Writing, Spelling and Listening Terms and Concepts Flashcards
brainstorming
a group problem-solving technique that involves the spontaneous contribution of ideas from all members of the group
clustering
complex sentence
a sentence with one independent clause and at least one dependent clause
compound-complex sentence
comprised of at least two independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses. example: Though Mitchell prefers watching romantic films, he rented the latest spy thriller, and he enjoyed it very much
context
the parts of a written or spoken statement that precede or follow a specific word or passage, usually influencing its meaning or effect
conventional
drafting
writing the words of the paper. as part of the writing process, you will write multiple drafts of your paper. each rough draft improves upon the previous one. the final draft is simply the last draft that you submit
editing
looking at each sentence carefully, and making sure that it’s well designed and serves its purpose. proofreading involves checking for grammatical and punctuation errors, spelling mistakes, etc. proofing is the final stage of the writing process
etymology
the study of the origin of words and the way in which their meanings have changed throughout history
graphophonemic knowledge
A knowledge of how letters in printed English relate to the sounds of the language
informative
imparting knowledge, instructive
inventive spelling
the practice of children using incorrect and unusual spellings for words. It is also sometimes called “invented spelling.” typically, inventive spelling is used by students who are just learning to put sounds together to make words: https://www.verywellfamily.com/what-is-inventive-spelling-620901
listening skills
paying attention to a speaker and listening to understand, not to respond. it also includes complete focus on the speaker with minimal distractions out of respect and an intent to learn
narrative
a spoken or written account of connected events; a story
opinion
a view or judgment formed about something, not necessarily based on fact or knowledge
oral language
the system through which we use spoken words to express knowledge, ideas, and feelings
orthographic knowledge
the information that is stored in memory that tells us how to represent spoken language in written form: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10212-020-00464-7
outlining
a visual strategy that improves student learning by helping students organize, clarify, and structure information and ideas
phonemes
the smallest unit of sound in speech. when we teach reading we teach children which letters represent those sounds. for example – the word ‘hat’ has 3 phonemes – ‘h’ ‘a’ and ‘t’: https://earlyimpactlearning.com/what-is-a-phoneme-a-full-guide-for-teachers-and-parents/
phonetic
the study of human speech. phonetics includes the study of how sounds are physically produced (by positioning the mouth, lips and tongue), and how sounds are perceived by a listener. phonetics can be compared to phonology, which is the study of the particular sound units (phonemes) of language
prefix
parts of words that can be added to the beginning of a root word to change its meaning: https://braintrusttutors.com/what-are-prefixes/
prephonetic
occurring before (or having no knowledge of) the development of phonemic analysis
prewriting
preparation process that you can complete before you actually write your paper, essay or summary. prewriting helps you organize your thoughts, plan your research or writing, and clarify your thesis
primary source
first-hand accounts, original manuscripts, records, or documents produced from the time period at hand
publishing
punctuation
the marks, such as period, comma, and parentheses, used in writing to separate sentences and their elements and to clarify meaning
revising
to make changes to it in order to improve it, make it more modern, or make it more suitable for a particular purpose
secondary source
a book, article, or other source that provides information about an object of study but does not constitute direct, first-hand evidence
simple sentence
contains a subject (a person or thing performing an action) and a predicate (a verb or verbal phrase that describes the action) and expresses a complete thought as an independent clause. simple sentences do not contain dependent or subordinate clauses
spelling skills
structural analysis
a strategy that is used to facilitate decoding as students become more proficient readers. these advanced decoding strategies help students learn parts of words so they can more easily decode unknown multi-‐syllabic words. in structural analysis, students are taught to read prefixes and suffixes: https://dpi.wi.gov/sites/default/files/imce/ela/bank/RF_PWR_Structural_Analysis.pdf
suffix
a morpheme added at the end of a word to form a derivative, e.g., -ation, -fy, -ing, -itis
syntax
the arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language
transitional
webbing
a graphic organizer strategy that provides a visual of how words or phrases connect to a topic, similar to mind mapping. it is used to generate, visualize, structure, and classify ideas, and as an aid to studying and organizing information, solving problems, making decisions, and writing
writing conference
an approach that centers around the students’ thoughts and goals for their written pieces and allows the teacher to more deeply understand and assist each writer
