WSET Diploma D1 The Growing Enviornment CH 3 Flashcards
What Factors in the Growing Enviornment Does a Grape Need to Grow
What Natural Factors Effect each of these
- Temperature (Warmth) and Sunlight
- Altitude
- Slopes & Aspect
- Proximity to Water
- Winds
- Characteristics of Soil
- Mist, Fog & Clouds - Water
- Rainfall
- Characteristics of Soil & Land
- Evaporation Rate - Nutrients (Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, Magnesium, Calcium)
- Soil, Same things that effect water - Climate
- Weather
- Climate Change
- Timing
What are effects of Temperature on The Vine Growth Cycle
- Dormancy
- Budburst
- Photosynthesis
- Flowering
- Fruitset
- Ripening
- Final month of Ripening
Huge Influence on Vine Growth and Grape Ripening in all stages
– Different grapes need different temp, later ripening more heat, early ripening less heat
- Cold Temps - Under 10C (50F) ensure dormancy, lower than -20C (-4F) can cause damage
- Temp above 10C (50F) and warm soil temps stimulate budburst. (Cold temps and frost can be very harmful at this point)
- 18-33C (64-91F) is desired for Photosythesis to create sugar for energy
- Warm Temps promote successful uniform flowering. Above 17C (63F)
- Warm Temps for Fruitset 26-32C (79-90F)
- Warm Temps above 25C (77F) is best to promote bud fruitfulness in the next year. Affects yielsds in next growing season
- Ripening - Warmer temps, Sugar acculates faster due to increased photosynthesis producing sugars, transpiration promotes movement of sugars into grape
In Final month of ripening
Mean Temp above 21C (70F) - rapid loss acid
Mean Temp below 15C (59F) - reduce acid loss to uncomfortable level
Temperature Effect of Aroma Compounds and Precurors
Extreme Heat, Water Stress on Ripening
This is very complex
- Riper Aromas/Flavors - warmer climate
- Cool conditions hinder breakdown of mothoxypyrazines (hebaceous aromas)
- In black grapes, anthocynins (colour development) optimum at 15-25C (59-77F), tannin should be same but still needs more research
Extreme Heat - slow or stop photosynthesis, slowing vine growth and ripening
Water Stress - to much slows photosythesis, slow down or shut stomata from water loss, closed stomata limit intake of carbon dioxide needed for photosyntheis
Explain Effects of Sunshine on Vines and Grapes
When is it needed, when not
What Stops Sunlight
Negative Effects
Vine
- Photosynthesis
- Early VIne and Grape Growth
Grape
- Warms grapes, increases
- Enhances development in anthocyanins
- Drops acid, increses sugar
- Accutmulates Tannin (pre verasion), Promotes Tannin polymerisation (post verasion)
- Needed late spring, early summer, successful fruitset, promotes bud fruitfullness for next year growing season
- Fog can stop or slow photosynthesis, cloudy day will not
- Not needed in fall
- Sunburns - negative effect of quality and yield
Natural Factors That Effect Temp and Sunlight
- Latitude (Equator)
- Altitude
- Slopes and Aspect
- Proximity to water
- Winds
- Characteristic of Soil
- Fog, Mist, Clouds
What factors and how does Latitude effect Temperature and Sunlight
30-50 degrees, with exceptions
Lower Latitudes (Closed to the Equator), more solar radiation
Higher Latitudes (nearer poles), more of an angle, solar must trave further, less intense
Assuming all other factors the same
Lower latitudes warmer, more intense sunshine, higher sugar, more ripe aromas, lower acid, higher tannin, more color intensity
Low Latitude similar daylight hours throught season of year
High latitude longer daylight hours in summer, shroter in winter. Longer time for photosynthesis during growing season needed to produce enough sugar in grapes for ripening
What factors and how does Altitude effect Temperature and Sunlight
- Temperature drops .6C (1.1F) every 100M increase in altitude, favorable for places that would be to hot (ex. Salta, Argentina) - In contrast high latitude low altutude areas like Burgundy and Loire
- Sunlight more intense, less for Solar Radiation and Ultraviolet Radiation to travel through. Both promote anthocyanin and tannin sythesis
- High altitude, high diurnial range. Ground absorbs solar radiation energy during day, releases at night
- Lower altitude the air absorbs this energy (mainly water vapor
- Higher altitude less moisture, heat rapidly escapes
- Warm climate, high diurinal shift helps with ripening
What factors and how does Slopes and Aspect effect Temperature and Sunlight
North, South, East, West
Additional Advantages and Disadvantages
Slope and Aspect more important at higher latitudes
Extra warmth and light during spring and autumn can extend the growing season facing toward the sun, hence Grand Cru fruit of Burgundy and Alsace, extra ripeness
In warm climate may want to limit warmth and light, pland slopes facing away from the sun for early ripening grapes or for wines desiring less alcohol
Ex. Stellenboschm white varieties on south facing slopes to maintain acidity
East facing extend morning sunshine, extend vine growth and grape ripening, especially in cool climates, canopy dries out from dew faster, reducing fungal disease
