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World War 2 > WW2 European Theatre1 > Flashcards

WW2 European Theatre1 Flashcards

1
Q

When did World War II begin?

A

1 September 1939, with the German invasion of Poland

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2
Q

When did Britain and France declare war on Germany?

A

3 September 1939

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3
Q

What was the Phoney War?

A

An early phase of WWII marked by few military operations in Continental Europe following the German invasion of Poland and preceding the Battle of France

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4
Q

What did the French forces do during the Phoney War?

A

Launched the Saar Offensive against Germany but halted their advance and returned

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5
Q

What did the British Royal Air Force do during the Phoney War?

A

Dropped propaganda leaflets on Germany

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6
Q

When did the first Canadian troops arrive in Britain?

A

During the Phoney War

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7
Q

What was the purpose of Operation Weserübung?

A

The German invasion of Denmark and Norway

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8
Q

What did the Allies plan to do before Operation Weserübung?

A

They planned an amphibious landing to cut off Germany’s supply of raw materials from Sweden

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9
Q

What was the outcome of Operation Weserübung?

A

The Germans repulsed the Allies and defeated the Norwegian armed forces

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10
Q

What was the German strategy in the Battle of France?

A

Blitzkrieg

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11
Q

When did the German breakthrough at Sedan occur?

A

During the Battle of France in May 1940

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12
Q

What happened to the BEF and the best of the French and Belgian armies during the Battle of France?

A

They became trapped in Flanders

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13
Q

How did the majority of the British and some French forces escape during the Battle of France?

A

They escaped at Dunkirk

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14
Q

When did the Germans commence Fall Rot?

A

After the events at Dunkirk on June 4, 1940

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15
Q

When did the Germans take Paris?

A

June 14, 1940

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16
Q

When did Italy declare war on the UK and France?

A

During the Battle of France, but made little progress

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17
Q

What did French Prime Minister Philippe Pétain do as France was falling?

A

Signed the Second Armistice of Compiègne on June 22, 1940

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18
Q

What were the terms of the Second Armistice of Compiègne?

A

Occupation of Northern France, annexation of Alsace-Lorraine into Germany, and a small Italian occupation zone in the southeast

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19
Q

What was Vichy France?

A

A rump state of the former French Republic, led by Philippe Pétain

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20
Q

What were the combined Allied casualties during the six weeks of fighting in the Battle of France?

A

More than 375,000 killed or wounded, and 1,800,000 soldiers became prisoners of war

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21
Q

What were the German casualties during the Battle of France?

A

43,110 killed and 111,000 wounded

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22
Q

What did Hitler consider after the fall of France?

A

Ways of dealing with Britain, including a possible invasion

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23
Q

What did the Luftwaffe need to achieve for an amphibious landing in Britain?

A

Air superiority or air supremacy

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24
Q

What was the Atlantic Wall?

A

A series of defensive fortifications along the French coast of the English Channel

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25
Q

What was the purpose of the Dieppe Raid on 19 August 1942?

A

A practice attack against the French coast to learn lessons for a future invasion

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26
Q

What was the outcome of the Dieppe Raid?

A

A disaster with almost two-thirds of the attacking force becoming casualties

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27
Q

What actions characterized the Western Front between 1941-1944?

A

Commando raids and guerrilla actions of the resistance aided by SOE and OSS

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28
Q

What was the strategic bombing campaign by the Allies during this period?

A

US Eighth Air Force bombing Germany by day and RAF Bomber Command bombing by night

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29
Q

What were some early British raids during the period?

A

Operation Collar, Operation Ambassador, Operation Biting, St Nazaire, Operation Myrmidon, Operation Abercrombie, Dieppe, Operation Frankton

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30
Q

What was the significance of the raid on Sark on the night of 3/4 October 1942?

A

It led to Hitler’s Commando Order instructing that all captured Commandos be executed

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31
Q

Who was the commander of OB West in summer 1944?

A

Field Marshal Erwin Rommel

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32
Q

What were the three groups commanded by OB West?

A

Wehrmacht Netherlands Command, Army Group B, Army Group G

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33
Q

Which divisions were part of Army Group B’s mobile reserves?

