wound stuff

Question 1

hypertrophy

Answer 1

is an expansion in the size of cells, which results in increased tissue mass without cell division.

Question 2

hyperplasia

Answer 2

is a multiplication of cells as a result of increased cellular division

Question 3

atrophy

Answer 3

a decrease in the size of a tissue or organ as a result of a reduction in the number or size of
individual cells

Question 4

metaplasia

Answer 4

a is the transformation of one cell type into another in response to a change in physiological condition or an external irritant.

Question 5

dysplasia

Answer 5

is an abnormal differentiation of dividing cells that results in changes in their size, shape, and appearance.

Question 6

anaplasia

Answer 6

is cell differentiation to a more immature or embryonic form

Question 7

cell injury heat

Answer 7

Denaturation of protein, acceleration of metabolic reactions

Question 8

cell injury cold

Answer 8

Decreased blood flow from vasoconstriction, slowed metabolic reactions, thrombosis of blood vessels, freezing of cell contents that forms crystals and can cause cell to burst

Question 9

radiation cell injury

Answer 9

Alteration of cell structure and activity, alteration of enzyme systems, mutations

Question 10

electrothermal cell injury

Answer 10

Interruption of neural conduction, fibrillation of cardiac muscle, coagulative necrosis of skin and skeletal muscle

Question 11

mechanial trauma cell injury

Answer 11

Transfer of excess kinetic energy to cells, causing rupture of cells, blood vessels, tissue; examples include the following:

Abrasion: scraping of skin or mucous membrane

Laceration: severing of vessels and tissue

Contusion (bruise): crushing of tissue cells, causing hemorrhage into skin

Puncture: piercing of body structure or organ

Incision: surgical cuing

Question 12

chemical cell injury

Answer 12

Alteration of cell metabolism, interference with normal enzymatic action within cells

Question 14

virusus cell injury

Answer 14

Taking over of cell metabolism and synthesis of new particles that may cause cell rupture; cumulative effect may produce
clinical disease

Question 16

bacteria cell injury

Answer 16

Destruction of cell membrane or cell nucleus, production of lethal toxins

Question 17

antigen-antibody response, autoimmune response cell injury

Answer 17

Release of substances (histamine, complement) that can injure and damage cells Activation of complement, which destroys normal cells and produces inflammation

Question 18

neoplastic growth cell injury

Answer 18

Cell destruction from abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth

Question 19

normal substance (disgestive enzyme,uric acid)

Answer 19

Release into abdomen, causing peritonitis and crystallization of excess accumulation in joints and renal tissue

Question 20

apoptosis

Answer 20

programmed cell death

Question 21

necrosis

Answer 21

is tissue death that occurs as a result of a traumatic injury, infection, or exposure to a toxic chemical that causes a local inflammatory response, which results from the release of intracellular contents after the rupture of the outer membrane of the
dead cells

Question 22

coagulative necrosis

Answer 22

Caused by ischemia. Ischemia results in decreased levels of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), increased levels of cytosolic Ca
2+, and free radical
formation, each of which eventually causes membrane damage. A myocardial infarct is an example of a localized area of coagulative necrosis.

Question 23

liquefactive necrosis

Answer 23

Usually caused by focal bacterial infections because they can aract polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs). The enzymes in the PMNs are
released to fight the bacteria but also dissolve the tissues nearby, which causes pus to accumulate and the tissue to liquefy. An abscess is an
example of a liquefactive necrotic process

Question 24

caseous necrosis

Answer 24

A distinct form of coagulative necrosis that occurs in mycobacterial infections (e.g., tuberculosis) or in tumour necrosis, in which the coagulated
tissue no longer resembles the cells but is in chunks of unrecognizable debris.

Question 25

gangrene necrosis

Answer 25

Necrosis of an appendage (usually the limbs). The term may also be used to describe necrosis of an appendix or gallbladder. This form of necrosis applies to ischemic necrosis, usually with superimposed bacterial action (wet gangrene) but sometimes in toes without bacterial effects (dry gangrene or mummification).

Question 26

dry gangrene

Answer 26

can result from degenerative changes that occur with certain chronic diseases, such as atherosclerosis or diabetes

Question 27

wet gangrene

Answer 27

which can quickly become fatal, occurs as the result of a sudden rapid elimination of blood flow, such as that seen in a severe burn or traumatic crush injury. It is malodorous because of extensive tissue liquefaction, which makes the affected area soft, and the odour is often indicative of a bacterial infection.

Question 28

inflammatory response

Answer 28

is a biological response to cell injury caused by pathogens, irritants, or chronic health conditions. Through this response, the inflammatory agent is neutralized and diluted, necrotic materials are removed, and an environment suitable for healing and repair is established.

Question 29

hyperemia

Answer 29

increased blood flow in the area

Question 30

serous exudate

Answer 30

Results from fluid that has low cell and protein content; seen in early stages of inflammation or when injury is mild

Question 31

catarrhal exudate

Answer 31

Found in tissues in which cells produce mucus; mucus production is accelerated by inflammatory response

Question 32

fibrinous exudate

Answer 32

Occurs with increasing vascular permeability and fibrinogen leakage into interstitial spaces; excessive amounts of fibrin coating of tissue surfaces may cause tissues to adhere

Question 33

purulent exudate (pus)

Answer 33

Consists of WBCs, microorganisms (dead and alive), liquefied dead cells, and other debris

Question 34

hemorrhagic exudate

Answer 34

Results from rupture or necrosis of blood vessel walls; consists of RBCs that escape into tissue

Question 35

actue infection

Answer 35

In acute inflammation, the healing occurs in 2 to 3 weeks and usually leaves no residual damage. Neutrophils are the predominant cell type at the site of inflammation.

Question 36

subacute inflammation

Answer 36

subacute inflammation has the features of the acute process but lasts longer.

Question 37

chronic inflammarion

Answer 37

Chronic inflammation lasts for weeks, months, or even years. The injurious agent persists or repeatedly injures tissue. The predominant cell types present at the site of inflammation are lymphocytes and macrophages

Question 38

regeneration

Answer 38

is the replacement of lost cells and tissues with cells of the same type.

Question 39

repair

Answer 39

is healing as a result of lost cells being replaced by connective tissue. Repair is the more common type of healing and usually results in scar formation.