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World War 2 > WW2 European Theatre3 > Flashcards

WW2 European Theatre3 Flashcards

1
Q

How do Soviet and Russian historians divide the war against Germany?

A

Into three periods, further subdivided into eight major campaigns

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2
Q

What was the timeframe of the first period of the Great Patriotic War?

A

22 June 1941 – 18 November 1942

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3
Q

What were the main campaigns of the first period of the Great Patriotic War?

A

Summer–Autumn Campaign of 1941, Winter Campaign of 1941–42, Summer–Autumn Campaign of 1942

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4
Q

What was the timeframe of the second period of the Great Patriotic War?

A

19 November 1942 – 31 December 1943

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5
Q

What were the main campaigns of the second period of the Great Patriotic War?

A

Winter Campaign of 1942–43, Summer–Autumn Campaign of 1943

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6
Q

What was the timeframe of the third period of the Great Patriotic War?

A

1 January 1944 – 9 May 1945

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7
Q

What were the main campaigns of the third period of the Great Patriotic War?

A

Winter–Spring Campaign of 1944, Summer–Autumn Campaign of 1944, Campaign in Europe during 1945

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8
Q

When did Operation Barbarossa begin?

A

22 June 1941

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9
Q

What was the objective of Army Group North in Operation Barbarossa?

A

Leningrad via the Baltic states

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10
Q

What was the objective of Army Group Centre in Operation Barbarossa?

A

To advance towards Moscow

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11
Q

What was the objective of Army Group South in Operation Barbarossa?

A

Advancing through Galicia into Ukraine

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12
Q

What did Stalin order the Red Army to do during their retreat?

A

Initiate a scorched-earth policy

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13
Q

What significant event happened on 19 September 1941?

A

Surrender of Kiev and capture of 400,000 Soviet prisoners

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14
Q

What marked the beginning of the Siege of Leningrad?

A

Army Group North positioning itself in front of Leningrad

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15
Q

When did the Wehrmacht take Rostov?

A

21 November 1941

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16
Q

What was the first significant German withdrawal of the war?

A

Pulling out of Rostov and behind the Mius River

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17
Q

When did the Wehrmacht attempt to encircle Moscow?

A

15 November 1941

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18
Q

How close did the 4th Panzer Army get to Moscow?

A

Within 30 km of the Kremlin

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19
Q

When did the Wehrmacht suspend their attack on Moscow?

A

6 December 1941

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20
Q

What did Marshal Shaposhnikov begin after the attack on Moscow was suspended?

A

A counter-attack with freshly mobilised reserves

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21
Q

Why were Far-Eastern Soviet divisions transferred to the west?

A

Intelligence indicated Japan would remain neutral

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22
Q

What was the timeframe of the Soviet winter counter-offensive?

A

5 December 1941 to 7 May 1942

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23
Q

What immediate threat did the Soviet counter-offensive during the Battle of Moscow remove?

A

The immediate German threat to the city

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24
Q

What was Stalin’s objective in January 1942?

A

To deny the Germans any breathing space and to drive them westward

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25
Q

What was the main objective of the Soviet double envelopment in January 1942?

A

Encirclement and destruction of the enemy’s main forces in the area of Rzhev, Vyazma, and Smolensk

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26
Q

When did the Soviet 20th Army launch their attack during the winter counter-offensive?

A

10 January 1942

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27
Q

What were the key Soviet gains by 20 January 1942?

A

Capturing Ruza, Dorokhovo, Mozhaisk, and Vereya

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28
Q

What was the result of the Soviet parachute drop in January 1942?

A

Attempt to cut off enemy communications with the rear

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29
Q

When did the Soviet forces decide to assume the defensive during the winter counter-offensive?

A

April 1942

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30
Q

What was the outcome of the Soviet counter-offensive by April 1942?

A

Advancing 70 to 100 km and improving the operational and strategic situation on the Western sector

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31
Q

Who was the Soviet commander that later defected to Germany and formed the ROA?

A

Lieutenant General Andrey Vlasov

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32
Q

What was the intent of the Red Army’s lunge over the Donets River at Izyum?

A

To pin Army Group South against the Sea of Azov

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33
Q

When did Operation Blue begin?

A

28 June 1942

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34
Q

What were the objectives of Operation Blue?

