Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Medicine year 1 semester 1 > Wrong answers only > Flashcards

Wrong answers only Flashcards

1
Q

What does having a grey tongue mean?

A

Increased deoxygenated Hb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Septic arthritis

A

Older. Painful hot unilateral joint pain, shivering, hypotension, high pulse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Gout

A

Older. Acute pain, swelling, redness and tenderness in the joints, often the joint at the base of the big toe. Episodic, development over 24h. Form tophi with uric acid crystals. Chronic kidney disease exacerbates it.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is given after an arthroplasty to prevent OA and further fractures?

A

Alendronic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How is glucose taken into kidney epithelial cells?

A

A glucose/ sodium co-transporter. this works as there is a high extracellular concentration of sodium so it diffuses in

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Receptor types for- Adrenaline, Vitamin D, Cortisol, GABA, morphine

A 
Adrenaline- G- protein coupled
Vitamin D- nuclear
Cortisol- nuclear
GABA- channel linked
Morphine- G protein coupled
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Nerve distribution in the hand

A

Dorsal-
Ulnar- pinky and half of ring finger
Radial- back of hand until phalanges of remaining fingers
Median- tips of half of ring, index and middle finger, medial half of thumb

Palmar-
Radial- anatomical snuffbox
Ulnar- pinky and half of ring finger
Median- most of the dorsum- thumb, index, middle finger and half of ring finger

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Metabolism of Ibuprofen

A

Inactivated by cytochrome P450 in the liver, excreted through the kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

OA symptoms and management

A 
Intermittent dull asymmetrical pain in joint, worse at the end of the day. 10 mins stiffness in the morning.
Simple analgesic (paracetamol) and exercise regimen
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What type of joint is- Interphalangeal joint, Rib-sternum boundary, Intervertebral disks, Sutures of the skull or the hip?

A

Interphalangeal joint- synovial
Rib-sternum boundary- cartilaginous
Intervertebral disks- cartilaginous
Sutures- fibrous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

If DMARDs are not effective in the treatment of RA, what treatment is advised?

A

Inhibit tumor necrosis factor α. Use anti- TNF or anti- interleukin 6 treatments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Alkylosing Spondylitis

A

Younger than 45, lower back stiffness and pain radiating to buttocks. Improved with activity. Likely to involve eyes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Name the types of shock

A

Septic, haemorragic, neurogenic, anaphylactic, cariogenic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Symptoms of haemorragic shock

A

HR > 100, low PB, high rest rate >20, longer than 2s capillary refill time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

COPD

A

Breathlessness on exertion, need to stop when walking on flat ground. White sputum on coughing. Ex- smoker

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Effects of ACE inhibitors

A

Reduced AG2, so decreased water and salt retention. Lower BP so increased renin to attempt to re-establish homeostasis by increasing AG2 and aldosterone. Overall, reduced aldosterone and increased Renin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Pneumothorax

A

High breaths per minute, low oxygen saturation. Tracheal deviation, reduced expansion, hyper resonant percussion, no breath sounds or flatulent sounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Vitamin D metabolism and how does Vit D deficiency work/ affect a patient

A

Synthesis in skin or intake in diet absorption. Activated by hydroxylation in the liver. Fully activated in the kidney.
If patient has renal impairment then low vitamin D production, leading to hyper- calaemia and bone disease.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Septic Arthritis

A

Short term painful hot joint, shivering, hypotension, high HR. Erythematous and effused joints

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the prime mover for hip flexion?

A

Iliopsoas/ Psoas

21
Q

Main components of Collagen Type 1

A

Glycine, Proline, Hydroxyproline

22
Q

Main form of transport of CO2

A

Dissolved in plasma as bicarbonate

23
Q

With suspected OA (bilateral knee pain worse at end of the day, swelling and crepitus on passive flexion, with no effusion), what is appropriate investigation/ management?

A

Main management is active lifestyle and weightless. imaging not required as reasonable doubt above age 60 is confirmation of diagnosis.

24
Q

RA

A

Gradual onset. Painful swelling of joints in hands, elbows and wrists, usually bilateral or use- induced. Dry eyes too. exacerbated by smoking history

25
Q

What investigation is appropriate for Gout?

A

No need for serum urate test especially of there is associated kidney disease. Aspirate joint and look for crystals to confirm diagnosis and rule out infection

26
Q

What to do if there is a high serum Calcium conc with associated stomach pain?

A

Measure PTH levels. If high then this is the cause. If low, then may suggest alternative cause eg cancer

27
Q

What cells synthesise PG and collagen?

A

Chondrocytes

28
Q

Causes of osteogenesis imperfecta- brittle bone disease

A

Mutations in genes encoding collagen type 1

29
Q

Features of cancellous and cortical bone

A

Cancellous- porous, collagen framework ossified. High vascularity. More flexible. Provides strength without disadvantage of weight
Cortical- osteons with vascular tunnels. More strong and dense but also brittle as inflexible

30
Q

Mechanism for anti- inflammatory properties of glucocorticoids

A

GCs bind to GC receptors. activated complex upregulates the expression of anti- inflammatory proteins in the nucleus

31
Q

What is a feature of compartment syndrome?

A

Pain aggravated by passive stretching due to increased compartment pressure

32
Q

What is the main type of cholesterol in the lipid bilayer?

A

low density lipoprotein

33
Q

What allows for the co-transport of sodium and glucose?

A

Sodium transported down concentration gradient while glucose transported up. Na transport powers glucose. ATP causes conformational shape change. Antiport mechanism

34
Q

What feature of an ECG suggests a myocardial infarct?

A

ST elevation

35
Q

What drug improves stroke outcome without increasing the risk of intracerebral haemorrhage?

A

Aspirin

36
Q

What increases OxyHb dissociation?

A

High CO2

37
Q

What is ALS associated with?

A

Failure of respiratory muscles

38
Q

The resting membrane potential is maintained by

A

Open leak potassium channels

39
Q

Muscle responsible for elevation and retraction of the mandible

A

Temporalis

40
Q

Neurotransmitter between pre and post synaptic neurones

A

ACh

41
Q

Features of the types of nociceptors

A

A-α- proprioception, Myelinated. Thick diameter, high speed
A-β- touch. Myelinated. Less thick, lesser speed
A-δ- thermal and mechanical pain. Myelinated. Less thick, lesser speed
C fibres- thermal, mechanical and chemical pain. Non-myelinated. Small diameter. Slow.

42
Q

Describe paracrine hormone effects

A

Short lived with local effects

43
Q

What do protein kinases do?

A

Add a phosphate group to proteins

44
Q

What do ribosomes do?

A

Polymerise amino acids

45
Q

G protein activation is terminated by-

A

G-α component hydrolyses GTP into GDP

46
Q

What muscles form the spinae group?

A

Iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis

47
Q

What is a serology sign of a myocardial infarct?

A

Raised troponin levels

48
Q

DMARD for OP treatment

A

Bisphosphonates- may increase mineral bone density

Medicine year 1 semester 1 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions