territorial integrity for members under external attack

Why did Senator Henry Cabot Lodge oppose the Treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations? A. He was anti-German B. He wanted a written guarantee that the U.S. would not be forced into wars on behalf of other nations C. He supported the League’s control over U.S. affairs D. He favored military expansion in Europe

B. He wanted a written guarantee that the U.S. would not be forced into wars on behalf of other nations

Who were the 'Irreconcilables' in the U.S. Senate, and what was their position on the Treaty of Versailles? A. They were Republicans and Irish/German Democrats who opposed the Treaty due to anti-England sentiments B. They were Democrats who wanted more involvement in the League of Nations C. They were American business leaders who supported unrestricted trade with Europe D. They were Republicans who pushed for increased U.S. military spending

A. They were Republicans and Irish/German Democrats who opposed the Treaty due to anti-England sentiments

What resolution did the U.S. pass to formally end its involvement in World War I, instead of ratifying the Treaty of Versailles? A. The Kellogg-Briand Pact B. The Knox–Porter Resolution C. The Wilson Doctrine D. The League Resolution Act

B. The Knox–Porter Resolution

Why did the United States ultimately choose not to join the League of Nations? A. To maintain isolationism and avoid involvement in European affairs B. To allow the League of Nations complete control over U.S. foreign policy C. Because the League demanded U.S. troops be stationed in Europe D. Because the U.S. was already allied with Germany

A. To maintain isolationism and avoid involvement in European affairs

When was the League of Nations officially founded? A. January 10, 1920 B. July 2, 1921 C. November 11, 1918 D. June 28, 1919

A. January 10, 1920

When did the U.S. Congress pass the Knox–Porter Resolution to end its involvement in World War I? A. January 10, 1920 B. July 2, 1921 C. June 28, 1919 D. April 6, 1917

B. July 2, 1921

Who was a leading opponent of the Treaty of Versailles, calling for “Lodge Reservations” to protect the U.S. from being drawn into foreign wars? A. President Woodrow Wilson B. Senator Henry Cabot Lodge C. Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan D. Former President Theodore Roosevelt

B. Senator Henry Cabot Lodge

Who signed the Knox–Porter Resolution, formally ending U.S. involvement in World War I? A. Woodrow Wilson B. Warren G. Harding C. Calvin Coolidge D. Franklin D. Roosevelt

B. Warren G. Harding

How did the League of Nations come into existence? A. It was formed as part of the Treaty of Versailles, based on the principles established at the Paris Peace Conference B. It was created by the United Nations after World War II C. It was established by the Kellogg-Briand Pact D. It originated as a military alliance between France and Britain

A. It was formed as part of the Treaty of Versailles, based on the principles established at the Paris Peace Conference

What were the consequences of the Treaty of Versailles for Germany? A. Germany was allowed to expand its military B. Germany was forced to give up significant amounts of money and territory C. Germany received financial aid from the Allied powers D. Germany formed a new alliance with France

B. Germany was forced to give up significant amounts of money and territory

What impact did the Treaty of Versailles have on the German population? A. It led to a period of prosperity in Germany B. It created anger and frustration, with many Germans blaming the Treaty for their economic collapse C. It resulted in German neutrality during the Interwar Period D. It caused Germans to migrate in large numbers to the United States

B. It created anger and frustration, with many Germans blaming the Treaty for their economic collapse

Which political party did many Germans join as an extreme response to social and economic problems in the interwar period? A. The German Democratic Party B. The National Socialist Party (Nazi Party) C. The Communist Party D. The Social Democratic Party

B. The National Socialist Party (Nazi Party)

What ideology did Adolf Hitler use to appeal to German nationalism during the interwar period? A. Socialism B. Anti-Semitism and extreme nationalism C. Pacifism and internationalism D. Isolationism and appeasement

B. Anti-Semitism and extreme nationalism

What term refers to Hitler's systematic murder of over 6 million Jews during World War II? A. The Great Purge B. The Final Solution C. The Red Terror D. The Holocaust

D. The Holocaust

What mood characterized Europe’s response to aggression in the interwar period? A. Expansionism and intervention B. Isolation and appeasement C. Militarism and nationalism D. Optimism and diplomacy

B. Isolation and appeasement

What did Warren G. Harding's slogan “return to normalcy” represent for the U.S. in the 1920s? A. Increased government intervention and internationalism B. Isolationism, nativism, and rejection of government intervention C. Global military expansion and economic growth D. The establishment of a welfare state

B. Isolationism, nativism, and rejection of government intervention

What major event in 1929 led to a severe economic downturn in the United States? A. The Treaty of Versailles B. The election of Franklin D. Roosevelt C. The Stock Market Crash D. The beginning of World War II

C. The Stock Market Crash

What was the purpose of Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New Deal programs? A. To prepare the United States for war B. To produce relief, recovery, and reform during the Great Depression C. To expand U.S. territories overseas D. To strengthen U.S. military power

B. To produce relief, recovery, and reform during the Great Depression

What was one of the results of the Great Depression in the United States by 1933? A. Only a small increase in unemployment B. 14 million Americans unemployed and a dramatic drop in national income C. Industrial production doubled D. No significant impact on the economy