A

To secure the Don and Volga, and drive into the Caucasus

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35
Q

When was Rostov recaptured during Operation Blue?

A

24 July 1942

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36
Q

What was the significance of Operation Shamil?

A

Brandenburger commandos dressed as Soviet NKVD troops to destabilize Maikop’s defenses

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37
Q

When did German troops reach the Volga during the Battle of Stalingrad?

A

23 August 1942

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38
Q

When did Romanian mountain troops join the Caucasian spearhead?

A

End of August 1942

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39
Q

When did the Wehrmacht enter the suburbs of Ordzhonikidze?

A

2 November 1942

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40
Q

When did Operation Uranus start?

A

19 November 1942

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41
Q

What was the result of Operation Uranus by 23 November 1942?

A

Trapping 300,000 Axis troops behind Soviet lines

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42
Q

What was the outcome of Operation Mars?

A

A costly failure with no breakthrough

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43
Q

When did the German 6th Army in Stalingrad surrender?

A

31 January 1943

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44
Q

What was the significance of Manstein’s counteroffensive in February 1943?

A

Fighting back into Kharkov and saving the position in the south

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45
Q

Who was reinstated to a prominent role as Inspector of Panzer Troops before the Battle of Kursk?

A

Heinz Guderian

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46
Q

What was the German High Command’s objective for the Kursk offensive?

A

To pinch off the Kursk salient

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47
Q

What was the main defensive preparation of the Soviets at Kursk?

A

Heavily reinforcing with anti-tank guns, tank traps, landmines, barbed wire, trenches, pillboxes, artillery, and mortars

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48
Q

When did the Battle of Kursk begin?

A

12 July 1943

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49
Q

What was the outcome of the Battle of Prokhorovka?

A

A Soviet defensive success, albeit at heavy cost

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50
Q

What was the result of the German 9th Army’s advance from the Orel salient?

A

They could not break through and went over to the defensive

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51
Q

What was Operation Kutuzov?

A

A Soviet counter-offensive against the German 9th Army

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52
Q

When did Hitler halt the Kursk offensive?

A

After the Allies’ landing in Sicily on 10 July 1943

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53
Q

What was the significance of the Kursk offensive for the Germans?

A

It was the last major German strategic offensive in the Soviet Union

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54
Q

When was Orel retaken by the Red Army?

A

5 August 1943

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55
Q

When was Kharkov abandoned by the Germans for the final time?

A

22 August 1943

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56
Q

What was the main problem for the Wehrmacht with the Dnieper line?

A

The defences had not yet been built

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57
Q

When did the Red Army capture Kiev?

A

Early November 1943

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58
Q

When did the First Ukrainian Front strike the Germans at Zhytomyr?

A

Christmas Eve 1943

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59
Q

When did the Soviet advance reach the 1939 Polish-Soviet border?

A

3 January 1944

60
Q

What was the outcome of the Korsun–Shevchenkovsky operation?

A

Surrounding ten German divisions west of Cherkassy

61
Q

When did the Red Army break out of its bridgeheads on either side of Kiev?

A

Early November 1943

62
Q

What happened to the 1st Panzer Army in March 1944?

A

It was encircled in Hube’s Pocket near Kamenets-Podolskiy

63
Q

When was Odessa retaken by the Red Army?

A

April 1944

64
Q

When was Sevastopol captured by the Red Army?

A

10 May 1944

65
Q

What was the outcome of the Leningrad Front’s offensive in January and February 1944?

A

Reaching the borders of Estonia

66
Q

What was the German response to the Leningrad Front’s offensives towards Tallinn?

A

The German army group ‘Narwa’ defended, including Estonian conscripts

67
Q

What was Operation Bagration?

A

A massive Soviet attack launched on 22 June 1944 against German Army Group Centre

68
Q

When did the Belorussian Offensive (Operation Bagration) begin?

A

22 June 1944

69
Q

What was the result of the Belorussian Offensive (Operation Bagration)?

A

The Red Army captured Minsk on 3 July and reached the prewar Polish border ten days later

70
Q

What were the Soviet and German casualties in Operation Bagration?

A

Soviets: ~180,000 dead and missing; Germans: ~400,000 dead, wounded, missing, and sick

71
Q

When was the Lvov–Sandomierz operation launched?

