WSET Diploma D1 The Growing Enviornment CH 3 Flashcards
What Factors in the Growing Enviornment Does a Grape Need to Grow
What Natural Factors Effect each of these
- Temperature (Warmth) and Sunlight
- Altitude
- Slopes & Aspect
- Proximity to Water
- Winds
- Characteristics of Soil
- Mist, Fog & Clouds - Water
- Rainfall
- Characteristics of Soil & Land
- Evaporation Rate - Nutrients (Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, Magnesium, Calcium)
- Soil, Same things that effect water - Climate
- Weather
- Climate Change
- Timing
What are effects of Temperature on The Vine Growth Cycle
- Dormancy
- Budburst
- Photosynthesis
- Flowering
- Fruitset
- Ripening
- Final month of Ripening
Huge Influence on Vine Growth and Grape Ripening in all stages
– Different grapes need different temp, later ripening more heat, early ripening less heat
- Cold Temps - Under 10C (50F) ensure dormancy, lower than -20C (-4F) can cause damage
- Temp above 10C (50F) and warm soil temps stimulate budburst. (Cold temps and frost can be very harmful at this point)
- 18-33C (64-91F) is desired for Photosythesis to create sugar for energy
- Warm Temps promote successful uniform flowering. Above 17C (63F)
- Warm Temps for Fruitset 26-32C (79-90F)
- Warm Temps above 25C (77F) is best to promote bud fruitfulness in the next year. Affects yielsds in next growing season
- Ripening - Warmer temps, Sugar acculates faster due to increased photosynthesis producing sugars, transpiration promotes movement of sugars into grape
In Final month of ripening
Mean Temp above 21C (70F) - rapid loss acid
Mean Temp below 15C (59F) - reduce acid loss to uncomfortable level
Temperature Effect of Aroma Compounds and Precurors
Extreme Heat, Water Stress on Ripening
This is very complex
- Riper Aromas/Flavors - warmer climate
- Cool conditions hinder breakdown of mothoxypyrazines (hebaceous aromas)
- In black grapes, anthocynins (colour development) optimum at 15-25C (59-77F), tannin should be same but still needs more research
Extreme Heat - slow or stop photosynthesis, slowing vine growth and ripening
Water Stress - to much slows photosythesis, slow down or shut stomata from water loss, closed stomata limit intake of carbon dioxide needed for photosyntheis
Explain Effects of Sunshine on Vines and Grapes
When is it needed, when not
What Stops Sunlight
Negative Effects
Vine
- Photosynthesis
- Early VIne and Grape Growth
Grape
- Warms grapes, increases
- Enhances development in anthocyanins
- Drops acid, increses sugar
- Accutmulates Tannin (pre verasion), Promotes Tannin polymerisation (post verasion)
- Needed late spring, early summer, successful fruitset, promotes bud fruitfullness for next year growing season
- Fog can stop or slow photosynthesis, cloudy day will not
- Not needed in fall
- Sunburns - negative effect of quality and yield
Natural Factors That Effect Temp and Sunlight
- Latitude (Equator)
- Altitude
- Slopes and Aspect
- Proximity to water
- Winds
- Characteristic of Soil
- Fog, Mist, Clouds
What factors and how does Latitude effect Temperature and Sunlight
30-50 degrees, with exceptions
Lower Latitudes (Closed to the Equator), more solar radiation
Higher Latitudes (nearer poles), more of an angle, solar must trave further, less intense
Assuming all other factors the same
Lower latitudes warmer, more intense sunshine, higher sugar, more ripe aromas, lower acid, higher tannin, more color intensity
Low Latitude similar daylight hours throught season of year
High latitude longer daylight hours in summer, shroter in winter. Longer time for photosynthesis during growing season needed to produce enough sugar in grapes for ripening
What factors and how does Altitude effect Temperature and Sunlight
- Temperature drops .6C (1.1F) every 100M increase in altitude, favorable for places that would be to hot (ex. Salta, Argentina) - In contrast high latitude low altutude areas like Burgundy and Loire
- Sunlight more intense, less for Solar Radiation and Ultraviolet Radiation to travel through. Both promote anthocyanin and tannin sythesis
- High altitude, high diurnial range. Ground absorbs solar radiation energy during day, releases at night
- Lower altitude the air absorbs this energy (mainly water vapor
- Higher altitude less moisture, heat rapidly escapes
- Warm climate, high diurinal shift helps with ripening
What factors and how does Slopes and Aspect effect Temperature and Sunlight
North, South, East, West
Additional Advantages and Disadvantages
Slope and Aspect more important at higher latitudes
Extra warmth and light during spring and autumn can extend the growing season facing toward the sun, hence Grand Cru fruit of Burgundy and Alsace, extra ripeness
In warm climate may want to limit warmth and light, pland slopes facing away from the sun for early ripening grapes or for wines desiring less alcohol
Ex. Stellenboschm white varieties on south facing slopes to maintain acidity
East facing extend morning sunshine, extend vine growth and grape ripening, especially in cool climates, canopy dries out from dew faster, reducing fungal disease
