Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ELAR Certification Exam > Written Communication > Flashcards

Written Communication Flashcards

1
Q

Present Tense

A

describes what is happening right now
(I am studying for an exam.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Appositive Phrase

A

restates a preceding term by expanding upon it or explaining it in a qualifying statement between two commas
(New York City, the largest city in the United States, has a population of around 8.6 million people.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Interjection

A

A very short sentence that conveys strong emotions
(Wow!)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Interrogative Sentence

A

A sentence that asks a question.
(How long will it take to get there?)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Subordinating Conjunction

A

a conjunction used at the beginning of a subordinate clause
(because, although, even though, since)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Past Tense

A

describes things that have already happened
(I visited my parents last weekend.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Verb Phrase

A

a type of appositional phrase that modifies a verb
(The baby was crawling on the floor.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Prepositional Phrase

A

a phrase that describes the relationship between a noun and a pronoun or another word in the sentence
(She sat in the seat in the middle.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Descriptive Grammar

A

grammatical rules and structures as they are spoken or written by everyday speakers
(“I seen him yesterday.”)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Future Tense

A

describes things that have not yet happened
(I am going to meet some friends after work. I will call you later.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Prescriptive Grammar

A

grammar that follows the rules set forth by tradition and formal language

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Compound-Complex Sentence

A

Two independent clauses and at least one dependent clause
(While we are in town, we should stop at the hardware store, and you can buy a new hammer.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Modeling

A

an instructional strategy in which the teacher demonstrates a concept or skill and students learn by observing
(When a teacher encounters a difficult word in a text, she thinks aloud to _________ how she can use the context clues to discover the meaning.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Present Perfect Tense

A

describes things that began in the past and continue to the present
(I haven’t seen you in such a long time! I have been working a lot.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Independent/Main Clause

A

clause that can stand alone as a complete sentence
(I went shopping last weekend.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Future Perfect Tense

A

describes something that will be completed at some point in the future
(By the end of the year, I will have saved enough money to buy a car!)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Noun Phrase

A

a group of words that act as a noun in a sentence; includes a noun and words that modify the noun
(The red car is parked in the driveway.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Think-Aloud

A

a teaching strategy in which a teacher states his/her thoughts aloud to demonstrate how the students should go about solving a problem or understanding a text
(Math teachers model thinking by reading a problem aloud and verbalizing figuring out what it is asking what needs to be done. Language arts teachers ask themselves questions about the text as they read aloud.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Misplaced Modifiers

A

a grammatical error that occurs when the modifying word or phrase is not placed next to the word it is describing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Infinitive Phrase

A

Includes that infinitive (to + verb) and the additional words that serve as the object of modifiers in the phrase
(I want to eat the candy.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Past Perfect Tense

A

describes things that were completed before some point in the past
(I couldn’t see because I had lost my glasses.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Exclamatory Sentence

A

A sentence that expresses emotion.
(Surprise! We won the game!)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Dangling Modifiers

A

a grammatical error that occurs when the modifying phrase is missing the word it intends to describe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Participle Phrase

A

a phrase that modifies a participle – a term with a verb ending in “-ed” or “-ing” – to serve as an adjective
(Tired after a long walk, the dog slept in the corner.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Simple Sentence

A

A sentence containing one subject and one verb, or one independent clause
(The dolphin lives in the ocean.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Coordinating Conjunction

A

connects two clauses
(for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Complex Sentence

A

An independent clause and a dependent clause
(Since you’re going to the store, can you buy some milk?)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Gerund Phrase

A

a type of appositional phrase that modifies a gerund (or verb+ing) and behaves like a noun
(Drinking water when it’s hot outside can prevent you from becoming dehydrated.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Compound Sentence

A

Two independent clauses joined by a comma and coordinating conjunction
(Dogs are mammals, but lizards are reptiles.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Dependent/Subordinate Clause

A

clause that begins with a subordinating conjunction but cannot stand alone as a sentence even though it contains a subject and verb
(While we were shopping, she spent her whole paycheck.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Declarative Sentence

A

A sentence that makes a statement or gives an opinion.
(I love my job.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Phrase

A

a term of two or more words that convey an idea when used together
(We were waiting for you.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Transition Words

A

Phrases and words used to link sentences, paragraphs, and ideas together.
(First, next, last, on the other hand)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

URL Extension

A

the notation at the end of a web address that categorizes the website type
(.edu (extension for websites certified to be managed by an educational institution))

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

APA Citation Style

A

the citation style most commonly used in the social sciences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Turabian Citation Style

A

a variation on the Chicago citation style designed exclusively for students who are writing papers not intended for publication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Reliable Source/Credible Source

A

Information presented in a professional way, with a formal tone, includes source documentation, and author and/or publisher information.
(a textbook)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Primary Source

