WS1#, WS#2 simple Flashcards
Stereotypes
Generalizations about a group of people
Social Categorization
Classifying people based on similarities
Learn about stereotypes from
- trusted others2. media3. Limited exposure
Prejudice
(usually) negative attitude towards group of people
Why do stereotypes turn to prejudice?
Social Identity Theory (Tajfel) Realistic conflict theory (Robbers cave)
In-group bias
positive feeling about in groupnegative feeling about out group
Two step model
AutomaticControlled
When do we automate
Lack time or energy
Factors that bias perception
AttentionIllusory correlations Confirmation bias
How to revise beliefs
- Bookkeeping method2. Conversion method3. Sub-typing method
Stereotype threat leads to
- Performance deficits2. Depends on mindset3. Strong when domain in important
Contact hypothesis
Contact reduces prejudice
Six conditions for contact to reduce prejudice
- Mutual interdependence2. Common goal3. Equal status of members4. Informal interpersonal contact5. Multiple members of out-group6. Social norms
Imagined inter-group contact
deceptively simple and effective, has to be positive
Discrimination
Unjustified negative action towards member of a group
Institutionalized prejudice and discrimination
norm, due to normative conformity
Best workplace practices
- Monitor statistics2. Broaden recruitment base3. Multiple interviewers4. Transparency5. Norms of equality
Justification-Suppression model
Urge for prejudice Positive self-image
Ultimate attribution bias
Dispositional attributes about whole groupSituational when disconfirm stereotype
Reason for failure of logic
- Emotional aspect2. Schemas
Blaming victim
Dispositional attributes, just world
Self-fulfilling prophesy
Belief = behavior
Scapegoating
Powerless disliked groups blamed
Modern racism
Prejudice is subtle
Hostile sexism
Men > Women
Benevolent sexism
Idealize women
Jigsaw classroom
inter-dependence
Factors needed for stereotype threat
- Negative stereotype exists2. Stereotype relevant3. Difficult enough 4. Important for self-worth5. Stereotypes widely known
Eliminating negative effects of stereotype
- Prevent situation2. Focus on similarities not differences3. Avoid categorical labels4. Successful role models.
Reducing prejudice by education
Doesn’t work
Diversity
Differences between individuals
Surface level Deep level
Visible, can change. Invisible, can’t change
Two diversity typeologies
Demographic, Functional
Needed with diversity
Inclusion
Why Diversity?!
- Understand market place2. Utilization of talent3. Creativity
Blaus index
Mathematical measurement of diversity
Social categorization perspective Information/decision-making perspective
Favors in group Diversity = rich info
Social categorization
Grouping of people
Intergroup bias
Favorable perception of in-group
When does diversity lead to social categorization?!
- Comparative fit (reflects)2. Normative fit (meaningful)3. Cognitive fit (readiness)
When does diversity bring information-elaboration?
- Individual motivation2. Individual ability3. Individual Diversity mind-set
Elaboration
Provide opportunities for employees, to promote diversity
Ways a leader strengthens diverse team
- Celebrate common2. Reward different3. Be clear on roles4. Clear vision5. Don’t tolerate discrimination6. Quick wins7. Be leader8. Patience9. Volunteer10. Old rules
Fault lines
Potential divisions within group, Surfarce Deeper
Consequences of fault lines
- Identify sub-group over team goals2. Competition, distrust3. Less communication between subgroups
Fault-lines lead to
Increase inter-group biasReduce information elaboration
Overcoming faultlines
Leadership - 1. Awareness in team creation2. Shared goals3. TimeSupportive systems1. HR training and policies