B. 14 million Americans unemployed and a dramatic drop in national income

What policy did Franklin D. Roosevelt institute towards Latin America? A. The “Good Neighbor” policy, which emphasized isolationism and non-intervention B. The “Open Door” policy, which promoted trade C. The “Big Stick” policy, which emphasized military presence D. The “Monroe Doctrine” policy, which promoted economic dependency

A. The “Good Neighbor” policy, which emphasized isolationism and non-intervention

What actions did the United States take in response to Japan’s aggression in Asia during the interwar period? A. The U.S. formed an alliance with Japan B. The U.S. imposed trade sanctions on Japan C. The U.S. ignored Japan’s actions completely D. The U.S. declared war on Japan immediately

B. The U.S. imposed trade sanctions on Japan

When did Franklin D. Roosevelt become president of the United States? A. 1928 B. 1930 C. 1933 D. 1937

C. 1933

During which years did the U.S. Stock Market Crash, leading to the Great Depression? A. 1925-1926 B. 1929-1932 C. 1933-1935 D. 1935-1939

B. 1929-1932

Who advocated for a “return to normalcy,” promoting isolationism and a rejection of government intervention? A. Franklin D. Roosevelt B. Woodrow Wilson C. Herbert Hoover D. Warren G. Harding

D. Warren G. Harding

Who introduced the New Deal programs to address the economic hardship caused by the Great Depression? A. Warren G. Harding B. Herbert Hoover C. Franklin D. Roosevelt D. Harry S. Truman

C. Franklin D. Roosevelt

Who worked alongside FDR, aiming to avoid provoking isolationist sentiment in the United States? A. Secretary of State Cordell Hull B. Vice President Henry A. Wallace C. Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson D. Secretary of the Treasury Henry Morgenthau Jr.

A. Secretary of State Cordell Hull

What impact did the U.S. rejection of the Treaty of Versailles have on its foreign policy during FDR’s administration? A. It encouraged the U.S. to join international alliances B. It strengthened isolationist tendencies in U.S. foreign policy C. It increased military intervention in Europe D. It led to the immediate repeal of isolationist policies

B. It strengthened isolationist tendencies in U.S. foreign policy

Which series of laws were passed to keep the United States out of world affairs and prevent aiding Britain and France against Nazi Germany? A. The Monroe Doctrine B. The Good Neighbor Policy C. The Neutrality Acts D. The Lend-Lease Act

C. The Neutrality Acts

What was the main goal of the Good Neighbor Policy under FDR’s administration? A. To promote U.S. dominance over Latin America B. To strengthen U.S. alliances with European countries C. To improve relations with Latin America by re-evaluating interventionist policies D. To encourage Latin American countries to adopt democracy

C. To improve relations with Latin America by re-evaluating interventionist policies

How did the Good Neighbor Policy contrast with the Monroe Doctrine? A. It reinforced the Monroe Doctrine’s stance on intervention B. It led the U.S. to withdraw from Latin America, reducing interventionist practices C. It required all Latin American countries to sign protectorate treaties with the U.S. D. It extended the Monroe Doctrine’s principles to Europe

B. It led the U.S. to withdraw from Latin America, reducing interventionist practices

Which convention did FDR sign in December 1933, renouncing the right to intervene unilaterally in Latin American affairs? A. The Treaty of Versailles B. The Montevideo Convention on the Rights and Duties of States C. The Neutrality Act D. The Monroe Doctrine

B. The Montevideo Convention on the Rights and Duties of States

How did U.S. isolationism limit its response to foreign conflicts during the 1930s? A. It led the U.S. to support Italy in its takeover of Ethiopia B. It prevented the U.S. from taking action against Japan’s invasion of China C. It led the U.S. to join the Spanish Civil War D. It encouraged U.S. intervention in Europe

B. It prevented the U.S. from taking action against Japan’s invasion of China

When did FDR sign the Montevideo Convention, which aimed to reduce U.S. intervention in Latin America? A. 1920 B. 1933 C. 1936 D. 1941

B. 1933

Which area did Hitler reoccupy in 1936, violating the Treaty of Versailles? A. Austria B. Sudetenland C. Rhineland D. Poland

C. Rhineland

What country did Mussolini’s Italy invade in 1936, demonstrating fascist aggression? A. Spain B. Greece C. Ethiopia D. Turkey

C. Ethiopia

What action did Hitler take in March 1938, furthering German expansion? A. He annexed the Sudetenland B. He took over German-speaking Austria C. He invaded Poland D. He signed the Non-Aggression Pact with the Soviet Union

B. He took over German-speaking Austria

What approach did British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain use to address Hitler’s aggressive expansion? A. Total war B. Isolationism C. Appeasement D. Military alliances

C. Appeasement

What was the outcome of the Munich Conference in 1938? A. Britain and France agreed to allow Hitler to annex the Sudetenland B. Germany signed a peace treaty with France C. Italy declared war on Britain D. Japan withdrew from the Axis Powers

A. Britain and France agreed to allow Hitler to annex the Sudetenland

Which three countries formed the 'Axis Powers' in the 1930s? A. Germany, France, and Japan B. Germany, Italy, and Japan C. Germany, Spain, and Italy D. Germany, Austria, and Hungary

