WS #1, WS #2 Flashcards
Stereotypes
Generalizations about a group of people
Social Categorization
Classifying people based on similarities
Learn about stereotypes from
- trusted others
- media
- Limited exposure
Prejudice
(usually) negative attitude towards group of people
Why do stereotypes turn to prejudice? theories
Social Identity Theory (Tajfel)
Realistic conflict theory (Robbers cave)
In-group bias
positive feeling about in group
negative feeling about out group
Two step model
Automatic
Controlled
When do we automate
Lack time or energy
Factors that bias perception
Attention
Illusory correlations
Confirmation bias
How to revise beliefs
- Bookkeeping method
- Conversion model
- Sub-typing model
Six conditions for contact to reduce prejudice
- Mutual interdependence
- Common goal
- Equal status of members
- Informal interpersonal contact
- Multiple members of out-group
- Social norms
Discrimination
Unjustified negative action towards member of a group
Institutionalized prejudice and discrimination
norm, due to normative conformity
Ultimate attribution bias
Dispositional attributes about whole group
Situational when disconfirm stereotype
Reason for failure of logic
- Emotional aspect
2. Schemas
Blaming victim
Dispositional attributes, just world
Self-fulfilling prophesy
Belief = behavior
Scapegoating
Powerless disliked groups blamed
Modern racism
Prejudice is subtle
Hostile sexism
Men > Women
Benevolent sexism
Idealize women
Jigsaw classroom
inter-dependence
Factors needed for stereotype threat
- Negative stereotype exists
- Stereotype relevant
- Difficult enough
- Important for self-worth
- Stereotypes widely known
Eliminating negative effects of stereotype
- Prevent situation
- Focus on similarities not differences
- Avoid categorical labels
- Successful role models.
Reducing prejudice by education
Doesn’t work
Diversity
Differences between individuals
Surface level Deep level
Two diversity typeologies
Demographic, Functional
Needed with diversity
Inclusion
Why Diversity?!
- Understand market place
- Utilization of talent
- Creativity
Blaus index
Mathematical measurement of diversity
Social categorization perspective Information/decision-making perspective
Favors in group, Diversity = rich info
Social categorization
Grouping of people
Intergroup bias
Favorable perception of in-group, due to identity threat
When does diversity lead to social categorization?!
Salience of…
- Comparative fit (reflects)
- Normative fit (meaningful)
- Cognitive fit (readiness)
When does diversity bring information-elaboration?
Individual factors..
- Individual motivation
- Individual ability
- Individual Diversity mind-set
Elaboration
Supports diversity by exchange perspectives,
Ways a leader strengthens diverse team
- Celebrate common
- Reward different
- Be clear on roles
- Clear vision
- Don’t tolerate discrimination
- Quick wins
- Be leader
- Patience
- Volunteer
- Old rules
Fault lines
Potential divisions within group, Surfarce Deeper
Consequences of fault lines
- Identify sub-group over team goals
- Competition, distrust
- Less communication between subgroups
Fault-lines lead to
inter group bias, less info sharing
methods of Overcoming faultlines
Leadership - 1. Awareness in team creation 2. Shared goals 3. Time Supportive systems 1. HR training and policies
CEM categorization
Why diversity yields inconsistent findings - Moderators + social cat. and information/decision making work together