West facing, too hot and sunburn in warm climates with later sun, however areas with west coasts, cool sea breazes can alleviate. Ex. California, Western Australia
Other Benefits, Advantages Air movement - protection from frost Slopes shelter from winds and rain Better Drainage Shallow, Poorer soils
Disadvantage
Inability to use machinery
Soil Erosion
What factors and how does Proximity to Water effect Temperature and Sunlight
Additional Advantages and Disadvantages
During Day water and air above water remain cooler and drop average temperature, warm air above land rises, cool air takes its place through breeze. Opposite effect at night
1A) Large bodies of water help cooler summers, milder winters
Positive in Warm and Cool Climates
- Finger Lakes, great lakes reduce severity of winter freeze
- Carneros, San Pablo Bay, cool breeze allow Pinot and hard to grow
1B)Large bodies of water reflect Solar Radiation
- depecnd on angle (greater at higher latitudes), better for low sunshine areas, and cooler regions
2) Costal Regions-ocean currents
- warmth of Bordeaux, comes from Gulf Stream, warms lots of european wine regions
3)El Nino (warm hurricanes)-California, La Nina (cooler) - Australia
Inturrupt pollination, fruitset
Cool and warm regions
What factors and how does Wind effect Temperature and Sunlight
Additional Advantages and Disadvantages
Warming and Cooling Effects to regions
Zonda - Mendoza warmth
Reduce humidity, increase air flow, decreasing fungal diseases
Increase Evapotranspriation, vine may need more water
Strong winds can damage vines and trellising, higher equipment and labor costs
-Trees and fences can be planted for wind breaks, fences may require repair
What factors and how does Characteristics of Soil effect Temperature and Sunlight
Additional Advantages and Disadvantages
Drainage, Texture, and Color all influence warmth of soil and air directly above it
Fast draining soils (stony, sand) warm up more quickly in spring than damp soils, encourages budburst
- Best in cooler climates, increases risk of frost damage to young buds and shoots
- Warm soils encourage root growth, more water and nutrients absorbed
Color
Light color coild (Chalk in Sancerre and Champagne), reflect some enrgy from Solar Radiation into lower part of canopy
Warm climates reflecting could make it too hot, dark color soils (volcanic) heat during day and release energy when it is cooler at night
Stone and water are good conductors
What factors and how does Mist, Fog, & Clouds effect Temperature and Sunlight
Additional Advantages and Disadvantages
Mist occurs when warm air rapidly cools, causing water vapor to condense
Dense mist is called fog, usually morning, found in Sonoma, Napa, Leyda Valley, Sauternes and others
Cloud Cover in sky or higher elevations, all 3 can cause limited sunlight reducing photosynthesis
May be beneficial in warm regions & growing early ripening grapes to reduce temp, slow sugar and acid degradation
Increase occurance of Fungal diseases, also Noble rot in areas with dry sunny afternoons
How much water does a vine need and why
Adequate water availability vital for healthy vine growth and grape ripening
500mm rainfall for cool climates
750mm rainfall for warmer climates
Needs water for turgidity(so it doesnt wilt) photosythesis, and regulating temperature
Water also acts as solvent for nutrients, important for uptake by vine
Water is the medium in which all vines biochemical and physiological mechanisms take place
Too much or too little can have negative ifluence
Explain the Effects of Water on the Vine
Page 34
- Transpiration, water drawn up from soil, as water vapor duffuses out of stomata
- Photosynthesis build sugars, diffuses carbon dioxide and oxygen from leaves (slows or shuts stomata without enough water, stunting vine growth and ripening)
Irrigation needed where there is low rainfall
-Ex, Argentina, California, South Africa, Australia
Water in spring encourages leaf growth, support vine and ripening, too much can over promote growth, vine competes for sugars, delay or compromising ripening
Mild water stress desired before verasion inhibist further vegatative growth
Excessive amounts of shoots too much chading, reduce tannin anthocyanins, and aroma compouds
Too much late ripening dilute sugars, grape splitting
Too little shrivle, reduce desires ripeness
Effect of Water on the Growing Enviornment
Damp soils tend to be cooler, delay budburst, shorten growing season
Warm soils promote budburst, encourage root growth, ability to intake nutrients
Hail can cause major damage to grren parts at any growing season point, reduce yields and quality
Rain at pollination and fruit set can result in uneven ripening and lower yields
Rain created humid enviornment, can lead to fungal diseases, downy mildew & botrytis
Low humidity can increase Evapotranspiration, potential for waterstress, associated with increased grape transpiration, thus higher sugar accumulation in grapes
Large bodies of water moderate diurinal and seasonal temps.
