wound stuff Flashcards
hypertrophy
is an expansion in the size of cells, which results in increased tissue mass without cell division.
hyperplasia
is a multiplication of cells as a result of increased cellular division
atrophy
a decrease in the size of a tissue or organ as a result of a reduction in the number or size of
individual cells
metaplasia
a is the transformation of one cell type into another in response to a change in physiological condition or an external irritant.
dysplasia
is an abnormal differentiation of dividing cells that results in changes in their size, shape, and appearance.
anaplasia
is cell differentiation to a more immature or embryonic form
cell injury heat
Denaturation of protein, acceleration of metabolic reactions
cell injury cold
Decreased blood flow from vasoconstriction, slowed metabolic reactions, thrombosis of blood vessels, freezing of cell contents that forms crystals and can cause cell to burst
radiation cell injury
Alteration of cell structure and activity, alteration of enzyme systems, mutations
electrothermal cell injury
Interruption of neural conduction, fibrillation of cardiac muscle, coagulative necrosis of skin and skeletal muscle
mechanial trauma cell injury
Transfer of excess kinetic energy to cells, causing rupture of cells, blood vessels, tissue; examples include the following:
Abrasion: scraping of skin or mucous membrane
Laceration: severing of vessels and tissue
Contusion (bruise): crushing of tissue cells, causing hemorrhage into skin
Puncture: piercing of body structure or organ
Incision: surgical cuing
chemical cell injury
Alteration of cell metabolism, interference with normal enzymatic action within cells
virusus cell injury
Taking over of cell metabolism and synthesis of new particles that may cause cell rupture; cumulative effect may produce
clinical disease
bacteria cell injury
Destruction of cell membrane or cell nucleus, production of lethal toxins
antigen-antibody response, autoimmune response cell injury
Release of substances (histamine, complement) that can injure and damage cells Activation of complement, which destroys normal cells and produces inflammation
neoplastic growth cell injury
Cell destruction from abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth
normal substance (disgestive enzyme,uric acid)
Release into abdomen, causing peritonitis and crystallization of excess accumulation in joints and renal tissue
apoptosis
programmed cell death
necrosis
is tissue death that occurs as a result of a traumatic injury, infection, or exposure to a toxic chemical that causes a local inflammatory response, which results from the release of intracellular contents after the rupture of the outer membrane of the
dead cells
coagulative necrosis
Caused by ischemia. Ischemia results in decreased levels of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), increased levels of cytosolic Ca
2+, and free radical
formation, each of which eventually causes membrane damage. A myocardial infarct is an example of a localized area of coagulative necrosis.
liquefactive necrosis
Usually caused by focal bacterial infections because they can aract polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs). The enzymes in the PMNs are
released to fight the bacteria but also dissolve the tissues nearby, which causes pus to accumulate and the tissue to liquefy. An abscess is an
example of a liquefactive necrotic process
caseous necrosis
A distinct form of coagulative necrosis that occurs in mycobacterial infections (e.g., tuberculosis) or in tumour necrosis, in which the coagulated
tissue no longer resembles the cells but is in chunks of unrecognizable debris.
gangrene necrosis
Necrosis of an appendage (usually the limbs). The term may also be used to describe necrosis of an appendix or gallbladder. This form of necrosis
applies to ischemic necrosis, usually with superimposed bacterial action (wet gangrene) but sometimes in toes without bacterial effects (dry
gangrene or mummification).
dry gangrene
can result from degenerative changes that occur with certain chronic diseases, such as
atherosclerosis or diabetes
wet gangrene
which can quickly become fatal, occurs as the result of a sudden rapid
elimination of blood flow, such as that seen in a severe burn or traumatic crush injury. It is malodorous
because of extensive tissue liquefaction, which makes the affected area soft, and the odour is often
indicative of a bacterial infection.
inflammatory response
is a biological response to cell injury caused by pathogens, irritants, or
chronic health conditions. Through this response, the inflammatory agent is neutralized and diluted, necrotic materials are removed, and an environment suitable for healing and repair is established.
hyperemia
increased blood flow in the area
serous exudate
Results from fluid that has low cell and protein content; seen in early stages of inflammation or when injury is mild
catarrhal exudate
Found in tissues in which cells produce mucus; mucus production is accelerated by inflammatory
response
fibrinous exudate
Occurs with increasing vascular permeability and fibrinogen leakage into interstitial spaces;
excessive amounts of fibrin coating of tissue surfaces may cause tissues to adhere
purulent exudate (pus)
Consists of WBCs, microorganisms (dead and alive), liquefied dead cells, and other debris
hemorrhagic exudate
Results from rupture or necrosis of blood vessel walls; consists of RBCs that escape into tissue
actue infection
In acute inflammation, the healing
occurs in 2 to 3 weeks and usually leaves no residual damage. Neutrophils are the predominant cell
type at the site of inflammation.
subacute inflammation
subacute inflammation has the features of the acute process but lasts
longer.
chronic inflammarion
Chronic inflammation lasts for weeks, months, or even years. The injurious agent persists or repeatedly
injures tissue. The predominant cell types present at the site of inflammation are lymphocytes and
macrophages
regeneration
is the replacement of lost cells and tissues with cells of the same
type.
repair
is healing as a result of lost cells being replaced by connective tissue. Repair is the more
common type of healing and usually results in scar formation.