A

the “first hand” eye-witness accounts of an event
(a letter written by George Washington about a battle he fought in)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Attribution

A

acknowledging the owner of a work

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Paraphrase

A

Putting something that was read, heard, or viewed into your own words.
(The principal told me we might be getting raises this year.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Open Source

A

work meant to be shared freely with the world

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Copyright

A

the exclusive rights to an item given to the creator

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Secondary Source

A

These resources are used to interpret the primary sources in order to determine their validity. They are written about the primary sources.
(a textbook explaining a battle)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Fair Use

A

an exception to general copyright restrictions that allows for the use of some material for educational purposes in the classroom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Chicago Citation Style

A

the citation style most commonly used in history and journalism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Liability

A

the state of being legally responsible for something

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Paraphrased Quotation

A

the author is conveying the meaning of what was said without necessarily repeating the exact words of the speaker
(The president said he would pay teachers more.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Unreliable Source

A

Information presented in an informal way without documentation, and no author/publisher information.
(anonymous blog article)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

MLA Citation Style

A

the citation style most commonly used in the humanities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Peer-Reviewed Journal

A

a high quality source of information which uses experts to screen each article submitted to the publication
(The New England Journal of Medicine)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Domain Address

A

the official name of a website
(www.si.edu is the domain address for the Smithsonian Institute)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Licenses

A

ways in which people can use copyrighted material

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Citation Style

A

a set of guidelines for citing the basic information required to identify and locate a specific publication within a written work

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Formative Assessments

A

Assessment for learning. Usually mid-instruction assessment with the purpose of assessing student progress and informing the teacher so instruction can be altered as needed.
(graphic organizers, games)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Speech

A

a formal address or discourse spoken to an audience
(“The Gettysburg Address”)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Sonnet

A

a fourteen line stanza with a specific rhyme scheme
(Shakespeare’s __________)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Descriptive Writing

A

Used to create detailed descriptions of people, places, and things. Descriptive writing is also develops the mood and atmosphere of the text.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Writing Process - Editing

A

Reviewing the draft for corrections in grammar, mechanics, and spelling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Stanza

A

lines chunked together in a poem, similar to a paragraph in prose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Report

A

an account given on a particular subject in the form of an official document
(“The Mueller ________”)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Audience

A

The intended recipient of a written or verbal communication.
(When writing lesson plans, your students are your ___________. A student writing a research presentation would have both his classmates and the teacher as an ____________)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Sensory Details

A

Sight, sound, touch, smell, and taste descriptions
(The aroma of roasted chicken burst out of the oven and drifted temptingly towards my nostrils.)

63
Q

Writing Process - Publishing

A

The final step in the writing process where the writer ensures the neatness and understanding of the final product

64
Q

Memorandum

A

a written message in business or diplomacy
(A __________ from a school principal telling everyone not to use her parking space.)

65
Q

Resume

A

a document written by an individual to highlight their professional accomplishments and experience

66
Q

Couplet

A

two lines that rhyme
(Double, double, toil and trouble/Fire burn and cauldron bubble.)

67
Q

Abstracts

A

summaries of published scientific investigations, usually included at the beginning of the publication

68
Q

Writing Process

A

The steps a writer goes through to compose a finished, polished text.
(Prewriting, drafting, revising, editing, publishing)

69
Q

Rhyme Scheme

A

the pattern of end rhyme in a stanza or poem

70
Q

Play (Writing)

A

a dramatic work for stage or broadcast
(Hamlet)

71
Q

Informative/Explanatory Writing

A

a writing style which demonstrates comprehension of a topic or process
(In a science class, students write about a procedure that they performed and the results that they achieved.)

72
Q

Deus ex machina

A

narrative technique in which the problem in the story all of a sudden is solved
(a passing ship appears and rescues the boys in The Lord of the Flies)

73
Q

Quatrain

A

Four-line stanzas with a set rhyme scheme

74
Q

Text Message

A

an electronic communication sent and received by mobile phone
(“Do you want to go to lunch?”)

75
Q

Anapest

A

indicates a unstressed, unstressed, stressed syllable pattern
(engineer)

76
Q

Flashback

A

moment in the narrative when the story reflects back on an earlier moment in time
(Holden Caulfield in a rest home telling the events that led him there in The Catcher in the Rye)

77
Q

Modeling

A

an instructional strategy in which the teacher demonstrates a concept or skill and students learn by observing
(When a teacher encounters a difficult word in a text, she thinks aloud to model how she can use the context clues to discover the meaning.)

