WW1 Build Up Flashcards
What is nationalism
A nationalist movement is a group of people who have some of the following points in common
-geography
-race
-language
-culture
-religion
And identify with one’s own nation and support for its interests
How does geography affect nationalism
A common piece of territory. People like to think that certain natural boundaries such as rivers,mountains and seas are given by god as frontiers for their nation
How does race affect nationalism
Common race origins are closely linked with the idea of a nation. People tend to join with others who look like themselves against those who are different
How does language affect nationalism
Language is one of the few factors which clearly distinguishes one group of people from another . It unites all those who speak a common language
How does culture affect nationalism
The literature , history, customs, music, folklore and sport common to a particular group of people
How does religion affect nationalism
Having one common religion
What are the positive aspects of nationalism
-sense of belonging or identity
-independent country
-loyal
-proud
-unites people
What are the negative aspects of nationalism
-divisive(it separates people)
-aggressive and violent
-stereotyping
-dislike of others
-power struggles over land or countries
Nationalism definition
The idea that a group of people sharing the same language , territory, culture, religion, tradition should be a nation.
Where did nationalism originate from
France 1789-the French people rebelled against their government and overthrew it. They declared France a republic that had liberty, equality and freedom
How did Frances movement catch on
In America the idea caught on and 13 British colonies declared themselves the republic of the United States of America . They succeeded
What are the types of nationalism
Militant republicans (revolutionary)
Constitutional
Cultural
Describe militant republicans
Militant republicans (revolutionary nationalists) wanted an independent Irish republic. They aimed to get it by violent means e.gl United Irishmen, young Irelanders, Robert emmet and the R.I.A.
The United Irishmen (1798) tried to violently overturn British rule and declare a republic. They failed
Constitutional nationalists
Constitutional nationalists wanted the Irish parliament back. They aimed to do this by people power, elections and peaceful persuasion. E,g. IPP, Daniel O’Connell
In Ireland the initial aim for the constitutional nationalists was to undo The Act of Union and improve catholic rights
Cultural nationalism
The aim of cultural nationalism was to preserve and protect a country’s identity
In Ireland this meant ensuring the survival of Irish dancing, language and sports. e.g. GAA
What was the The Act of Union law that constitutional nationalists wanted rid off
Dublin in the 18th century the Irish parliament was dominated by the Protestant church of Ireland landlords. RCS and Presbyterians did not like this. After the rebellion by the United Irishmen the parliament was abolished and Ireland was ruled from London. This was known as the act of Union in 1801
Who were some founders of constitutional nationalism
Daniel O’Connell
Monster raplies
The repeal movement=‘bring back Irish parliament “
Young Irelanders 1848
This was a revolutionary nationalist movement inspired in part because of the potato famine in Ireland in 1848
How did the Anglo-German naval race cause war and what type of cause was it
Militarism : The Kaiser believed that Britains power came from the strength of her navy and so he began to build up Germany’s navy too. They built a powerful iron ship called the ‘Dreadnought’ which was a copy of Britain’s war ship. Thus began a naval race which would build up military power and hatred between the two nations, making war more likely
How did french-German hostility cause war and what type was it
Militarism: France and Germany hated each other and had fought a war in 1870. Germany had beaten France easily and made them suffer a very harsh peace treaty. Germany took the French lands of Alsace and Lorraine. The French felt that they had been disgraced and wanted their revenge
How did Germany feeling threatened cause war and what type of cause was it
Militarism: Germany felt threatened by Britain, France and Russia. The Kaiser felt surrounded by hostile nations
How did the alliance system cause war and what type was it
Militarism: This can be broken into 2 separate alliances.
The triple alliance 1882.
Germany , Austria and Hungary( a large empire in central and south east Europe known as the Ralkans). It was ruled by Franz josef and Italy.
Worried by the triple alliance above France began looking for allies.
1894=they formed an alliance with Russia
1904= formed an alliance with uk(anglo-French entente)
1907=triple entente formed
This created tension as a dispute between only 2 of these powers may pull all 6 into a European war
Triple alliance
1882
-Germany
-Austria-Hungary
-Italy
Triple entente
1907
-France
-UK
-Russia
How did the Anglo German rivalry cause war and what type is it
Imperialism: On the surface Britain and Germany appeared friendly;the British King was the Kasier’s uncle but the Kaiser was jealous of Britain’s Empire and wanted more colonies for Germany “a place in the son”
Imperialism
Creating or making bigger empires
How did Morocco cause war and what type was it
Imperialism: In 1905 the kaiser went to Morocco and upset the French who were involved by challenging their authority. The uk backed France and Germany has to back down. In 1911 tension arose again between France and Germany in Morocco but again the uk backed France.
How did balkans war cause ww1 and what type was it
Nationalism: Balkans war was 1912-13. The balkans was a south-east area of Europe that has been ruled by Turkey, Russia and Austria. The Balkans were keen to increase their power in the Balkans when the Turkish empire collapsed. However, the Balkans wanted independence. Serbia was especially keen to keep out the big powers, in particular Austria-Hungary. The Balkans war made matters worse. This war increased Serbia’s power and confidence. She became more aggressive, seeings Serb people living in Austria-Hungary but desiring to live in a bigger Serbi
How did Bosnia-Sarajevo cause war and what type was it
Nationalism: Serbian nationalists wanted to increase the power of Serbia, by including Bosnia in their country. However, it was part of the Austria-Hungarian Empire and Franz Josef would not give up! In June 1914 the Austrian Crown Prince Franz Ferdinand and his wife visited the Bosnian town of Sarajevo. There, he was assassinated by a Marcus Princip. Princip was a member of the Black hand, terrorist organisation(revolutionary nationalist). He had tuberculosis and tried to commit suicide after the assassination. This was the short term spark that would ignite the long term causes(1-7) and bring the world to war. The assassination was known as the shot heard round the world.