B. Germany, Italy, and Japan

When did Hitler annex Austria, demonstrating his intentions to expand German territory? A. March 1936 B. March 1938 C. September 1938 D. January 1939

B. March 1938

When did the Munich Conference, where Chamberlain pursued appeasement with Hitler, take place? A. 1936 B. 1937 C. 1938 D. 1939

C. 1938

Who advocated for “diplomacy over war” and pursued a policy of appeasement toward Hitler’s expansions? A. Winston Churchill B. Franklin D. Roosevelt C. Benito Mussolini D. Neville Chamberlain

D. Neville Chamberlain

Who called for the Munich Conference in 1938 to negotiate with Hitler and Mussolini? A. Adolf Hitler B. Benito Mussolini C. Joseph Stalin D. Neville Chamberlain

D. Neville Chamberlain

What area did Hitler annex in September 1938, leading to further tensions in Europe? A. Austria B. Rhineland C. Sudetenland D. Danzig

C. Sudetenland

What military decoration was Hitler awarded during World War I? A. The Medal of Honor B. The Victoria Cross C. The Iron Cross D. The Legion of Honor

C. The Iron Cross

What were the two groups that Hitler saw as enemies after World War I? A. Socialists and communists B. Traitors who surrendered and Jews C. The British and the French D. The unemployed and immigrants

B. Traitors who surrendered and Jews

Why did Hitler gain popularity in Germany during the 1930s? A. He promised economic recovery during the Depression and blamed Germany’s problems on others B. He was a decorated war hero who led successful military campaigns C. He promoted peace and non-violence D. He championed international trade and cooperation

A. He promised economic recovery during the Depression and blamed Germany’s problems on others

What did Hitler do while in prison in 1923 after an unsuccessful coup attempt? A. He escaped to Austria B. He wrote Mein Kampf, outlining his vision for Germany C. He formed alliances with other European leaders D. He ran for political office from prison

B. He wrote Mein Kampf, outlining his vision for Germany

What was the Third Reich? A. Germany’s first republic B. Hitler’s vision of a Third German Empire C. A German colonial territory D. An economic plan to boost Germany’s economy

B. Hitler’s vision of a Third German Empire

What was the Gestapo in Nazi Germany? A. A political party opposed to Hitler B. Hitler’s secret police force C. The German army D. A media company promoting Nazi ideology

B. Hitler’s secret police force

When did Hitler become Chancellor of Germany? A. 1923 B. 1930 C. 1933 D. 1935

C. 1933

In which year did Hitler attempt a failed coup, leading to his imprisonment? A. 1921 B. 1923 C. 1929 D. 1935

B. 1923

What was the title of the book Hitler wrote in prison, outlining his ideology and plans? A. The Third Reich B. My Struggle (Mein Kampf) C. The German Manifesto D. The Final Solution

B. My Struggle (Mein Kampf)

When was Adolf Hitler born? A. 1875 B. 1889 C. 1901 D. 1912

B. 1889

Who attended the summit meeting with Hitler on September 29, 1938, to discuss the Sudetenland? A. Chamberlain, Churchill, Stalin, and Mussolini B. Chamberlain, Daladier, Hitler, and Mussolini C. Roosevelt, Chamberlain, Daladier, and Mussolini D. Stalin, Chamberlain, Daladier, and Mussolini

B. Chamberlain, Daladier, Hitler, and Mussolini

What did Hitler demand at the Munich Conference in 1938, promising no further territorial demands? A. The Rhineland B. The entire country of Poland C. The Sudetenland, a region in Czechoslovakia D. Parts of France

C. The Sudetenland, a region in Czechoslovakia

How did Britain and France respond to Hitler’s demand for the Sudetenland? A. They declared war on Germany B. They agreed to his demand, hoping to prevent a war C. They reinforced Czechoslovakia’s defenses D. They signed an alliance with Czechoslovakia

B. They agreed to his demand, hoping to prevent a war

What was the reaction of the Czechs to the Munich Agreement? A. They felt betrayed and warned that Hitler would likely demand more land later B. They were grateful to Britain and France for avoiding war C. They declared independence from Britain D. They planned a military alliance with Germany

A. They felt betrayed and warned that Hitler would likely demand more land later

What did Hitler do after gaining the Sudetenland, proving the Czechs’ warnings correct? A. He invaded Poland B. He took over all of Czechoslovakia C. He signed a peace treaty with Britain and France D. He withdrew from the Sudetenland

B. He took over all of Czechoslovakia

When did the Munich Conference, where Britain and France allowed Hitler to annex the Sudetenland, take place? A. September 15, 1938 B. September 29, 1938 C. October 1, 1938 D. November 9, 1938

B. September 29, 1938

What event triggered the start of World War II? A. The annexation of Austria by Germany in March 1938 B. Germany's blitzkrieg attack on Poland on September 1, 1939 C. The signing of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact D. The Munich Agreement allowing Germany to take Sudetenland

B. Germany's blitzkrieg attack on Poland on September 1, 1939

Which of the following is NOT considered a direct consequence of unresolved conflicts from World War I and the Great Depression? A. The rise of dictators and extreme ideologies B. The formation of the League of Nations C. The prevalence of fascism and racism D. The embrace of irredentism in Europe