78
Q

Comedy

A

funny, amusing, and light-hearted dramatic literature
(Much Ado About Nothing by William Shakespeare)

79
Q

Transition Words

A

Phrases and words used to link sentences, paragraphs, and ideas together.
(First, next, last, on the other hand)

80
Q

Rubric

A

A scoring guide based on several criteria rather than a single numerical score

81
Q

Iambic

A

indicates a unstressed, stressed syllable pattern
(befriend, about, intense)

82
Q

Theatre of the Absurd

A

theatrical works that focus on the absurdity of the human journey through life
(Waiting for Godot by Samuel Beckett)

83
Q

Trochaic

A

indicates a stressed, unstressed syllable pattern
(planet)

84
Q

Foreshadowing

A

the narrator or character hints at a future plot point

85
Q

Argumentative Writing

A

writing meant to persuade the reader to agree with the conclusions of the author

86
Q

Essay

A

a short piece of writing on a particular subject
(“Notes of a Native Son” by James Baldwin)

87
Q

Blank Verse

A

unrhymed poetic lines in an unstressed, stressed syllable pattern

88
Q

Antagonist

A

the main enemy of the protagonist
(Iago from Othello)

89
Q

Writing Conference

A

an individual meeting with students to discuss their drafts to help them revise their work before submitting a final product, and to help the teacher assess student understanding and modify instruction as needed

90
Q

Drama

A

serious and thought-provoking dramatic literature
(Hamlet by William Shakespeare)

91
Q

Protagonist

A

the main character in a narrative
(Othello from Othello)

92
Q

Ballad

A

ABCB or ABAB rhyming stanzas as part of a longer poem
(The Rime of the Ancient Mariner)

93
Q

Newspaper Column

A

a recurring opinion piece or article in a newspaper, magazine or other publication
(Maureen Dowd’s column in the New York Times)

94
Q

Writing Process - Revising

A

Reviewing the draft and making necessary corrections for sentence usage, organization, coherence, and audience

95
Q

Task

A

the writing assignment
(“Write a three paragraph story about a boy and his dog. Use sensory language.”)

96
Q

Dialogue Tag

A

followed or preceded by a comma or punctuation mark, with quotation marks around the quotation
(As Mark exited the highway, he thought, “I hope this is the right way.”)

97
Q

Writing Feedback

A

comments and assessments given to students to improve their writing

98
Q

Foot

A

a metrical unit composed of both stressed and unstressed syllables

99
Q

Dactyl

A

indicates a stressed, unstressed, unstressed syllable pattern
(Delaware)

100
Q

Letter

A

a direct or personal message addressed to a specific person or organization

101
Q

Article

A

a nonfictional prose composition usually forming an independent part of a publication
(“Why does Amelia Earhart still fascinate us?” in National Geographic)

102
Q

Dramatic Irony

A

When the audience/reader knows something the character does not
(When the audience sees the Road Runner paint a hole in the side of a cliff, but Wile E Coyote continues to run ahead at full speed towards the “hole.”)

103
Q

Meter (when reading)

A

the repetition or the stressing of words or phrases

104
Q

Quintet

A

A five-line stanza
(Limericks)

105
Q

Short Story

A

a story with a fully developed theme that is shorter than a novel
(“The Tell-Tale Heart” by Edgar Allan Poe)

106
Q

Journal

A

a record of experiences, ideas, or reflections kept regularly for private use
(Diary)

107
Q

Editorial

A

an article written by or on behalf of an editor that gives an opinion on a topical issue
(“The Post’s endorsements for Fairfax County’s school board” in the Washington Post)

108
Q

Monologue

A

a lengthy speech by a character in a drama
(“To be or not to be?” speech in Hamlet)

109
Q

Writing Process - Prewriting

A

The first step in the writing process when the writer decides on a central idea/topic for writing and formulates a thesis or main idea statement

110
Q

Author’s Purpose

A

The author’s intention for writing. Could be persuasive, narrative, expository, or informative. Organization and style choices should reflect the purpose for writing.

111
Q

Writing Process - Drafting

A

The second step in the writing process where the writer brings together similar ideas and organizes them into paragraphs

112
Q

Blog

A

A website where writers post entries and readers can make comments

113
Q

Organizational Structure

A

Text structure can include cause/effect, problem/solution, main idea/details, and/or sequence
(Students often find problem/solution text structure as more interesting.)

114
Q

Voice (Writing)

A

the unique outlook and expressed personality of an author
(Hemingway had a macho sensibility that infused his writing _______.)

115
Q

Blog

A

A website where writers post entries and readers can make comments

116
Q

Metacognition

A

the ability to think about one’s own thought process

117
Q

Semicolon

A

a punctuation mark indicating a a more pronounced pause than the one indicated by a comma, and that joins two clauses
(I’m going home; it’s just too late.)

118
Q

Author’s Purpose

A

The author’s intention for writing. Could be persuasive, narrative, expository, or informative. Organization and style choices should reflect the purpose for writing.