A

2nd Panzer Division, 116th Panzer Division, 21st Panzer Division

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34
Q

Which divisions were part of Army Group G’s mobile reserves?

A

11th Panzer Division, 2nd SS Panzer Division Das Reich, 9th Panzer Division

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35
Q

When did Operation Overlord begin?

A

6 June 1944

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36
Q

What was the purpose of Operation Fortitude and Operation Bodyguard?

A

Deception plans to convince the Germans that the invasion would occur in the Pas-de-Calais

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37
Q

What was the result of Operation Cobra?

A

Allowed the Americans to break out at the western end of the Normandy lodgement

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38
Q

What happened in the Falaise Pocket?

A

Around 200,000 Germans were encircled, with 50,000 killed or taken prisoner and many leaving behind irreplaceable equipment

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39
Q

What was the strategic debate among the Allies regarding the advance in France?

A

Whether to advance on a broad-front or a narrow-front

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40
Q

Which strategy did the Supreme Allied Commander, General Dwight D. Eisenhower, and most of the American high command favor?

A

A broad-front advance

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41
Q

What was Operation Dragoon?

A

The invasion of Southern France between Toulon and Cannes on 15 August 1944

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42
Q

Which armies made up the US 6th Army Group during Operation Dragoon?

A

US Seventh Army and the French First Army

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43
Q

Who commanded the British 21st Army Group during the Liberation of France?

A

Field Marshal Sir Bernard Montgomery

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44
Q

Who commanded the American 12th Army Group during the Liberation of France?

A

General Omar Bradley

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45
Q

Who commanded the US 6th Army Group during the Liberation of France?

A

Lieutenant General Jacob L. Devers

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46
Q

When did the Liberation of Paris occur?

A

25 August 1944

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47
Q

Who surrendered Paris to the Allies?

A

General Dietrich von Choltitz

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48
Q

What was the significance of the liberation of Northern France and the Benelux countries for the inhabitants of London?

A

It denied the Germans launch sites for their mobile V-1 and V-2 weapons

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49
Q

What was the Red Ball Express?

A

The Allied trucking effort to transport supplies from Normandy to the front line

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50
Q

When was the port of Antwerp liberated?

A

4 September 1944

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51
Q

What was Operation Switchback?

A

The campaign to clear the Breskens pocket on the southern bank of the Scheldt

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52
Q

What was the result of the Battle of Aachen?

A

The city was taken by the Allies with 5,000 casualties on both sides and 5,600 German prisoners

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53
Q

What was Operation Queen?

A

A large scale autumn offensive starting on 16 November to drive the Allies to the Rur River

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54
Q

What was Operation Market Garden?

A

A bold attack to take bridges over main rivers in the German-occupied Netherlands and advance into Germany

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55
Q

Which divisions were involved in Operation Market Garden?

A

US 101st Airborne Division, US 82nd Airborne Division, British 1st Airborne Division

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56
Q

What was the result of the Battle of Arnhem during Operation Market Garden?

A

Near-destruction of the British 1st Airborne Division with almost 8,000 casualties

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57
Q

What was the German plan ‘Wacht am Rhein’?

A

A massive counter-attack in the West to attack through the Ardennes and swing north to Antwerp

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58
Q

When did the Battle of the Bulge start?

A

16 December 1944

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59
Q

Which US Army defended the Ardennes during the Battle of the Bulge?

A

US First Army

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60
Q

When was the German penetration during the Battle of the Bulge stopped?

A

25 January 1945

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61
Q

What was Operation Nordwind?

A

A German offensive into Alsace on 1 January 1945 to recapture Strasbourg

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62
Q

What was Operation Blackcock?

A

The clearing of the German bridgehead over the river Roer between Heinsberg and Roermond in January 1945

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63
Q

What were Operation Veritable and Operation Grenade?

A

Allied operations to advance from the Nijmegen area and cross the Roer

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64
Q

When did the US Ninth Army cross the Roer?

A

23 February 1945

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65
Q

How many German soldiers were taken prisoner during the ‘battle of the Rhineland’?

A

280,000

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66
Q

How many German soldiers were taken prisoner by the time the Allies prepared to cross the Rhine in March 1945?