B. The formation of the League of Nations

What does 'blitzkrieg,' as used in the context of Germany's attack on Poland, mean? A. Total war B. Tactical retreat C. Lightning war D. Air strike

C. Lightning war

What event served as a precursor to Hitler’s territorial ambitions, involving the annexation of Austria? A. The Sudetenland Crisis B. Anschluss in March 1938 C. The Munich Agreement D. The Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact

B. Anschluss in March 1938

When did France and Britain declare war on Germany, and why? A. On August 1939, in response to the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact B. On September 1, 1939, after Germany invaded Austria C. On September 3, 1939, after Germany attacked Poland D. On June 1941, after the invasion of the Soviet Union

C. On September 3, 1939, after Germany attacked Poland

Which 1941 military operation marked the German invasion of the Soviet Union, breaking a non-aggression pact? A. Operation Overlord B. Operation Barbarossa C. Operation Sea Lion D. Operation Torch

B. Operation Barbarossa

What was the major turning point of World War II, where Germany faced a significant defeat? A. The Battle of Britain B. The Invasion of Poland C. The Battle of Stalingrad D. The Invasion of North Africa

C. The Battle of Stalingrad

What was the Lend-Lease Act of March 1941 proposed by Franklin D. Roosevelt? A. A program to lend and lease military equipment to Britain and other Allied nations B. A declaration of war on Germany C. A trade agreement with the Soviet Union D. A law restricting American involvement in the war

A. A program to lend and lease military equipment to Britain and other Allied nations

What was notable about Franklin D. Roosevelt’s presidency during World War II? A. He led the US into war against Britain B. He served as the only US president elected to a third term C. He promoted isolationism during the war D. He formed a military alliance with Germany

B. He served as the only US president elected to a third term

Which agreement between Germany and the Soviet Union was terminated by Operation Barbarossa in June 1941? A. The Munich Agreement B. The Treaty of Versailles C. The Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact D. The Paris Peace Accords

C. The Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact

Why did the United States begin supporting Britain in 1940? A. Because Britain offered military aid in exchange for U.S. naval bases B. Because Germany had already defeated France, leaving Britain to stand alone against Germany C. Because the U.S. needed to protect its colonies in Europe D. Because Japan had attacked Pearl Harbor

B. Because Germany had already defeated France, leaving Britain to stand alone against Germany

What agreement did the U.S. make with Britain in 1940 to help its naval fleet? A. The U.S. sold guns to Britain in exchange for control over North African territories B. The U.S. sent 50 destroyers to Britain in exchange for the use of British naval bases in the Caribbean and North America C. The U.S. agreed to form a joint military force with Britain against Japan D. The U.S. provided tanks in exchange for resources from Britain’s colonies

B. The U.S. sent 50 destroyers to Britain in exchange for the use of British naval bases in the Caribbean and North America

What event directly led to U.S. involvement in World War II? A. The fall of France to Germany in June 1940 B. The German invasion of Poland in 1939 C. Japan’s attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941 D. The signing of the Munich Agreement

C. Japan’s attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941

What significant action did the United States take to end World War II in the Pacific? A. Invaded Japan with a full-scale military assault B. Signed a peace treaty with Emperor Hirohito C. Dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945 D. Blockaded Japan's access to essential resources

C. Dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945

Which project was responsible for the development of the atomic bomb used in WWII? A. Operation Overlord B. The Manhattan Project C. The Yalta Conference D. The Lend-Lease Program

B. The Manhattan Project

What event led to Japan’s surrender in World War II? A. The defeat of Germany in Europe B. The atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945 C. The invasion of Japan by U.S. forces D. The signing of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact

B. The atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945

Who led the U.S. military government in Japan following Japan’s surrender in WWII? A. President Harry Truman B. General Douglas MacArthur C. Winston Churchill D. Admiral Chester Nimitz

B. General Douglas MacArthur

How did the U.S. prepare for war in 1940, before officially entering WWII? A. By increasing military recruitment and passing a law to draft soldiers B. By forming an alliance with Japan to prevent conflict in the Pacific C. By launching air strikes on German forces in Europe D. By establishing military bases in Eastern Europe

A. By increasing military recruitment and passing a law to draft soldiers

What was the significance of the surrender of Japan on August 15, 1945? A. It marked the end of World War I B. It led to the liberation of France from German occupation C. It marked the official end of World War II D. It signaled the start of U.S. occupation of China

C. It marked the official end of World War II

Approximately how many people died during World War II? A. 20 million B. 30 million C. 45 million D. Over 45 million

D. Over 45 million

What was Hitler’s 'Final Solution' during World War II? A. A plan to invade Russia B. A vision to rid Germany and Europe of all Jews C. A strategy for world domination D. A plan to negotiate peace with the Allies

B. A vision to rid Germany and Europe of all Jews

What is the term used to describe hatred of Jews? A. Racism B. Nationalism C. Anti-Semitism D. Fascism

C. Anti-Semitism

What was Auschwitz, and where was it located? A. A concentration camp in Germany where Hitler planned the Final Solution B. A concentration camp in Poland where at least 500,000 people were killed, mostly in gas chambers C. A site of Jewish resistance against the Nazis in Warsaw D. A secret Nazi base used for developing weapons