119
Q

Situational Irony

A

discrepancy between what happens and what the reader expects to happen

120
Q

Symbolism

A

When an item stands for an idea or larger meaning. Usually used throughout a piece of literature.
(dove = peace, red rose = love and romance)

121
Q

Hypotheses

A

an assumption made to verify itself
(Drinking soda makes you fat. (An experiment would then follow to prove or disprove the idea.))

122
Q

Writing Conventions

A

The basic rules of written language, including grammar, spelling, capitalization, and punctuation.
(proper grammar)

123
Q

Recurring Theme

A

the repetition of a _________/image throughout the story to symbolize meaning.

124
Q

Dramatic Irony

A

When the audience/reader knows something the character does not
(When the audience sees the Road Runner paint a hole in the side of a cliff, but Wile E Coyote continues to run ahead at full speed towards the “hole.”)

125
Q

Foreshadowing

A

the narrator or character hints at a future plot point

126
Q

Satire

A

the use of humor or exaggeration to critique human nature or a character

127
Q

Analogies

A

are used to compare two things that are usually thought of as different but have something in common
(hand is to glove as foot is to sock)

128
Q

Clarity/Word Choice

A

Use of vocabulary or other organizational choices to ensure the intended meaning comes through.

129
Q

Connotation

A

the implied meaning of a word; the feeling a word conveys
(Describing a person as “shrewd” may make them feel negatively, even though the definition (sharp-witted, intelligent) is positive.)

130
Q

Explicit Teaching

A

the process of teaching by communicating clear expectations and giving specific feedback to students

131
Q

Audience

A

The intended recipient of a written or verbal communication.
(When writing lesson plans, your students are your __________. A student writing a research presentation would have both his classmates and the teacher as an _________)

132
Q

Writing Feedback

A

comments and assessments given to students to improve their writing

133
Q

Exit Slips

A

A short formative assessment given by a teacher after completing a lesson to determine the degree to which students have learned the material taught in the lesson.

134
Q

Understatement

A

when the author minimizes a significant point for effect

135
Q

Portfolio

A

A collection of student’s work and achievements that is used to assess past accomplishments and future potential; can include finished work in a variety of media and can contain materials from several courses over time

136
Q

Argumentative Writing

A

writing meant to persuade the reader to agree with the conclusions of the author

137
Q

Descriptive Writing

A

Used to create detailed descriptions of people, places, and things. _______________ is also develops the mood and atmosphere of the text.

138
Q

Thesis Statement

A

a statement included in the introduction of a paper which makes a specific claim and provides a preview as to what will follow in the paper
(A science student writes the following _____________ in response to the question, “Is global warming a problem?” “Environmentalists agree that global climate change is an issue that needs to be addressed immediately.”)

139
Q

Style (Writing)

A

the technical preferences of an author’s writing
(Hemingway wrote prose in short sentences that distinguished his writing _______.)

140
Q

Precise (Writing)

A

in writing, a sentence that contains specific details and avoids wordy descriptions
(turquoise instead of light bluish green)

141
Q

Recursive

A

repeated application of a process, such as writing

142
Q

Colon

A

a punctuation mark placed before a list of items, a quotation, expansion, or explanation
(I’ve been to every town in Pennsylania: Piitsburgh, Philadelphia, Harrisburg, Scranton, Lancaster.)

143
Q

Rubric

A

A scoring guide based on several criteria rather than a single numerical score

144
Q

Compare and Contrast

A

An organizational approach where the author provides similarities and differences about two ideas

145
Q

Cause and Effect

A

a writing method in which the author explains reasons why something happened or the effects of something that has happened
(A politician’s speech in which all of the bad actions of an opponent are listed to argue that the politician should be elected instead.)

146
Q

Chronological Order

A

An organizational approach that follows an orderly progression of events based in time.

147
Q

Transition Words

A

Phrases and words used to link sentences, paragraphs, and ideas together.
(First, next, last, on the other hand)

148
Q

Concise (Writing)

A

in writing, a sentence that is brief but still contains all necessary information

149
Q

Writing Process

A

The steps a writer goes through to compose a finished, polished text.
(Prewriting, drafting, revising, editing, publishing)

150
Q

Verbal Irony

A

contrast between what is said and what is meant

151
Q

Denotative Meaning

A

a literal, dictionary meaning of a word

152
Q

Explicit Teaching

A

the process of teaching by communicating clear expectations and giving specific feedback to students

153
Q

Mentor Text

A

Books or other pieces of literature that are revisited throughout the school year for different purposes in literacy instruction
(Due to its unique narrative and abundance of figurative language, Owl Moon by Jane Yolen is a popular _______________ to use in a language arts classroom.)

154
Q

Irony

A

an incongruity between what the reader expects the author to mean and what they actually mean

ELAR Certification Exam (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions