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Year 9 EoY Exam History Revision > World War One: the causes of the war; the reality of fighting the war; and the outcome > Flashcards

World War One: the causes of the war; the reality of fighting the war; and the outcome Flashcards

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1
Q

Long-term causes: Nationalism

A

Convinced that one’s own people, country and way of doing of doing things were best.

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2
Q

What did Nationalism result in?

A

Many European leaders thought that the best way to prove that they were the best was to have a war with their rivals.

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3
Q

Long-term causes: Militarism

A

To make sure that one’s country was the best, countries spent more and more money on bigger and bigger armies.

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4
Q

What is an arms race?

A

When nobody wanted the smallest army, so countries got caught up in an arms race.

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5
Q

Long-term causes: Imperialism

A

The race to gain control of other nations, particularly in Africa.

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6
Q

What did Imperialism lead to?

A

Tension and fierce rivalries among European countries.

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7
Q

What did the countries think about doing to stop the threat of Imperialism?

A

They began to see each other as a threat to their overseas possessions and saw war as the only way to remove this threat permanently.

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8
Q

Long-term causes: Alliances

A

As each country began to feel threatened, they looked for friends to back them up in a war - known as allies.

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9
Q

What did the European countries split up into?

A

Europe split into two alliances: The Triple Entente and The Triple Alliance.

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10
Q

Which countries were in the Triple Entente?

A

Britain, France and Russia.

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11
Q

Which countries were in the Triple Alliance?

A

Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy.

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12
Q

Why were the alliances created?

A

The idea was to put people off starting a war as it would mean fighting against three nations instead of one.

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13
Q

What was the risk involved with the alliances?

A

Although this made them feel more secure, it meant it would only take one small disagreement between any two nations involved… and all of Europe would be dragged into a war.

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14
Q

Why were the Bosnians not fond of being in the Austro-Hungarian Empire?

A

They wanted to join with their neighbours, Serbia, and many Serbians wanted Bosnia to join with them.

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15
Q

What was the name for the Serbians who planned to assassinate Franz Ferdinand?

A

The ‘Black Hand’ Gang

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16
Q
  1. How was Franz Ferdinand assassinated?
A

Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife arrived in Sarajevo and were driven to the Town Hall to meet the mayor. Crowds lined the streets while the couple could wave at them through their car.

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17
Q
  1. How was Franz Ferdinand assassinated?
A

Six Black Hand assassins waited for the car. As the car went past, one of the Serbians threw a bomb at the royal couple. The bomb luckily didn’t hit their car, although exploding at the car behind. The Archduke’s car sped off towards the Town Hall.

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18
Q
  1. How was Franz Ferdinand assassinated?
A

The Archduke cancelled the rest of his visit. Soon after this, he got into the chauffeur-driven car again and shortly after this the driver was informed that he had taken a wrong turn. He stopped to turn around.

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19
Q
  1. How was Franz Ferdinand assassinated?
A

After the bomb attack, the assassins had split and ran into the crowds. By coincidence, one of the gang members was standing outside the café. He took out a pistol, walked towards the car and killed both Ferdinand and his wife.

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20
Q

How did this murder lead to war: 28th July

A

Austria-Hungary blames Serbia for killing the Archduke. It attacks Serbia.

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21
Q

How did this murder lead to war: 29th July

A

Russia, who has promised to protect Serbia against attack, gets its army ready to attack Austria-Hungary.

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22
Q

How does this murder lead to war: 1st August

A

Germany, who supports Austria-Hungary, hears about Russian preparations for war. Germany declares war on Russia.

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23
Q

How does this murder lead to war: 2nd August

A

Britain prepares its warships.

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24
Q

How did this murder lead to war: 3rd August

A

Germany, whose plan is to defeat France BEFORE attacking Russia, declares war on France.

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25
Q

How did this murder lead to war: 4th August

A

Germany asks Belgium to allow German soldiers to march through their country to attack France. Belgium says ‘no’. Germany marches in anyway. Britain, who has a deal to protect Belgium from attack (dating back to 1839), declares war on Germany.

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26
Q

How did this murder lead to war: 6th August

A

Austria-Hungary declares war on Russia.

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27
Q

How did this murder lead to war: 12th August

A

Britain and France declare war on Austria-Hungary.

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28
Q

What is a front?

A

The name given to the area where two armies meet each other.

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29
Q

Why did Germany not want a war between France and Russia?

A

Because there would be a war on two fronts. Germany would also have to split their army in two.

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30
Q

How would Germany split their army if France and Russia fought?

A

One army would go east to fight Russia and the other going going west to fight France.

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31
Q

What was the Schlieffen Plan?

A

The idea that was to quickly defeat France with a huge knock-out blow through Belgium before moving the soldiers east to face the enormous, but slow-moving Russian army.

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32
Q

Why didn’t the Schlieffen Plan not work?

A
  • The Belgian Army were very resistant and slowed Germany’s charge down
  • The British Expeditionary Force (BEF), which contained 125,000 men, held the Germans back
  • On the 19th of August, the Russians launched an attack on Germany
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33
Q

Why didn’t the Russian attack help Germany?

A

Because it was far quicker than the Germans had expected and before they had a chance to capture Paris.

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34
Q

What did the Germans have to do because of the Russian attack?

A

They were forced to send troops east to face the Russians.

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35
Q

What did the German army do in September 1914?

A

They retreated behind the River Aisne, dug trenches and set up machine gun nests.

36
Q

What happened to the British and French as a result of the Germans retreat?

A

They couldn’t break through the German defences

37
Q

What did the British and French do to try and get through the German defence?

A

They dug their own trenches directly opposite.

38
Q

What happened by the end of 1914?

A

The trenches stretched all the way from the English Channel to Switzerland.

39
Q

Define Stalemate

A

a situation in which further action or progress by opposing or competing parties seems impossible.

40
Q

What was the war stuck in?

A

A Stalemate

41
Q

Trenches: What did the Duckboards do?

A

These were placed on the ground to stop troops sinking in the mud.

42
Q

Trenches: What did a Fire step do?

A

Soldiers stood on these to look and fire ‘over the top’.

43
Q

Trenches: What did a Periscope do?

A

Enabled troops to see ‘over’ the top without risk of being shot.

44
Q

Trenches: What did Barbed wire do?

A

Slowed down attacking troops. Millions of miles of barbed wire was used.

45
Q

Trenches: What did Machine guns do?

A

Rapid-firing gun that mowed down attacking troops.

46
Q

Trenches: What was a Concrete bunker?

A

Reinforced subterranean bunker.

47
Q

Trenches: What was artillery?

A

Huge guns that fired enormous explosive or poisonous shells for miles.

48
Q

Trenches: What did a Machine gun nest do?

A

Protected the machine-gunner from enemy fire.

49
Q

Trenches: What did Sandbags do?

A

Reinforced the walls, muffled explosions and soaked up moisture.

50
Q

Trenches: What did Aeroplanes do?

A

Helped spot targets for artillery, dropped bombs on the enemy and shot down enemy planes.

51
Q

Trenches: What did a Communication trench do?

A

Linked the front line trench to the reserve trenches.

52
Q

Trenches: What did a Reserve trench do?

A

Soldiers went there to rest or to wait to go to the front line.

53
Q

Trenches: What did a Gas bell do?

A

Would be rung to tell troops to put on gas masks.

54
Q

What were Trench Rats?

A

Dead bodies and food scraps attracted many rats to the trenches.

55
Q

Why was there a Trench Rat Infestation?

A

One pair of rats could produce 880 offspring in a year and so the trenches were soon swarming with them.

56
Q

What did the Trench Rats attempt to do?

A

They would become very bold and attempt to take food from the pockets of sleeping men.

57
Q

Define Ration

A

only giving a certain small amount

58
Q

What happened to the British soldiers as the war went on longer?

A

The army started to ration food.

59
Q

What did soldiers mainly eat?

A
  • Bully beef (or tinned corned beef)
  • Bread
  • Biscuits
  • Soup
60
Q

What did the soldiers drink?

A
  • Weak coffee

- OXO (a type of gravy)

61
Q

What was Trench Foot?

A

An infection of the feet caused by cold, wet and dirty conditions.