B. A concentration camp in Poland where at least 500,000 people were killed, mostly in gas chambers

What does the term 'genocide' refer to? A. The act of imprisoning war criminals B. The killing of individuals due to their political beliefs C. The deliberate intention to destroy a people based on their ethnicity, race, religion, or nationality D. The establishment of concentration camps for prisoners of war

C. The deliberate intention to destroy a people based on their ethnicity, race, religion, or nationality

Which event led to the widespread Jewish population in Europe before World War II? A. The Holocaust B. The Warsaw Uprising C. The Jewish Diaspora, where Jews were driven out of their homeland in the Middle East D. The German invasion of Poland

C. The Jewish Diaspora, where Jews were driven out of their homeland in the Middle East

What was the outcome of the Jewish resistance in Warsaw during the Holocaust? A. The Polish Jews successfully defeated the Nazis B. The resistance fought back without success C. The resistance led to the end of the Holocaust D. Warsaw was liberated by the Allies

B. The resistance fought back without success

Approximately how many Jews were killed during the Holocaust? A. 1 million B. 3 million C. 6 million D. 10 million

C. 6 million

Besides the six million Jews, how many others were killed during the Holocaust? A. 2 million B. 4 million C. 6 million D. 8 million

C. 6 million

Who led Japan as Premier during World War II? A. Emperor Hirohito B. General Hideki Tojo C. Admiral Yamamoto D. Chiang Kai-shek

B. General Hideki Tojo

Which event marked a significant step in Japan’s imperial ambitions in 1910? A. The invasion of China B. The colonization of Korea C. The attack on Pearl Harbor D. The signing of the Tripartite Pact

B. The colonization of Korea

When did Japan invade Manchuria, starting its aggressive expansion in Northern China? A. 1910 B. 1931 C. 1940 D. 1937

B. 1931

What internal division weakened China during the full war against Japan in 1937? A. The division between Chinese Communists and Nationalists B. The Sino-Soviet conflict C. The Japanese naval blockade D. The split between the United States and China

A. The division between Chinese Communists and Nationalists

What is the term for the ban on trade or commercial activities, such as the U.S. embargo on Japan’s iron and oil? A. Blockade B. Tariff C. Embargo D. Sanction

C. Embargo

Why did the United States impose an embargo on iron and oil sales to Japan in 1940 and 1941? A. To force Japan to leave China B. To punish Japan for its attack on Pearl Harbor C. To protect its own resources during the war D. To support Japan in its fight against China

A. To force Japan to leave China

What event led the U.S. to declare war on Japan on December 8, 1941? A. Japan’s attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941 B. Japan’s invasion of Korea C. The signing of the Tripartite Pact D. The fall of France

A. Japan’s attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941

What was the significance of the Pearl Harbor attack for the United States? A. It marked the beginning of U.S. isolationism B. It drew the U.S. into World War II C. It led to the U.S. siding with Japan against China D. It resulted in the U.S. occupation of Hawaii

B. It drew the U.S. into World War II

How many Americans were killed during the attack on Pearl Harbor? A. 1,500 B. 2,400 C. 5,000 D. 10,000

B. 2,400

What was Hawaii’s status during the attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941? A. It was a U.S. state B. It was part of the British Empire C. It was not yet a U.S. state but home to the U.S. Pacific Fleet D. It was an independent nation

C. It was not yet a U.S. state but home to the U.S. Pacific Fleet

What does D-Day refer to? A. The day Germany invaded Poland B. The Allied invasion of Western Europe on June 6, 1944 C. The day Japan attacked Pearl Harbor D. The liberation of Paris in August 1944

B. The Allied invasion of Western Europe on June 6, 1944

Where did the D-Day invasion take place? A. Normandy, France B. Berlin, Germany C. London, England D. Midway Island

A. Normandy, France

What factors contributed to the success of the D-Day invasion? A. The use of kamikaze pilots by the Allies B. Poor weather and the Germans’ belief that the invasion was a fake C. German air superiority D. The invasion taking place in Berlin instead of France

B. Poor weather and the Germans’ belief that the invasion was a fake

When was Paris liberated from German rule during World War II? A. June 6, 1944 B. August 1944 C. October 1944 D. December 1944

B. August 1944

What battle marked the turning point in the Pacific against Japan in June 1942? A. The Battle of Pearl Harbor B. The Battle of Midway C. The Battle of Okinawa D. The Battle of Guadalcanal

B. The Battle of Midway

What was the U.S. strategy in the Pacific after the Battle of Midway? A. To negotiate peace with Japan B. To focus entirely on defeating Germany first C. To close in on the Japanese mainland D. To withdraw forces from the Pacific

C. To close in on the Japanese mainland

What were kamikaze pilots, and how did they operate during WWII? A. They were spies who gathered intelligence for Japan B. They were Japanese pilots who conducted suicide missions by crashing their planes into U.S. ships C. They were fighter pilots given enough fuel to return to base after bombing U.S. ships D. They were used exclusively in the Battle of Normandy

B. They were Japanese pilots who conducted suicide missions by crashing their planes into U.S. ships

What does 'kamikaze' mean in Japanese? A. 'Final victory' B. 'Divine wind' C. 'Silent attack' D. 'Last battle'