A

17 July 1944

72
Q

What happened on 23 August 1944 in Romania?

A

A coup against the Axis-allied government

73
Q

When did the Red Army occupy Bucharest?

A

31 August 1944

74
Q

What was the outcome of the Vyborg–Petrozavodsk Offensive for the Finns?

A

The Finnish forces managed to halt the Soviet attack after heavy fighting

75
Q

What was Operation Tempest?

A

A series of operations launched by the Polish Home Army against the Germans

76
Q

When did the Warsaw Uprising occur?

A

As the Red Army approached Poland in 1944

77
Q

When did the Slovak National Uprising occur?

A

Between August and October 1944

78
Q

What did the Red Army prioritize in Autumn 1944?

A

Gaining control over the Balkans

79
Q

When did the Red Army begin an attack on the Dukla Pass?

A

8 September 1944

80
Q

When did the Soviet forces win the battle at the Dukla Pass?

A

Two months later in November 1944

81
Q

When did the Soviet Union enter Warsaw?

A

17 January 1945

82
Q

What was the Vistula–Oder Offensive?

A

A Soviet operation launched from Warsaw to Berlin in January 1945

83
Q

When did the Red Army enter Vienna?

A

13 April 1945

84
Q

When did Königsberg fall to the Red Army?

A

9 April 1945

85
Q

What was the significance of the fall of Königsberg?

A

It allowed the Soviet 2nd Belorussian Front to move west to the Oder

86
Q

What were the two main objectives of the Soviet offensive in April 1945?

A

Capture Berlin and meet the Western Allies as far west as possible

87
Q

When did the Soviet offensive to capture Berlin start?

A

16 April 1945

88
Q

When was Berlin encircled by the Soviet forces?

A

24 April 1945

89
Q

When did Adolf Hitler commit suicide?

A

30 April 1945

90
Q

When did the German forces in Berlin surrender?

A

2 May 1945

91
Q

When was the German unconditional surrender signed?

A

7 May 1945 at Reims and 8 May 1945 in Berlin

92
Q

When is Victory Day celebrated in Russia?

A

9 May

93
Q

When did the fighting on the Eastern Front officially end?

A

13 May 1945

94
Q

When did the Soviet invasion of Manchuria begin?

A

8 August 1945

95
Q

What territories were included in the Soviet invasion of Manchuria?

A

Manchukuo, Mengjiang, northern Korea, southern Sakhalin, and the Kuril Islands

96
Q

When did the conflict between Germany and the Soviet Union begin?

A

22 June 1941

97
Q

What was the name of the German offensive that started the conflict with the Soviet Union?

A

Operation Barbarossa

98
Q

When did the war between Germany and the Soviet Union end?

A

9 May 1945

99
Q

Which countries provided forces and resources for the German war effort?

A

Romania, Hungary, Italy, pro-Nazi Slovakia, and Croatia

100
Q

Which country that fought the Winter War against the Soviet Union joined the Axis offensive?

A

Finland

101
Q

Who were the anti-Communist partisans that assisted the Wehrmacht?

A

Partisans in places like Western Ukraine and the Baltic states

102
Q

What was the Spanish Blue Division?

A

A volunteer army formation sent by Spanish dictator Francisco Franco to aid the Axis

103
Q

Which countries did the Soviet Union support anti-Axis partisans in?

A

Slovakia and Poland

104
Q

What were the Polish Armed Forces in the East known for?

A

Fighting alongside the Red Army

105
Q

Who was the leader of the Free French forces?

A

Charles de Gaulle

106
Q

What was the total number of Axis forces on 22 June 1941?

A

3,767,000

107
Q

What was the total number of Soviet forces on 22 June 1941?

A

2,680,000 active in Western Military Districts out of 5,500,000 overall

108
Q

When did the Wehrmacht number 6,815,000 troops?

A

July 1943

109
Q

What were the main countries occupied by Germany before the invasion of the Soviet Union?

A

Denmark, Norway, France, the Low Countries, and the Balkans

110
Q

What did Hitler announce in the spring of 1941?

A

His decision to invade the Soviet Union

111
Q

What was Stalin’s expectation about the war with Germany?