A

1,300,000

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67
Q

What was Operation Plunder?

A

The British 21st Army Group’s assault crossing of the Rhine at Rees and Wesel on 23 March 1945

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68
Q

What was Operation Varsity?

A

The largest airborne operation in history, part of Operation Plunder

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69
Q

When did US forces cross the Rhine at Oppenheim?

A

Night of 22 March 1945

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70
Q

When did the US Seventh Army assault across the Rhine between Mannheim and Worms?

A

26 March 1945

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71
Q

When was Bremen captured by British forces?

A

26 April 1945

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72
Q

When did British and Canadian paratroopers reach Wismar?

A

2 May 1945

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73
Q

Who was the commander of German Army Group B trapped in the Ruhr Pocket?

A

Field Marshal Walther Model

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74
Q

How many German soldiers became POWs in the Ruhr Pocket?

A

300,000

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75
Q

What was the final move by Western Allies towards Berlin known as?

A

Race to Berlin

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76
Q

When did Eisenhower take the unconditional surrender of all German forces?

A

7 May 1945

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77
Q

How many casualties did the Allies suffer on the Western Front?

A

1,093,000 killed/wounded/missing

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78
Q

How many prisoners did the Allies take from the Axis?

A

About 2 million, mostly French

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79
Q

What were the US losses on the Western Front?

A

147,783 killed and missing, 365,086 wounded, 73,759 captured

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80
Q

What were the French losses on the Western Front?

A

132,590 killed or missing, about 300,000 wounded, 1,454,730 taken prisoner

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81
Q

What were the British losses on the Western Front?

A

58,000 killed, nearly 111,000 wounded, 56,000 captured

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82
Q

What were the total Allied losses on the Western Front?

A

284,000 killed, wounded, and captured

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83
Q

What were the German losses on the Western Front in 1944 according to George Marshall?

A

263,000 killed

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84
Q

What were the German losses on the Western Front in 1944 according to Rüdger Overmans?

A

244,891 killed and missing

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85
Q

How many German soldiers were held in POW camps by June 1945?

A

7,614,790

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86
Q

What was the German plan ‘Wacht am Rhein’?

A

A massive counter-attack in the West to attack through the Ardennes and swing north to Antwerp

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87
Q

When did the Battle of the Bulge start?

A

16 December 1944

88
Q

Which US Army defended the Ardennes during the Battle of the Bulge?

A

US First Army

89
Q

When was the German penetration during the Battle of the Bulge stopped?

A

25 January 1945

90
Q

What was Operation Nordwind?

A

A German offensive into Alsace on 1 January 1945 to recapture Strasbourg

91
Q

What was Operation Blackcock?

A

The clearing of the German bridgehead over the river Roer between Heinsberg and Roermond in January 1945

92
Q

What were Operation Veritable and Operation Grenade?

A

Allied operations to advance from the Nijmegen area and cross the Roer

93
Q

When did the US Ninth Army cross the Roer?

A

23 February 1945

94
Q

How many German soldiers were taken prisoner during the ‘battle of the Rhineland’?

A

280,000

95
Q

How many German soldiers were taken prisoner by the time the Allies prepared to cross the Rhine in March 1945?

A

1,300,000

96
Q

What was Operation Plunder?

A

The British 21st Army Group’s assault crossing of the Rhine at Rees and Wesel on 23 March 1945

97
Q

What was Operation Varsity?

A

The largest airborne operation in history, part of Operation Plunder

98
Q

When did US forces cross the Rhine at Oppenheim?

A

Night of 22 March 1945

99
Q

When did the US Seventh Army assault across the Rhine between Mannheim and Worms?

A

26 March 1945

100
Q

When was Bremen captured by British forces?

A

26 April 1945

101
Q

When did British and Canadian paratroopers reach Wismar?

A

2 May 1945

102
Q

Who was the commander of German Army Group B trapped in the Ruhr Pocket?

A

Field Marshal Walther Model

103
Q

How many German soldiers became POWs in the Ruhr Pocket?

A

300,000

104
Q

What was the final move by Western Allies towards Berlin known as?

A

Race to Berlin

105
Q

When did Eisenhower take the unconditional surrender of all German forces?