B. 'Divine wind'

Which U.S. plane dropped the first atomic bomb on Hiroshima? A. Bockscar B. Enola Gay C. Memphis Belle D. Spirit of St. Louis

B. Enola Gay

What was the name of the top-secret U.S. project to develop the atomic bomb? A. The Trinity Project B. The Manhattan Project C. The Enola Gay Project D. The Little Boy Project

B. The Manhattan Project

Why did the U.S. decide to use the atomic bomb against Japan? A. To demonstrate power to the Soviet Union B. Because Japan refused to surrender, and an invasion of Japan would be extremely bloody and costly C. To retaliate for Pearl Harbor D. To conquer Japan

B. Because Japan refused to surrender, and an invasion of Japan would be extremely bloody and costly

How many people initially died from the atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima? A. 20,000 to 30,000 B. 50,000 to 60,000 C. 70,000 to 80,000 D. 100,000 to 110,000

C. 70,000 to 80,000

What was the second city in Japan to be hit by an atomic bomb, and when did this occur? A. Tokyo, August 6, 1945 B. Nagasaki, August 9, 1945 C. Kyoto, August 15, 1945 D. Hiroshima, August 15, 1945

B. Nagasaki, August 9, 1945

How many people died in the five years following the atomic bombings from radiation-related illnesses? A. 50,000 B. 100,000 C. 130,000 D. 200,000

C. 130,000

When did Japan announce its surrender in World War II? A. August 6, 1945 B. August 9, 1945 C. August 14, 1945 D. September 2, 1945

C. August 14, 1945

For how long did the U.S. occupy Japan after the end of World War II? A. Until April 1947 B. Until April 1952 C. Until August 1949 D. Until September 1950

B. Until April 1952

Which Japanese soldier famously remained in hiding for 29 years after WWII, believing the war had not ended? A. Nakamura Teruo B. Hideki Tojo C. Onoda Hirō D. Emperor Hirohito

C. Onoda Hirō

What did the U.S. emerge as following World War II? A. The world's most dominant economic and military power B. A neutral state C. A nation weakened by war debts D. The world's leading communist state

A. The world's most dominant economic and military power

Who said, "The United States… find [itself] directly opposed by a regime with contrary aims and a totally different concept of life... That regime adheres to a false philosophy which purport to offer freedom, security, and greater opportunity to mankind... That false philosophy is communism." A. John F. Kennedy B. Lyndon Johnson C. Harry S. Truman D. Ronald Reagan

C. Harry S. Truman

Who stated, "Cold War is a struggle for supremacy between two conflicting ideologies: Freedom under God versus ruthless, godless tyranny"? A. Richard Nixon B. John F. Kennedy C. Harry S. Truman D. George H.W. Bush

B. John F. Kennedy

Who declared, "If we don’t stop the Reds in South Vietnam, tomorrow they will be in Hawaii, and next they will be in San Francisco." A. John F. Kennedy B. Lyndon Johnson C. Dwight D. Eisenhower D. Ronald Reagan

B. Lyndon Johnson

Who said, "How do you tell a communist? Well, it’s someone who reads Marx and Lenin. And how do you tell an anti-Communist? It’s someone who understands Marx and Lenin." A. John F. Kennedy B. George H.W. Bush C. Lyndon Johnson D. Ronald Reagan

D. Ronald Reagan

Who proclaimed, "Communism died this year… But the biggest thing that has happened in the world in my life, in our lives, is this: By the grace of God, America won the Cold War." A. Ronald Reagan B. Harry S. Truman C. George H.W. Bush D. Bill Clinton

C. George H.W. Bush

C. Harry S. Truman

B. John F. Kennedy

B. Lyndon Johnson

D. Ronald Reagan

C. George H.W. Bush

Why were the Soviets suspicious of the U.S. and the U.K. following World War II? A. Due to the delay in opening the second front during the war B. Because of their refusal to share nuclear technology C. Due to Stalin's goodwill gestures D. Because the U.S. provided aid to Nazi Germany

A. Due to the delay in opening the second front during the war

What misconception did Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR) have about Soviet leader Joseph Stalin? A. FDR believed Stalin intended to invade the U.S. B. FDR thought goodwill gestures could win over Stalin C. FDR expected Stalin to declare war on the U.K. D. FDR believed Stalin was a firm ally of the Nazis

B. FDR thought goodwill gestures could win over Stalin

What was the key promise made at the Yalta Conference that was not realized? A. The division of Germany into occupation zones B. Free elections in Eastern Europe C. The formation of NATO D. The creation of the United Nations

B. Free elections in Eastern Europe

Which of the following institutions were established by the National Security Act of 1947? A. United Nations and NATO B. The National Security Council, Central Intelligence Agency, and Joint Chiefs of Staff C. The Department of Energy and Federal Reserve D. The World Bank and International Monetary Fund

B. The National Security Council, Central Intelligence Agency, and Joint Chiefs of Staff

Who famously stated, "An ‘Iron Curtain’ is descending over Europe"? A. Franklin D. Roosevelt B. Winston Churchill C. Joseph Stalin D. Harry S. Truman

B. Winston Churchill

What was the key objective of the Truman Doctrine as articulated by President Truman? A. To rebuild Europe after WWII B. To support free peoples resisting subjugation by armed minorities or outside pressures C. To establish NATO as a defense alliance D. To prevent the spread of communism to Asia