What countries remained neutral through war
Norway,Sweden, Denmark,, Netherlands, Belgium, Spain, Switzerland and Albania
What was the problem Germany face at the start of the war
They were surrounded
What was the schlieffen plan
The schlieffen plan was to knock France out of the war straight away by attacking them first. To do this they would go through Belgium and then surround Paris. There was plan to be quick enough that Frances British support wouldn’t be able to stop them . There was also the plan to invade Russia before they had a chance to get ready for war
What I did the Germans need to go right for the schlieffen plan to work
-Russia would need to take 6-8 weeks to mobilise
-France would be attacked and defeated within 6 weeks
-the Germans would have captured Paris and gained control of the French ports en route
-Belgium wouldn’t resist an attack and would easily be defeated
-Britain would remain neutral and not become involved
What went wrong with the schlieffen plan
On the 2nd of August 1914 the German army invaded Belgium and Luxembourg. unexpectedly the German army were held up by the Belgium army. This came as a massive surprise to the Germans as the Germans outnumbered the Belgium army 10 to one.
As a consequence of invading Belgium Britain declared war on Germany within a day is this because britain had agreed a treaty in 1839 to protect Belgium if they were invaded
Russian mobilised in just 10 days and Germany was forced to withdraw troops from the west to defend their eastern border
What did lord Kitchener do after war was anounced
When war came in August 1914, Lord Kitchener, the secutary of state for war, realised that Britain needed a bigger army
How did Lord Kitchener create his bigger army
He did this by creating a new volunteer army which was known as ‘Kitchener’s army’
To do this he:
-made a direct and personal appeal to the men of Britain.
-posters were printed showing him pointing his finger at the people with the words”your country needs you”
-men fr,t proud at the prospect of fighting for their country and queued outside recruitment offices all over Britain to join the army
What date was prince Franz Ferdinand assassinated
June 28th 1914
Why did men join the army
-a sense of duty to serve their country
-the belief that it was just a cause and would be over by Christmas
-the desire for adventure/ to get out /exciting
-bonds of friendship
-money/pay
How many men signed up for the army in the first weekend of the war
100 men an hour(3000 a day) signed up to join the armed forces
What were some figures for recruitment
-54 million posters were issued
-8 million personal letters were sent
-12,000 meetings were held
-20,00 speeches were delivered by military spokesmen
-by the end of 1914, 1,186,337 men had enlisted
What dates did ww1 run though
28 July 1914-11 November 1918
What was Kitcheners rules about age
Soldiers had to be at least 18 years old to join and 19 before they were sent abroad
Lots of younger teens tried to join up and often lied about their age. They wanted to be treated like men and thought war would be exciting . This meant that boys as young as 13-14 were sent to war. On,y me could go and the limit was originally 18-41 years old but was changed to 18-51 in April 1918.
Who was exempt from joining Kitchener’s army
-priests and ministers
-those who failed medical tests
Reserved occupations like driving trains, working in coal mines, shipyards and ammunition factories or farmers.(had to stay in Britain because they played an important role)
Originally how were men split up and why did this have to change
Initially men were put into PAL regiments with their friends and neighbours from the same towns however when the levels of casualties became frighteningly high men were split up so that local regions would not lose a whole generation of young men
Name some example PAL units
First Bradford’s pals
The Scottish royals
The Preston pals
The Leeds pals
How did they try to encourage older men
Posters and newspapers reports
What happened in 1916
Although the government wanted as many men as possible to join the forces willingly in 1916, a law was passed to say men had to join the war whether they wanted to or not this was called conscription
What was the law that prevented men from choosing to volunteer
The conscription passed in 1916 forced men to join wether they wanted to or not
What was the problem Germany had that led to the schlieffen plan
At the start of the war it was completely surrounded by
What could Germany do about being surrounded
Germany had 3 options
Option 1 =attack Britain first,then France and Russia. After all, the British empire has the strongest navy
Option 2 = attack France first to take them out of the war before Russia and Britain can get involved
Option 3 = attack Russia first, it’s not as strong as Germany and then only fighting Britain and France on one side
Who was schlieffen
Alfred von schlieffen
From German army
Chief-of-staff
When was the schlieffen plan first drawn up
Germany had been preparing for war long before 1914
They had started drawing up a plan for war in 1897 (schlieffen plan)
It took nine years to finalise it was complex and deliberated on a lot
Why was the schlieffen plan created?
It was based on the theory that Germany would be at war with France and Russia at the same time
They would have a war on two Fronts
What was the plan I summary
The plan was to use 90% of German army to attack France through Belgium and Luxembourg The remaining 10% of German army would defend the eastern borders with Russia
What are some assumptions Germany made about France and Russia
They assumed that France was weak and could beaten quickly and that Russia was much stronger but would take longer to mobilise its army
It was also thought that with an inefficient transport system it would slow down the Russian army transport system
Where were the Germans desperate to capture?
The French ports
Which Belgium town held up the German advance?
Mons