West facing, too hot and sunburn in warm climates with later sun, however areas with west coasts, cool sea breazes can alleviate. Ex. California, Western Australia
Other Benefits, Advantages Air movement - protection from frost Slopes shelter from winds and rain Better Drainage Shallow, Poorer soils
Disadvantage
Inability to use machinery
Soil Erosion
What factors and how does Proximity to Water effect Temperature and Sunlight
Additional Advantages and Disadvantages
During Day water and air above water remain cooler and drop average temperature, warm air above land rises, cool air takes its place through breeze. Opposite effect at night
1A) Large bodies of water help cooler summers, milder winters
Positive in Warm and Cool Climates
- Finger Lakes, great lakes reduce severity of winter freeze
- Carneros, San Pablo Bay, cool breeze allow Pinot and hard to grow
1B)Large bodies of water reflect Solar Radiation
- depecnd on angle (greater at higher latitudes), better for low sunshine areas, and cooler regions
2) Costal Regions-ocean currents
- warmth of Bordeaux, comes from Gulf Stream, warms lots of european wine regions
3)El Nino (warm hurricanes)-California, La Nina (cooler) - Australia
Inturrupt pollination, fruitset
Cool and warm regions
What factors and how does Wind effect Temperature and Sunlight
Additional Advantages and Disadvantages
Warming and Cooling Effects to regions
Zonda - Mendoza warmth
Reduce humidity, increase air flow, decreasing fungal diseases
Increase Evapotranspriation, vine may need more water
Strong winds can damage vines and trellising, higher equipment and labor costs
-Trees and fences can be planted for wind breaks, fences may require repair
What factors and how does Characteristics of Soil effect Temperature and Sunlight
Additional Advantages and Disadvantages
Drainage, Texture, and Color all influence warmth of soil and air directly above it
Fast draining soils (stony, sand) warm up more quickly in spring than damp soils, encourages budburst
- Best in cooler climates, increases risk of frost damage to young buds and shoots
- Warm soils encourage root growth, more water and nutrients absorbed
Color
Light color coild (Chalk in Sancerre and Champagne), reflect some enrgy from Solar Radiation into lower part of canopy
Warm climates reflecting could make it too hot, dark color soils (volcanic) heat during day and release energy when it is cooler at night
Stone and water are good conductors
What factors and how does Mist, Fog, & Clouds effect Temperature and Sunlight
Additional Advantages and Disadvantages
Mist occurs when warm air rapidly cools, causing water vapor to condense
Dense mist is called fog, usually morning, found in Sonoma, Napa, Leyda Valley, Sauternes and others
Cloud Cover in sky or higher elevations, all 3 can cause limited sunlight reducing photosynthesis
May be beneficial in warm regions & growing early ripening grapes to reduce temp, slow sugar and acid degradation
Increase occurance of Fungal diseases, also Noble rot in areas with dry sunny afternoons
How much water does a vine need and why
Adequate water availability vital for healthy vine growth and grape ripening
500mm rainfall for cool climates
750mm rainfall for warmer climates
Needs water for turgidity(so it doesnt wilt) photosythesis, and regulating temperature
Water also acts as solvent for nutrients, important for uptake by vine
Water is the medium in which all vines biochemical and physiological mechanisms take place
Too much or too little can have negative ifluence
Explain the Effects of Water on the Vine
Page 34
- Transpiration, water drawn up from soil, as water vapor duffuses out of stomata
- Photosynthesis build sugars, diffuses carbon dioxide and oxygen from leaves (slows or shuts stomata without enough water, stunting vine growth and ripening)
Irrigation needed where there is low rainfall
-Ex, Argentina, California, South Africa, Australia
Water in spring encourages leaf growth, support vine and ripening, too much can over promote growth, vine competes for sugars, delay or compromising ripening
Mild water stress desired before verasion inhibist further vegatative growth
Excessive amounts of shoots too much chading, reduce tannin anthocyanins, and aroma compouds
Too much late ripening dilute sugars, grape splitting
Too little shrivle, reduce desires ripeness
Effect of Water on the Growing Enviornment
Damp soils tend to be cooler, delay budburst, shorten growing season
Warm soils promote budburst, encourage root growth, ability to intake nutrients
Hail can cause major damage to grren parts at any growing season point, reduce yields and quality
Rain at pollination and fruit set can result in uneven ripening and lower yields
Rain created humid enviornment, can lead to fungal diseases, downy mildew & botrytis
Low humidity can increase Evapotranspiration, potential for waterstress, associated with increased grape transpiration, thus higher sugar accumulation in grapes
Large bodies of water moderate diurinal and seasonal temps.
-Ocean currents increase or decrease temp
-Lake or river encourage breezes (reduce frost)
-can increase humidity, encourage fungal disease
Ex Sauternes, Tokaj, and Mosel