B. To support free peoples resisting subjugation by armed minorities or outside pressures

What major Cold War event took place between June 1948 and May 1949? A. The Cuban Missile Crisis B. The establishment of NATO C. The Berlin Airlift, where the U.S. and the UK delivered over 2 million tons of supplies to West Berlin D. The signing of the Marshall Plan

C. The Berlin Airlift, where the U.S. and the UK delivered over 2 million tons of supplies to West Berlin

When was NATO established, and what was its primary purpose? A. April 4, 1949, to unite Western Europe economically B. April 4, 1949, to put up a united front against Soviet aggression C. March 5, 1946, to counterbalance the Soviet Union in Asia D. September 18, 1947, to reform U.S. military and intelligence agencies

B. April 4, 1949, to put up a united front against Soviet aggression

What was the Marshall Plan, and how much did the U.S. spend on it between 1948-1952? A. A military strategy to defend Europe from Soviet attacks, costing $50 billion B. A diplomatic effort to create NATO, costing $10 billion C. A reconstruction plan to rebuild Western Europe after WWII, costing $13 billion D. A project to rebuild Eastern Europe after WWII, costing $13 billion

C. A reconstruction plan to rebuild Western Europe after WWII, costing $13 billion

What was the primary purpose of the National Security Act of September 18, 1947? A. To create the United Nations B. To establish NATO as a military alliance C. To restructure the government’s military and intelligence agencies D. To rebuild Western Europe after WWII

C. To restructure the government’s military and intelligence agencies

Which of the following was NOT a result of the National Security Act of 1947? A. Creation of the National Security Council B. Establishment of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) C. Merging of the Dept. of War and Dept. of Navy into the Dept. of Defense D. Formation of NATO

D. Formation of NATO

What major Cold War policies and programs were part of Truman's strategy to counter Soviet influence? A. The Truman Doctrine, the Marshall Plan, and the National Security Act B. The formation of the League of Nations, the Kellogg-Briand Pact, and the New Deal C. The establishment of the United Nations, the NATO charter, and the Paris Peace Accords D. The Cuban Missile Crisis, the Warsaw Pact, and the European Union

A. The Truman Doctrine, the Marshall Plan, and the National Security Act

What was the primary goal of George Kennan’s 'long telegram' sent on February 22, 1946? A. To persuade Washington to ally with the Soviet Union B. To encourage Washington to abandon cooperation with the Soviet Union in favor of a policy based on spheres of influence C. To promote Soviet expansion in Europe D. To advocate for immediate military action against the Soviet Union

B. To encourage Washington to abandon cooperation with the Soviet Union in favor of a policy based on spheres of influence

What did Kennan warn about Stalin’s need to legitimize his rule in the 'long telegram'? A. Stalin needed a peaceful world to maintain his power B. Stalin required a hostile world to legitimize his autocratic rule C. Stalin sought alliances with Western democracies to retain authority D. Stalin wanted a democratic system in Eastern Europe

B. Stalin required a hostile world to legitimize his autocratic rule

According to Kennan, what was the solution to the Soviet challenge outlined in his 'long telegram'? A. Military intervention against the Soviet Union B. The strengthening of Western institutions to render them invulnerable to Soviet influence C. The signing of peace treaties with Stalin D. The establishment of a Soviet-American alliance to promote global peace

B. The strengthening of Western institutions to render them invulnerable to Soviet influence

What key strategy did Kennan propose to contain the Soviet Union in his 'long telegram'? A. A diplomatic alliance with the Soviet Union B. The application of counter-force at shifting geographical and political points C. Immediate economic sanctions against Soviet territories D. Encouraging Soviet expansion to avoid conflict

B. The application of counter-force at shifting geographical and political points

Which Cold War policy, revealed by President Truman in March 1947, was influenced by George Kennan’s 'long telegram'? A. The Marshall Plan B. The Truman Doctrine C. NATO D. The Warsaw Pact

B. The Truman Doctrine

Who said the following: “Russia has to be confronted with unalterable counterforce at every point where they show signs of encroaching upon the interests of a peaceful and stable world”? A. Winston Churchill B. Harry S. Truman C. George Kennan D. Dwight D. Eisenhower

C. George Kennan

In which publication and under what pseudonym did George Kennan publish his 1947 article, 'The Sources of Soviet Conduct'? A. The New York Times, under the pseudonym 'X' B. Foreign Affairs, under the pseudonym 'X' C. The Washington Post, under the pseudonym 'Y' D. The Atlantic, under the pseudonym 'Z'

B. Foreign Affairs, under the pseudonym 'X'

What did George Kennan assert in his 1947 'X' article regarding Soviet policy under Stalin? A. It was shaped solely by Stalin's personal ambitions B. It was driven by a combination of Marxist-Leninist ideology advocating revolution against capitalist forces C. It aimed to peacefully coexist with capitalist nations D. It focused on economic development and domestic growth

B. It was driven by a combination of Marxist-Leninist ideology advocating revolution against capitalist forces

According to Kennan’s 'X' article, how should the Soviet Union be confronted? A. Through diplomatic negotiations and economic incentives B. By immediate military action to weaken Soviet power C. By counterforce at every point where the Soviet Union encroached upon the interests of a peaceful and stable world D. By offering financial support to Soviet satellite states