A

He expected war in 1942 and refused to believe it would come earlier

112
Q

What were Nazi Germany’s preparations for war characterized as?

A

Prepared for only a short-term war (Blitzkrieg)

113
Q

How were Soviet resources critical for Germany?

A

Massive Soviet shipments were critical for Germany to launch Operation Barbarossa

114
Q

What was the response of the Soviet Union to Germany assembling troops in eastern Poland?

A

Assembling its divisions on its western border

115
Q

What directive did Soviet troops on the western border receive?

A

‘Do not answer to any provocations’ and ‘do not undertake any offensive actions without specific orders’

116
Q

What was controversial about the warnings received by Stalin?

A

The extent of warnings about a German invasion

117
Q

What was the role of the Lucy spy ring in Switzerland?

A

Sending warnings of an attack, possibly deriving from Ultra codebreaking in Britain

118
Q

How did Soviet intelligence respond to German disinformation?

A

By sending false alarms about a German invasion

119
Q

What did Soviet intelligence report about Germany’s invasion plans?

A

That Germany would rather invade the USSR after the fall of the British Empire or after an ultimatum demanding German occupation of Ukraine

120
Q

What role did the strategic air offensive by the USAAF and RAF play during World War II?

A

Damaging German industry and tying up German air force and air defense resources

121
Q

What was one specific goal of the bombing of Dresden?

A

To facilitate specific Soviet operational goals

122
Q

Which countries were targeted by Allied bombings to cripple oil production?

A

Romania and Hungary

123
Q

How did British and Commonwealth forces contribute to the Eastern Front?

A

Service in Arctic convoys, training Red Air Force pilots, and providing material and intelligence support

124
Q

What was the total amount of Allied shipments to the Soviet Union during World War II?

A

17,499,861 tons

125
Q

What percentage of the USSR’s high octane aviation fuel was supplied by Lend-Lease?

A

58%

126
Q

What percentage of the USSR’s motor vehicles was supplied by Lend-Lease?

A

33%

127
Q

What percentage of the USSR’s expended ordnance was supplied by Lend-Lease?

A

53%

128
Q

What percentage of the USSR’s fighters and bombers was supplied by Lend-Lease?

A

30%

129
Q

What percentage of the USSR’s railway equipment was supplied by Lend-Lease?

A

93%

130
Q

What percentage of the USSR’s tanks and SPGs was supplied by Lend-Lease?

A

12%

131
Q

What percentage of the USSR’s TNT was supplied by Lend-Lease during 1942-1944?

A

50%

132
Q

What innovations did the USSR receive through Lend-Lease?

A

Penicillin, radar, rocket, precision-bombing technology, Loran, and other innovations

133
Q

What amount of aluminium was shipped to the USSR through Lend-Lease?

A

350,000 tons

134
Q

How did Stalin describe the role of the United States in building Soviet heavy industry?

A

Two-thirds of Soviet heavy industry was built with the help of the United States

135
Q

What was the estimated total value of Lend-Lease aid provided during World War II?

A

Between $42-50 billion

136
Q

What was the value of Lend-Lease aid received by the Soviet Union?

A

$12.5 billion

137
Q

How did Germany acquire resources and raw materials during World War II?

A

By forcing conquered territories to sell at extremely low prices

138
Q

Which country made the largest contribution to the German war effort?

A

France

139
Q

What was the percentage of French GDP that went to German payments in 1943-44?

A

Up to 55%

140
Q

What was the role of the ‘Oil Pact’ between Germany and Romania?

A

Germany traded arms for Romanian oil

141
Q

What percentage of Axis fuel production came from Romania?

A

35%

142
Q

What was the peak oil production in Germany in 1944?

A

About 12 million barrels of oil per year

143
Q

What was the estimated share of Swedish iron in Germany’s total consumption during 1933-43?

A

43%

144
Q

How many foreign people were abducted for forced labor by Germany?

A

Approximately 12 million

145
Q

How many foreign forced laborers and POWs were freed after the defeat of Germany?

A

Approximately 11 million

146
Q

How many civilians were brought into the Reich for unfree labor during wartime?

A

6.5 million

147
Q

Which countries repatriated the most displaced persons after World War II?

A

Soviet Union, Poland, France, Italy

World War 2 (5 decks)

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