A

7 May 1945

106
Q

How many casualties did the Allies suffer on the Western Front?

A

1,093,000 killed/wounded/missing

107
Q

How many prisoners did the Allies take from the Axis?

A

About 2 million, mostly French

108
Q

What were the US losses on the Western Front?

A

147,783 killed and missing, 365,086 wounded, 73,759 captured

109
Q

What were the French losses on the Western Front?

A

132,590 killed or missing, about 300,000 wounded, 1,454,730 taken prisoner

110
Q

What were the British losses on the Western Front?

A

58,000 killed, nearly 111,000 wounded, 56,000 captured

111
Q

What were the total Allied losses on the Western Front?

A

284,000 killed, wounded, and captured

112
Q

What were the German losses on the Western Front in 1944 according to George Marshall?

A

263,000 killed

113
Q

What were the German losses on the Western Front in 1944 according to Rüdger Overmans?

A

244,891 killed and missing

114
Q

How many German soldiers were held in POW camps by June 1945?

A

7,614,790

115
Q

What were the ambitions of fascist Italy in Europe in 1936?

A

Hegemony in the Mediterranean–Danubian–Balkan region and the conquest of an empire stretching from the Strait of Gibraltar to the Strait of Hormuz

116
Q

What territories did Italy claim or seek to transform into client states?

A

Albania, Dalmatia, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia, Greece, Austria, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria

117
Q

What were Italy’s covert motives for expansion?

A

To become the dominant power in the Mediterranean, challenge France or Britain, and gain access to the Atlantic and Indian Oceans

118
Q

When did Mussolini address the Fascist Grand Council on capturing various territories?

A

30 November 1938

119
Q

What territories did Mussolini aim to capture in his address?

A

Albania, Tunisia, Corsica, Ticino canton of Switzerland, French territory east of the River Var

120
Q

When did the Second Italo–Ethiopian War begin?

A

2 October 1935

121
Q

When did Italy invade and occupy Albania?

A

7 April 1939

122
Q

When was the Pact of Steel between Italy and Nazi Germany signed?

A

May 1939

123
Q

What were the two stages of Italian foreign policy during the Fascist regime?

A

Until 1934–35, a modest and responsible course; after that, ceaseless activity and aggression

124
Q

When did Italy declare war on France and the United Kingdom?

A

10 June 1940

125
Q

What was the Battle of the Mediterranean?

A

Hostilities between the fleets of Italy, France, and the United Kingdom beginning on 10 June 1940

126
Q

When did the siege of Malta begin?

A

11 June 1940

127
Q

When did the Western Desert Campaign begin?

A

11 June 1940

128
Q

What was the result of the Italian invasion of France?

A

Italy gained a demilitarised zone inside France and an area of 832 km2, including the town of Menton

129
Q

What was the Franco-Italian Armistice?

A

An armistice signed on 24 June 1940, giving Italy demilitarised zones and territory in France

130
Q

What was the British response to the French fleet at Mers-el-Kébir?

A

The Royal Navy attacked the French fleet on 3 July 1940 to prevent it from falling into German or Italian hands

131
Q

When did the Italian invasion of Egypt begin?

A

13 September 1940

132
Q

What was the outcome of the Italian invasion of Egypt?

A

Italian forces advanced to Sidi Barrani and then dug in

133
Q

When did the Italian conquest of British Somaliland occur?

A

August 1940

134
Q

When did the Greco-Italian War begin?

A

28 October 1940

135
Q

What was the result of the initial Italian invasion of Greece?

A

The Greek army repulsed the Italian attack and pushed them back into Albania

136
Q

What was the significance of the Battle of Taranto?

A

The Royal Navy inflicted a major setback on the Italian Royal Navy on the night of 12/13 November 1940

137
Q

What was Operation Compass?

A

A British counter-attack in Egypt that drove the Italians out and destroyed the Italian 10th Army in February 1941

138
Q

When did the Battle of Kufra end?

A

March 1941

139
Q

What was the outcome of the Battle of Kufra?

A

The Italians lost the desert oasis of Kufra, a vital link between Italian east and north Africa

140
Q

What operation did Germany launch to assist Italy in North Africa?