-Ocean currents increase or decrease temp
-Lake or river encourage breezes (reduce frost)
-can increase humidity, encourage fungal disease
Ex Sauternes, Tokaj, and Mosel
What are the 3 main Natural Factors that Effect Water Availability
Rainfall
Characteristics of Soil and Land
Evapotranspiration Rate
Explain how Rainfall Effects water availability
Amount and Timing important for high quality grapes
Caused by water vapour condensing and precipitating
Warm temps cause moisture to evaporate and rise. (Snow and hail also can occur, natural when they melt)
Mountains force warm air up into cool water vapor, one side of mountain experience greater rainfall, other side sheltered
Ex. Cascade Mountains in Washington, Columbia Valley dry in east, west in Puget Sound much cooler and wetter (can dry farm no irrigation necessary)
Wets canopy, increases humidity, more prone to fungal diseases
Explain how Characteristics of Soil and Land Effect water availability
Water availability depends on how easily soil drains or retains water
Ex. Hawkes Bay, NZ recieves 1000mm rain, but free running Gimblett Gravels, gravely soil requires irrigation
Ex. Jerez, SP recieves 650mm, no rain is summer, albariza clay soil retains water to slowly release to vines. Soil crusts when dry stopping evaporation, no irrigation necessary
Water logged soils can be harmful, reducing oxygen available to vine (Eventually slow and kills)
Topography influcences, erosion, greater runoff on slopes. Less penetration for water to get to roots.
Good for high rainfall areas, tough in areas of erosion for vineyard management. High slopes usually thin layers of soil
Grape grower can manage soil to promote or reduce water availability to vine roots
Explain the Evapotransportation Rate and How it Effects Water Availability
What it depends on
Amount of Transpiration from vine, combined with Evaporation of water from the soils surface
Therefore, it is the rate at which water is no loger available, either taken up by the vine, or lost in atmosphere
Depends on temp, humidity, wind, hot, dry windy weather
High Evapotraspiration rate means vines need more water
Why are Nutrients important and what are the most important nutrients Vines Need in the Growing Enviornment
Vines require low levels of nutrients, thus most soils are able to sustain vine growth
Important for health vine, influence on yield and grape composition
Most important nutrients are:
- Nitrogen
- Potassium
- Phosphorus
- Calcium
- Magnesium
Others: Sulphur, Manganese, Copper, Iron, Zinc
Why is Nitrogen important to the vine
Essential, major impact on vine vigour and grape quality
Component of protiens and clorophyll(for photosynthesis)
Too much, exxessive vegetative growth, sugar to shoots and leaves rather than grapes, hinder ripening
Excess vegatative growth shades fruits and buds, poor venelation
Low levels reduce vigour and yellowing of vine leaves, problematic for fermentation
Why is Potassium important to the vine
Essential for vine growth, regulates flow of water to vine
High potassium in soil leads to high potassium in grapes
High levels potassium linked to high pH in grapes
Low potassium, low sugar accumulation, reduce yields, poor vine growth in general
Why is Magnesium important to the vine, where is it found
Found in Chlorophyll, key role in photosynthesis
Deficiency: Reduce yields, poor ripening
What Natural Factors Effect Nutrient Availability
What does organic mean
Mineralisation
Soil Factors
- Soil pH, diff nutrients more or less available at diff pH (ex. iron poor in high pH soils, cause Chlorosis, leaves yellow, photosynthsis stops)
Vines can struggle to take up phosphorus in highly acidic soils (low pH)
Organic describes compounds that contain carbon
Inorganic describes compounds that do not contain carbon
Mineralisation - Organisms that live (fungi, earthworms, bacteria, ect) feed on organic matter and convert it into avaialable forms
Clay soils good a holding nutrients, sandy soilds are not
What Natural Factors Effect Nutrient Availability
What does organic mean
Mineralisation
Soil Factors (texture and structure most important) Soil is the upper layer of earth typically made by geological sediment
- Soil pH, diff nutrients more or less available at diff pH (ex. iron poor in high pH soils, cause Chlorosis, leaves yellow, photosynthsis stops)
Vines can struggle to take up phosphorus in highly acidic soils (low pH)
Organic describes compounds that contain carbon
Inorganic describes compounds that do not contain carbon
Mineralisation - Organisms that live (fungi, earthworms, bacteria, ect) feed on organic matter and convert it into avaialable forms
Clay soils good a holding nutrients, sandy soilds are not
What Natural Factors Effect Nutrient Availability
What does organic mean
Mineralisation
Soil Factors (texture and structure most important) Soil is the upper layer of earth typically made by geological sediment
- Soil pH, diff nutrients more or less available at diff pH (ex. iron poor in high pH soils, cause Chlorosis, leaves yellow, photosynthsis stops)
Vines can struggle to take up phosphorus in highly acidic soils (low pH)
Organic describes compounds that contain carbon
Inorganic describes compounds that do not contain carbon
Mineralisation - Organisms that live (fungi, earthworms, bacteria, ect) feed on organic matter and convert it into available forms
Clay soils good a holding nutrients, sandy soilds are not
Define Climate
Annual pattern of temp, sunlight, rainfall, humidity and wind averaged out over several years (30 years), can change over decades, not year to year
Name 4 Classification Models, what factors do they use to calculate these
Mainly calculated my temperature, and some use rainfall
- Growing Degree Days (GDD)
- The Huglin Index
- Mean Temperature of Warmest Month (MJT)
- Growing Season Temp (GST)
What is GDD and how to you calculate it
Growing Degree Days (1944), origionally for California vineyard regions, 5 winkler zomes 1 (coolest) - 5 (warmest)
How to calulate
Celcius:
((avg mean temp of a month in growing season) - 10) x (number of days in month)
do this for every month in growing season (april to october) and add them all together
Fahrenheit:
((avg mean temp of a month in growing season) - 10) x (number of days in month)
do this for every month in growing season (april to october) and add them all together
What is the Huglin Index
Similar to GDD except it takes into account mean temp, max temp, and increased day lengths at higher latitudes
Widely used throughout Europe
What is MJT
Mean Temperature of the Warmest Month
Uses mean temp of July (N Hem) or Jan (S Hem)
Mean Jan/July Temp - MJT
as well as continentaility, humidity and hours of sunshine
Divided into 6 bands
1 coldest - 6 warmest
What is GST
Growing Season Temperature
This Model uses the whole growing season grouped in climatic bands raning form cool to hot
Similar to GDD and easier to calculate
What are the 3 Main Climates
Describe Each and give examples
Be able to describe continentality
Continental - Extreme temperature differences between Summer and Winter, actual seasons, short summers, cold winters rapidly changing temps in spring and autumn. Protected from large bodies of water and ocean influences
Ex. Burgundy, Alsace, Cote Rotie, Northern Rhone, Rioja
Maritime - low annual differences between Summer and winter temps, rainfall evenly spread throughout the year.
Ex. Bordeaux, Champagne
Mediterranean - Low annual differences between Summer and Winter temps, dry summers, rainfall tends to occur in winter months
Ex. Tuscany, Napa, Coonawarra
Continentality - measure of difference of annual mean temps between coldest and hottest months
Maritime, Med Climates - Low Continentality (large bodies of water influnce)
Continental Climate- High Continentality (protected from large bodies of water)
Define Weather
The Annual Variation that happens relative to the climatic average
Influences style, quality, and yields
What can Climate Change effect
Climate change can strongly affect the wine world, usually measured by the rise in temperature.
It can also
- increase evapotranspiration, likelyhood for water stress
- distribution of rainfall
- global weather variability
- more frequent extreme weather events
Fighting against this with substainable techniques in vineyards, choice of planting materials, vineyard management techniques
What are the Temp Differences of Cool Climates Moderate Climates Warm Climates Hot Climates
Cool - avg GST 16.5C (62F) or below
Moderate - avg GST 16.5-18.5C (62-65F)
Warm - Avg GST 18.5 - 21C (65-70F)
Hot - Avg GST 21C + (70F +)