62
Q

What did the men do for hours in the trenches?

A

Stood for hours on end in wet, muddy trenches without being able to remove wet socks or boots.

63
Q

What happened to men’s feet in the trenches?

A

The feet would gradually go numb and the skin would turn red or blue.

64
Q

What could happen if the men’s foot wasn’t treated?

A

The trench foot could turn gangrenous and result in amputation.

65
Q

In the winter of 1914-15, how many men in the British Army were treated for trench foot?

A

20,000 men

66
Q

What was a ‘stand to’?

A

Guarding their front-line trenches.

67
Q

What was a ‘fire step’?

A

A step or platform dug into the front side of a military trench so that soldiers could stand on it and fire over the parapet.

68
Q

What was an average day like in the trenches?

A
  • A ‘stand to’ before dawn
  • Gathering their weapons, soldiers took a place on the ‘fire step’
  • Fired towards enemy lines in a daily ritual called the ‘morning hate’
  • The order “Stand down!” was given
  • They did their day-to-day-work
69
Q

What did the day-to-day work consist of?

A
  • Repairing damage to the trench
  • Filling sandbags
  • Carrying supplies
  • Running errands
  • Writing letters
70
Q

What was the most common task carried out by a soldier?

A

Them cleaning their weapons.

71
Q

Why was water a problem in the trenches?

A

Because water was brought to the front line in petrol, and chloride of lime was added to kill of water. However, the chloride of lime gave the water an awful taste.

72
Q

Where was most of the soldiers’ time spent?

A

In the trenches working.

73
Q

Who were the ‘Big Three’?

A

France, Great Britain and the USA.

74
Q

Why were they called ‘Big Three’

A

They represented the three most powerful winning countries.

75
Q

What was David Lloyd George’s (current prime minister at the time of the UK) at the time aims for Great Britain after WW1?

A

To ‘make Germany pay’. He wanted to keep them weak without humiliating them. He also wanted to end the German threat to the British Empire and Navy.

76
Q

What was Woodrow Wilson’s (current president of the USA) aims for the USA after WW1?

A

To prevent Germany becoming aggressive but didn’t think they should be punished. He wanted different national groups to have the right to rule themselves - known as self-determination.

77
Q

What was George Clemenceau’s (prime minister of France) aims for France after WW1?

A

He wanted to have revenge on Germany for all this suffering. He also wanted Germany to pay for all of the damage that the war had caused. Wanted to weaken Germany’s armed forces so they would never be able to attack France again.

78
Q

What was the Treaty of Versailles?

A

A document outlining all of Germany’s punishments.

79
Q

What could of potentially happened if Germany didn’t sign the Treaty of Versailles?

A

An invasion on Germany.

80
Q

What did the Treaty of Versailles involve?

A
  • Germany must pay for the war in money and goods, set at £6,600 million
  • Agree that they had started the war
  • To have no air force or submarines
  • Only tiny army and navy
  • No tanks or submarines allowed
  • No German soldiers allowed anywhere near France
  • Germany to hand over colonies to Britain and France
  • Parts of countries cut off to make new countries
  • League of Nations set up
81
Q

What was the League of Nations?

A

An international club for settling problems peacefully.

82
Q

What would happen in the League of Nations if one nation declared war on another?

A

The other member nations would stop trading with the invading country until a lack of supplies would bring the fighting to an end.

83
Q

What was the League of Nation’s aims?

A
  • To solve disputes by discussion rather than war
  • Fight diseases
  • Stop drug smuggling
  • Stop slavery
  • Improve working conditions
84
Q

What was successful about the League of Nations?

A
  • Freed 200,000 slaves
  • Helped 400,000 prisoners of war return home
  • Worked hard to defeat diseases such as leprosy, cholera, smallpox.
85
Q

How did the League of Nations fail?

A
  • The League never had its own armed forces
  • The USA never became a member. Japan, Germany and the Soviet Union all left.
  • It couldn’t stop Italy invading Abyssinia (Ethiopia) in 1935.
  • It couldn’t stop Germany expanding its territory and in Europe between 1936 and 1939.

Year 9 EoY Exam History Revision (3 decks)

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