A

Operation Sonnenblume

141
Q

Who was the commanding officer of the Afrika Korps?

A

Erwin Rommel

142
Q

What significant event took place in North Africa in March-April 1941?

A

Rommel defeated British forces, forcing their retreat

143
Q

Which division fell back to Tobruk in North Africa?

A

Australian 9th Infantry Division

144
Q

What did the Axis forces capture at the Libyan-Egyptian border?

A

Halfaya Pass

145
Q

When did the British launch a counter-attack in East Africa?

A

February 1941

146
Q

What happened to the Italian Viceroy in East Africa?

A

Duke Amedeo d’Aosta surrendered on 18 May 1941

147
Q

Who was re-established as the ruler of Ethiopia after the East African Campaign?

A

Haile Selassie

148
Q

What was the last Italian garrison to surrender in East Africa?

A

Gondar, in November 1941

149
Q

When did the Italians begin guerrilla warfare in Ethiopia?

A

Until October 1943

150
Q

What did the Greeks initially refuse regarding British assistance?

A

Allowing British troops into the country

151
Q

When did the Germans, Italians, Hungarians, and Bulgarians invade Yugoslavia?

A

April 1941

152
Q

What two client states were formed after the invasion of Yugoslavia?

A

The Independent State of Croatia and Nedić’s Serbia

153
Q

What began in spring 1941 in Yugoslavia?

A

A complex guerrilla uprising led by Partisans commanded by Josip Broz Tito

154
Q

When did the Italian invasion of Greece start?

A

28 October 1940

155
Q

What did the Germans launch on 6 April 1941 in Greece?

A

Operation Marita

156
Q

What happened to the British, Australian, and New Zealand forces in Greece?

A

They were overwhelmed and forced to retreat

157
Q

When did the German invasion of Crete begin?

A

20 May 1941

158
Q

What was the outcome of the Battle of Crete?

A

Germans captured the island by 1 June 1941

159
Q

Who did Hitler blame for the failure of the Soviet invasion?

A

Mussolini’s failed conquest of Greece

160
Q

What happened in Iraq when Italy entered the war?

A

The Iraqi government did not break off diplomatic relations with Italy

161
Q

Who aided the Axis propaganda in Iraq?

A

Mohammad Amin al-Husayni

162
Q

When did Rashid Ali seize power in Iraq?

A

1 April 1941

163
Q

What did Rashid Ali’s government ask Germany for?

A

Military assistance in the event of war with the British

164
Q

What did German Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop persuade Hitler to do in Iraq?

A

Return Dr. Fritz Grobba to lead a diplomatic mission

165
Q

What did Germany conclude with Vichy France on 6 May?

A

A deal to release war materials from French Mandate of Syria to Iraq

166
Q

What happened on 30 April in Iraq?

A

The Iraqi Army surrounded and besieged RAF Habbaniya

167
Q

What was the outcome of the siege of RAF Habbaniya?

A

British reinforcements were dispatched, and the Iraqi force was defeated

168
Q

What was restored in Iraq after the defeat of the rebellion?

A

The monarchy of Faisal II and a pro-British government

169
Q

What was the main objective of Operation Exporter?

A

To invade Syria and Lebanon from Palestine

170
Q

Which forces participated in Operation Exporter?

A

Australian, Free French, British, and Indian units

171
Q

When did Operation Exporter begin?

A

8 June 1941

172
Q

What led to the surrender terms in Operation Exporter?

A

Negotiations for an armistice started on 11 July and surrender terms were signed on 14 July

173
Q

What was the goal of Operation Countenance?

A

To open a supply route through Iran for the Soviet Union

174
Q

Why did the Allies invade Iran in August 1941?

A

The Shah refused to open Iran as a supply route for war materiel to the USSR

175
Q

What was the outcome of the invasion of Iran?

A

The Shah was deposed, his young son was placed on the throne, and Iranian oil fields were secured

176
Q

What was the aim of Operation Atlas?

A

To establish an intelligence-gathering base in Mandatory Palestine

177
Q

When did Operation Atlas take place?

A

October 1944

178
Q

What was the objective of Operation Mammoth?