C. By counterforce at every point where the Soviet Union encroached upon the interests of a peaceful and stable world

What were the key criticisms made by U.S. journalist Walter Lippmann regarding Kennan’s 'X' article? A. It was too focused on diplomacy and ignored military solutions B. It was too aggressive and unnecessarily advocated for the use of nuclear weapons C. It was a 'strategic monstrosity' because it was indiscriminate, costly, relied on satellite states, and ignored diplomacy D. It did not go far enough in calling for containment of Soviet influence

C. It was a 'strategic monstrosity' because it was indiscriminate, costly, relied on satellite states, and ignored diplomacy

What was the primary purpose of the Truman Doctrine announced on March 12, 1947? A. To promote peaceful coexistence with the Soviet Union B. To contain Soviet geopolitical expansion C. To establish trade agreements with Eastern Europe D. To aid the Soviet Union in its reconstruction efforts

B. To contain Soviet geopolitical expansion

Which two countries were the first testing grounds for the Truman Doctrine's policy of containment? A. France and Italy B. Greece and Turkey C. Poland and Hungary D. China and Japan

B. Greece and Turkey

During the Greek Civil War (1946-1949), which countries supported the communist Democratic Army of Greece (DSE)? A. Italy and France B. Yugoslavia, Albania, and Bulgaria, with covert support from the Soviet Union C. The United Kingdom and the United States D. Germany and Austria

B. Yugoslavia, Albania, and Bulgaria, with covert support from the Soviet Union

Which key phrase from Truman's speech defined the U.S. policy of supporting nations under Soviet threat? A. “Peaceful coexistence is the path forward” B. “Free peoples must be supported in their pursuit of democracy” C. “It must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures” D. “The United States will contain Soviet influence through diplomacy alone”

C. “It must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures”

Which military alliance, formed in 1949, was a direct result of the Truman Doctrine's policy of containment? A. Warsaw Pact B. SEATO C. NATO D. The League of Nations

C. NATO

When did Greece join NATO, further solidifying its alignment with the Western bloc? A. 1949 B. 1952 C. 1955 D. 1957

B. 1952

What was the main purpose of the Marshall Plan (European Recovery Program), passed in 1948? A. To promote peaceful relations with the Soviet Union B. To provide economic aid to revive war-torn Europe and prevent the spread of communism C. To establish new trade agreements between the United States and Eastern Europe D. To rebuild the Soviet Union’s industrial base

B. To provide economic aid to revive war-torn Europe and prevent the spread of communism

How much financial aid did the United States provide under the Marshall Plan? A. $5 billion B. $10 billion C. Over $13 billion (approximately $130 billion in 2020 terms) D. $20 billion

C. Over $13 billion (approximately $130 billion in 2020 terms)

Which countries received the largest shares of Marshall Plan aid? A. Soviet Union, France, and Italy B. United Kingdom, France, and West Germany C. Spain, Italy, and Greece D. Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia

B. United Kingdom, France, and West Germany

Why did the Soviet Union refuse to accept aid under the Marshall Plan? A. The aid was conditional upon abandoning communism B. It believed the plan was a tool for U.S. political and economic influence in Europe C. The Soviet Union had already recovered economically after the war D. It feared economic dependence on the United States

B. It believed the plan was a tool for U.S. political and economic influence in Europe

What impact did the Marshall Plan have on U.S.-Soviet relations? A. It helped foster peaceful cooperation between the two superpowers B. It deepened the rift between the United States and the Soviet Union C. It led to the establishment of a joint U.S.-Soviet economic program D. It allowed the Soviet Union to extend its influence into Western Europe

B. It deepened the rift between the United States and the Soviet Union

By 1952, what percentage of U.S. aid to Europe had shifted from economic assistance to military aid? A. 50% B. 60% C. 70% D. 80%

D. 80%

What was the primary goal of the National Security Act of September 18, 1947? A. To create a peacetime draft B. To restructure and unify the U.S. military and intelligence agencies C. To reduce military spending D. To expand U.S. territorial claims

B. To restructure and unify the U.S. military and intelligence agencies

Which departments were merged into the National Military Establishment (NME) under the National Security Act of 1947? A. Department of War and Department of Justice B. Department of Navy and Department of Commerce C. Department of War and Department of Navy D. Department of State and Department of Defense

C. Department of War and Department of Navy

What was the National Military Establishment (NME) later renamed? A. Department of State B. Department of War C. Department of Homeland Security D. Department of Defense

D. Department of Defense

Which key agencies were created under the National Security Act of 1947? A. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and the National Guard B. The National Security Council (NSC), the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), and the Joint Chiefs of Staff C. The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and the Department of Homeland Security D. The State Department and the Peace Corps

B. The National Security Council (NSC), the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), and the Joint Chiefs of Staff

What role did the National Security Act of 1947 play in U.S. Cold War strategy? A. It reduced the size of the military to focus on diplomacy B. It unified the military under a centralized command structure and created intelligence agencies critical to Cold War efforts C. It prioritized economic assistance over military aid D. It established the U.S. policy of isolationism

B. It unified the military under a centralized command structure and created intelligence agencies critical to Cold War efforts