Writing Flashcards
Dr Kathy Barclay has identified seven stages of children’s writing. (1996).
Explain this theory.
- SCRIBBLING.
These are random marks on a page. To encourage, adults can offer blank paper and writing tools and talk with children about their writing. - MOCK HANDWRITING.
This often appears with drawings. Children produce lines of wavy scribbles. This stage resembles cursive writing and may be revisited at a later time. - MOCK LETTERS.
Children make letter-like shapes that resemble conventional alphabet letters. - CONVENTIONAL LETTERS.
The first word to appear is usually the child’s first name. Adults will often see a string of letters across a page that a child reads as a sentence. - INVENTED SPELLING.
As the child writes conventional letters, they begin to cluster letters to make words. Although the words may not appear conventional, children will often ask an adult, “What did I write?”. - APPROXIMATED OR PHONETIC SPELLING.
Children begin to associate sounds with the letters. - CONVENTIONAL SPELLING stage.
This occurs as the child’s approximated spellings become more and more conventional.
Explain and state Kroll’s stages of writing development. (1981)
Preparatory stage (up to age 6) -Basic motor skills developed and principles of the spelling system acquired.
Consolidation stage (approx. 7-8) -Children write as they speak. Usually short declaratives using conjunctions. Sentences often incomplete.
Differentiation stage (9-10) -Can differentiate between writing and speech. Different styles are understood. Errors are common at first, as they experiment. Writing guide may be provided. Writing may reflect their thoughts.
Integration stage (mid-teens) -Develop a personal style which varies for the audience and purpose.
What are the developmental stages of spelling?
1: Exploration
- Pre-letter writing.
- Random writing on page -letters, symbols, numbers.
- May use repetition of familiar letters such as the letters in child’s name.
- Uses left-to-right directionality.
- Uses random sight words.
2: Semiphonetic
- Leaves random spaces in writing.
- Uses a few known words in correct place - i.e. names.
- Shows letter-sound correspondence.
- Uses partial mapping of word (2 or 3 letters).
3: Phonetic
- Total mapping of letter-sound correspondence.
- Vowels are omitted when not heard.
- Writes quickly.
- Spaces words correctly.
4: Transitional
- Vowels appear in every syllable.
- Silent “e” pattern becomes fixed.
- Inflectional endings like “s”, “ing” are used.
- Common letter sequences are used (ay, ee, ow).
- Child moves toward visual spelling.
- May include all, but reverse some, letters (from=form).
What are Rothery’s four catogories?
Observation/comment- simplest, real life experience
Recount- chronological, recounting an event
Report- factual, does not need to be chronological
Narrative- story genre, imaginative
Explain Britton’s model. (1975)
Expressive: starting point for children, first person, enables child to explore their own identity and writing preferences. Links with Piaget’s theory of being egocentric up until age 7.
Poetic: literacy, encouraged in early writing, allows children to be creative but also to think about the way of writing. Phonetically pleasing, alliteration, rhyme and rhythm.
Transactional: worldly writing, separate their own identity.
What is phonetic spelling?
Words that are spelt as they sound.
What is undergeneralisation?
Standard rules for particular spelling patterns are not followed (applying ‘ys’ rathers that ‘ies’)
What is overgeneralisation?
Regular spelling rules applied when not needed (run goes to runned)
What is omission?
Letters are missed out of words.
What is insertion?
The addition of extra letters that are not needed.
What is substitution?
Where the right letter is replaced with an alternative letter.
What is transposition?
Where a pair of letters is switched around.
What are silent sounds?
A letter or sound which isn’t pronounced, often missed out in spelling.
What are the stages of writing?
- Drawing (fine motor skills + tripod grip)
- Letter like forms + directionality
- Copied letters
- Name + strings of letters
- Words
- Sentences
- Texts
What is oracy?
An individuals development of speaking and listening skills