A

To sabotage Kirkuk oil fields and create a Kurdish uprising against the British

179
Q

What happened to the German agents in Operation Mammoth?

A

They were arrested by the British and released several years after World War II

180
Q

What was Gibraltar’s strategic importance during WWII?

A

It commanded the entrance to the Mediterranean

181
Q

What was the role of Force H based in Gibraltar?

A

To maintain naval superiority and escort convoys to and from Malta

182
Q

What was the significance of Malta during WWII?

A

It was a target for the Axis powers and a key base for Allied operations in the Mediterranean

183
Q

What were the main challenges faced by the inhabitants of Malta?

A

Food and commodity shortages due to bombing and naval blockade

184
Q

What was the outcome of the Siege of Tobruk?

A

Axis forces began a siege, and a small German force advanced into Egypt

185
Q

What was Operation Crusader?

A

A British offensive launched in late 1941 to push back Axis forces in North Africa

186
Q

What marked the turning point in the North African Campaign?

A

The Second Battle of El Alamein

187
Q

When did the United States join the war?

A

7 December 1941, after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor

188
Q

What was Operation Torch?

A

The Allied invasion of French North Africa

189
Q

What was the outcome of the Tunisia Campaign?

A

The unconditional surrender of nearly 240,000 Axis troops on 13 May 1943

190
Q

When did the Allies invade Sicily in Operation Husky?

A

10 July 1943

191
Q

When did the Allies enter Messina, Sicily?

A

17 August 1943

192
Q

What happened to Mussolini on 25 July 1943?

A

The Italian government deposed and arrested him

193
Q

When did the British Eighth Army land in the toe of Italy?

A

3 September 1943

194
Q

When was the Armistice of Cassibile announced?

A

8 September 1943

195
Q

What was Operation Avalanche?

A

The Allied landing at Salerno on 9 September 1943

196
Q

Which German force rescued Mussolini from Gran Sasso?

A

A German airborne force led by Otto Skorzeny

197
Q

What was the Italian Co-Belligerent Army?

A

An army created to fight against Mussolini’s puppet government and its German allies

198
Q

What was the significance of the Winter Line in Italy?

A

It was a major defensive line that halted the Allied advance in late 1943

199
Q

What was Operation Shingle?

A

An amphibious assault at Anzio behind the Winter Line

200
Q

When was the Fourth Battle of Monte Cassino?

A

Spring of 1944

201
Q

When was Rome captured by the Allies?

A

June 1944

202
Q

What reduced the importance of the Italian campaign after June 1944?

A

The Normandy landings and Red Army victories on the Eastern Front

203
Q

When was the Gothic Line north of Rome broken?

A

Spring offensive of 1945

204
Q

When did German forces in Italy surrender unconditionally?

A

2 May 1945

205
Q

What was the Dodecanese Campaign?

A

A campaign where both Germany and the Allies scrambled to occupy the Italian-held Dodecanese Islands after Italy’s surrender

206
Q

What was Operation Dragoon?

A

The Allied invasion of Southern France on 15 August 1944

207
Q

Where did the Allies land during Operation Dragoon?

A

Between Toulon and Cannes

208
Q

What was the outcome of the invasion of Southern France in Operation Dragoon?

A

The Allies rapidly broke out of their beachheads and joined with the American 12th Army Group

209
Q

What was the Italian Civil War?

A

A conflict where Italian forces fought against Mussolini’s puppet government and German allies alongside the Italian resistance movement

210
Q

What was the Italian Co-Belligerent Army?

A

An army created to fight against Mussolini’s puppet government and its German allies

211
Q

When did the German battleship Roma sink?

A

9 September 1943

212
Q

When did German forces occupy Rome and disarm the Italian Army?

A

After the Armistice of Cassibile was announced on 8 September 1943

213
Q

What happened to the Italian fleet after the Armistice of Cassibile?

A

It sailed to Malta

214
Q

What was the role of the Italian resistance movement during the Italian Civil War?

A

To fight against the puppet government headed by Mussolini and its German allies

215
Q

What was Operation Sunrise?

A

Protracted, clandestine negotiations with the Allies leading to the German surrender in Italy

World War 2 (5 decks)

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