Written Final Flashcards
Age of Enlightenment
1720-90
Era of critical thinking, reason used as a pursuit of self-fulfillment
Sapere aude! ("Dare to know!")
French and American revolutions
Voltaire, Rousseau, Thomas Jefferson
Emphasis on human rights and the pursuit of happiness
Challenged divine rule
Industrial RevolutionThe Classical Era
Coined in mid 19th century
Viewed as “golden age” by romantics
greek/roman aesthetic values
balance, proportion, clarity, nature
parallel with architecture and sculpture
avoids excessive ornamentation and decoration
Dichotomies between art and nature
1730s classicism departure from baroque aesthetic
shift to natural representation of passion
Genius- technique
Inspiration- Craft
Unconsciousness- Consciousness
Divine- human
the idea is not an end itself
Obbligato accompaniment
Element of classical style
Secondary voices contribute material essential to a works music fabric
Provide original motivic material
Rondo Form
Structure derived from dance music in which the basic pattern in its simplest form is ABACA
features recurring theme A
refrain contrasting theme B,C
constitutes couplets
Sonata Rondo
type of rondo ABACABA
B theme corresponds with secondary key area of sonata form
repeated in the tonic key in form of sonata recapitulation
Harmonic Rhythm
the rate of harmonic change within an individual phrase or series of phrases
Classical harmonic rhythm less frequent than baroque
Periodic Phrase Structure
consist of many modular units of equal length
derives from basic function of dance music
Sonata Form (and all its parts)
Structural convention feats
exposition, development and recapitulation
Structural relationship between tonic and dominant key
as well as their relative minor keys
modulation from primary to secondary theme in exposition
departure from harmonic areas in development
return of opening idea and primary theme in recap
no two renderings alike
Development of Sonata Form
most important innovation of the classical era
type of piece and form
applies to organizational independent movements in sonatas, symphony and chamber music
Expansion of binary form with mod in first reprise
Alberti Bass
Classical era accompaniment figure
repetitions of broken triad
named after Domenico Alberti
J.C Bach: Sonata in D Major
Fantasia
Work that follows no structures of large scale conventions
Gives impression of composer’s free flight of fantasy
Sounds improvised
Bach: Fantasia in C minor
Ritornello
“Brief return”
musical idea that returns at several points over the course of a work
after contrasting material of some kind
Ritornello principle important in concerto
Empfindsamkeit
An expressive style that refers to keen awareness and the experience of empathy for others
Bach: Fantasia in C minor
CPE Bach
Son of JS Bach
Fantasia in C Minor
wrote as reaction to rationalism of enlightenment
JC Bach
Son of JS Bach
Sonata in D Major
Georg Matthias Monn
Symphony in B Major
shows both classical and baroque tendencies
Johann Stamitz
Symphony in D Major
new stylistic elements
sonata form and ritornello
Immanuel Kant
Deemed instrumental music “more pleasure than culture”
Enlightenment composer
sapere aude!
Haupsatz
“Topic Sentence”
Became a key concept and how material related to it
period within a music work that incorporates the expression of the whole essence of the melody
theme
Minuet/ Minuet Proper
dance form that became common feature in instrumental cycles of baroque and classical eras
binary forms
minuet proper: opening and closing section within an ABA
Trio
The contrasting middle section in a minuet or scherzo within a basic ABA form
Sturm und Drang
Storm and Stress
Prominent use of minor mode, large melodic leaps, jagged syncopations
Haydn: Piano Sonata in C Minor
String Quartet
New to classical era no basso continuio domestic genre for chamber performance 3-5 movements, 4 emerged as standard Haydn initiated genre Haydn String Quartet in C Major
Symphony/ Order of movements
emerged c. 1720s
3-mov works (fast-slow-fast)
began to appear as independent of any opera or oratorio for which they were written
Concert symphony intensely cultivated in classical
quality orchestras varied, size grew in 2nd half
composers scored w/ more varied instruments
4 mov standard by 1768
descended from Italian overture
1- Weightiest section, sets tone, sonata from, slow intro
2- slow, variety of forms, sonata, ABA
3- Minuet, dance inspired
4- Usually lighter, sonata, rondo, sonata rondo
Haydn Symphony in E flat Major
Italian Overture
Scored overture to opera
antecedents of symphony
Franz Josef Haydn
Child prodigy, sent to Vienna
Sang @ St. Stephens Cathedral, removed after voice break
Became musical director for morzin fammily in 17 58
appointed at Esterhazy
Directed one of the finest orchestras in europe
fame throughout Europe, name forged for marketing
106 symphonies
father of the string quartet
provided beethoven first lessons in counterpoint
Concerto Form/ Double Exposition
principal genre for instrumental virtuosos
ideals of spontaneity and improvisation
cadenzas in every movement
first movement variant of sonata form
double exposition- presents two expositions
Opera Buffa
Comedic Opera emerged out of italy humorous subjects liberttos about everyday characters not heros more emphasis on ensemble singing simple periodic phrase structure origins in intermezzo
Opera Seria
Serious Opera
Intermezzo
works intended for performance between acts of larger, more serious operas
War of the Buffoons
buffa provoked controversy, especially in france
Heighted by La Serva Pardona
French vs Italian culture
Partisans of King Louis XV vs Queen Marie
Gluck
Reformist and composer of operia seria
Alceste
Gluck’s reforms to opera seria
Make seria more natrual and dramatically coherent
No da capo arias, no improv, no long melismas
syllabic setting of the text
less repitition within aria, less recitative, accompanied NOT secco
overture linked to ensuing action, simple melodic lines, prominence of chorus
Singspiele
Singing Play
German language spoken drama with interpolated musical numbers
Mozart
Child prodigy, exploited by father across Europe
Opera growing achievement in career
transcended boundaries of buffa, seria, and singspiele
synthesized styles in late operas
don giovanni, die zauberflote, figaro, etc
Lorenzo da Ponte
Librettist- collab with Mozart
Figaro, don giovanni, cosi fan tutte
Dramma Giocoso
combination of buffa and seria opera
comic drama
Secco Recitative
dry recitative
accompanied solely by basso continuo
Differences between Baroque and Classical Period
Sonata form Gluck's reforms to opera emergence of string quartet emergency of symphony buffa opera
What distinguishes Sonata form?
expanded binary form that always modulates in first reprise and involves multiple themes
exposed thematic ideas in exposition
built off the relationship of tonic and secondary dominant key areas
followed by transitional modulation to secondary key area
may or may not feature coda
expo, dev, recap
dev key center usually unstable
How does double exposition form work in a concerto? What are the key areas and how do concertos integrate sonata form?
first movement employs a variant of sonata form
two expositions, first played twice
, first by the orchestra alone, and the second time by the soloist accompanied by the orchestra. … A double exposition sonata form used in a concerto
Keys vary between tonic and dominant and relative minor keys
Identify different types of Opera Mozart composed
Buffa, Seria, transcended boundaries of buffa, seria, and singspiele
Die Zauberflote- written for commoners
Identify different genres in which Haydn composed
106 symphonies
pioneered the string quartet
piano sonata
Discuss the differences between opera seria and buffa
Serious vs Comedic
buffa: liberttos about everyday characters not heros
more emphasis on ensemble singing
simple periodic phrase structure
