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EOY History - Year 9 > World War One > Flashcards

World War One Flashcards

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1
Q

Why was WW1 called the ‘Great War’?

A

The world had never experienced such a big war before - millions of men split into alliances and spent over four years killing each other

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2
Q

How many people were killed during WW1?

A

Around 9 million people

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3
Q

Why was WW1 sometimes called ‘the war to end all wars’?

A

Due to the horror felt at the enormous death toll.

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4
Q

What does this picture show?

A

The names of 30,000 local men who died recorded inside Birmingham’s Hall of Memory - memorials like this took the place of graves for grieving relatives because none of the bodies of the dead men were returned

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5
Q

What was nationalism?

A

At the beginning of the 20th century, people began to take great pride in their countries, and many European countries were convinced that their country and way of doing things were the best.

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6
Q

How was nationalism a long-term cause?

A

Many European leaders thought that the best way to prove they were the best was to have a war with their rivals

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7
Q

What was militarism?

A

People took great pride in their armies and navies so to make sure that theirs were the best, countries spent more money on bigger armies; this sometimes resulted in an arms race as no one wanted the smallest army

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8
Q

How was militarism a long-term cause?

A

To many, these was no point in having a big, expensive army if you weren’t going to use it and whenever countries fell out, the temptation was always there to use their weapons.

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9
Q

What was imperialism?

A

Many European countries other than Britain had an empire and so the race to gain control of other nations, particularly in Africa, led to tension and fierce rivalries among European countries.

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10
Q

How was imperialism a long-term cause?

A

Many European countries began to see each other as a threat to their overseas possessions and saw war as the only way to remove this threat permanently.

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11
Q

What countries formed the Triple Entente?

A

Britain, France and Russia

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12
Q

What countries formed the Triple Alliance?

A

Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy

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13
Q

What was the point of an alliance?

A

The idea was to put people off starting a war as it would mean fighting against three nations instead of one

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14
Q

How did alliances cause problems?

A

Although it made countries feel more secure, it meant that it would only take one small disagreement between any two nations involved and all of Europe would be dragged into a war

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15
Q

When was Franz Ferdinand assassinated?

A

28 June 1914

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16
Q

Why were Bosnians unhappy?

A

Bosnia was conquered by the Austrians and was part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire ever since 1908

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17
Q

What did a Serbian gang plan?

A

The ‘Black Hand’ decided to take drastic action to highlight their cause - they planned to assassinate Archduke Franz Ferdinand

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18
Q

What was the first event that led to Ferdinand’s death?

A
  • Him and his wife arrived in Sarajevo at 9am at the Town Hall to meet the Mayor
  • Crowds lined the streets the the car drove slowly so they could wave to people
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19
Q

What was the second event that led to Ferdinand’s death?

A
  • 6 Black Hand members threw a bomb at the car, injuring several people
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20
Q

What was the third event that led to Ferdinand’s death?

A
  • The Archduke cancelled his visit but visited the people who had been injured
  • At 11am, the driver was notified that he’d made the wrong turn
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21
Q

What was the final event that led to Ferdinand’s death?

A
  • After the bomb, assassins split up into the crowds
  • 18-year-old Gavrilo Princip spotted him and shot and killed both Ferdinand and his wife
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22
Q

What happened on the 28 July?

A

Austria-Hungary blames Serbia for killing the Archduke and proceeds to attack them

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23
Q

What happened on the 29 July?

A

Russia, who promised to protect Serbia, gets its army ready to attack Austria-Hungary

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24
Q

What happened on the 1 August?

A

Germany, who supports Austria-Hungary, hears about Russian preparations for war and declares war on them

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25
Q

What happened on the 2 August?

A

Britain prepares its warships

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26
Q

What happened on the 3 August?

A

Germany, whose plan is to defeat France BEFORE attacking Russia, declares war on France

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27
Q

What happened on the 4 August?

A

Germany asks Belgium to allow German soldiers to march through their country to attack France, and despite Belgium saying ‘no’, Germany does it anyway. This provokes Britain, who has a deal to protect Belgium from attack (1839), to declare war on Germany.

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28
Q

What happened on the 6 August?

A

Austria-Hungary declares war on Russia

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29
Q

What happened on 12 August?

A

Britain and France declare war on Austria-Hungary

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30
Q

What were the major Allies during WW1?

A
  • Britain/British Empire
  • France
  • Belgium
  • Italy (after 1915)
  • Serbia
  • Romania (after 1916)
  • Portugal (after 1916)
  • Russia (until 1917)
  • USA (after 1917)
  • Japan
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31
Q

What were the major Central Powers?

A
  • Germany
  • Austria-Hungary
  • Turkey
  • Bulgaria (after 1915)
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32
Q

What was Germany’s worst nightmare?

A

A war against France and Russia - aka a war on two fronts

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33
Q

What is a front?

A

The name given to the area where two armies meet each other

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34
Q

What would a war against France and Russia mean for Germany?

A

They would have to split their army in two - one going east to fight Russia and the other going west to fight France

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35
Q

What did the Germans come up with to combat multiple fronts?

A

The Schlieffen Plan

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36
Q

What was the point of the Schlieffen Plan?

A

To quickly defeat France with a huge knock-out blow through Belgium before moving the soldiers east to the the Russian army

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37
Q

When did the Germans put the Schlieffen Plan into action?

A

3 August 1914

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38
Q

What did the Belgian army do that surprised the Germans?

A

They put up fierce resistance and slowed the charge to France right down

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39
Q

What the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) do?

A

A highly trained professional army of 125,000 men who held the Germans back at Mons.

40
Q

What happened on 19 August 1914 and how did it affect Germany?

A

The Russians launched an attack on Germany - it was far quicker than the Germans had expected and before they had a chance to capture Paris

41
Q

What did Russian attack force the German army to do?

A

Send troops east to face the Russians and, by September, the German army retreated 40 miles behind the River Aisne

42
Q

What did the German army do at the River Aisne?

A

They dug trenches and set up machine gun nests

43
Q

What did the British and French do in response to the Germans?

A

They dug their own trenches directly opposite as they couldn’t break through the Germans’ and by the end of 1914 the trenches stretched all the way from the English Channel to Switzerland

44
Q

What happened when neither side could find a way through?

A

The war was stuck in a stalemate

45
Q

What is one reason to why the Schlieffen Plan was ineffective?

A

It was dreamt up in the 19th century and by the time it was put into action railways and lorries moved defending troops far quicker than they did in Schlieffen’s time and steamships sped the BEF across the Channel.

46
Q

What fronts did war occur on?

A
  • The Western Front (France and Belgium)
  • The Eastern Front where Russians fount against Germans and Austrians
  • The Salonika Front where Turkey joined Germany’s side and Italy (British side)
47
Q

What were duckboards?

A

These were placed on the ground to stop troops sinking in the mud.

48
Q

What was a fire step?

A

Soldiers stood on these to look and fire ‘over the top’.

49
Q

What were dugouts?

A

Rooms dug out of the back wall of trenches with orders being received by telephone.

50
Q

What was a periscope?

A

It enabled troops to see ‘over the top’ without risk of being shot

51
Q

What was barbed wire?

A

It slowed down attacking troops with millions of miles of it being used.

52
Q

What was a machine gun?

A

A rapid-firing gun that mowed down attacking troops.

53
Q

What was a concrete bunker?

A

A reinforced subterranean bunker.

54
Q

What was artillery?

A

Huge guns that fired enormous explosive or poisonous shells for miles.

55
Q

What was a machine gun nest?

A

It protected the machine-gunner from enemy fire.

56
Q

What were sandbags?

A

They reinforced the walls, muffled explosions and soaked up moisture.

57
Q

What were aeroplanes?

A

They helped spot targets for artillery, dropped bombs on the enemy and shot down enemy planes.

58
Q

What was a communication trench?

A

It linked the front line trench to the reserve trenches.

59
Q

What was a gas bell?

A

It would be rung to tell troops to put on gas masks.

60
Q

What attracted rats to trenches?

A

Dead bodies and food scraps

61
Q

Why were trenches swarming with rats?

A

One pair of rats could produce 880 offspring a year

62
Q

What happened to food during the war?

A

At the beginning of the war British soldiers were fed well, but as the size of the army grew and the war went on longer, the army started to ration food.

63
Q

What would the long wait for food to reach the front line cause?

A

The bread and biscuits were often stale

64
Q

What was bread made from?

A

Ground-up turnips

65
Q

What was the main meal for soldiers?

A

A thin pea-soup with lumps of horsemeat in it

66
Q

What would soldiers drink and what was considered a luxury?

A

They would drink weak coffee and oxo (gravy) but tea, fresh milk and sugar were a luxury.

67
Q

Why did soldiers complain about the taste of the food?

A

Kitchen staff only used 2 large pans, which was often not washed well

68
Q

What was trench foot?

A

An infection of the feet caused by cold, wet and dirty conditions.

69
Q

What would happen to feet?

A

In the trenches, men would stand for hours in dirty trenches without the ability to remove wet socks or boots so the feet would gradually go numb and the skin would turn red or blue.

70
Q

What can happen if trench foot was left untreated?

A

Feet could turn gangrenous and result in amputation

71
Q

How many men were treated for trench foot during the winter of 1914-15?

A

Over 20,000 men

72
Q

How would the average day start for soldiers?

A

A ‘stand to’ before down followed by gathering their weapons in which soldiers took a place on the ‘fire step’.

73
Q

What would soldiers do as the sun rose?

A

They would fire towards enemy lines in a daily ritual called the ‘morning hate’ and the order “Stand down!” was then given and knowing that the threat of a night raid was over, the sentries could relax

74
Q

What did day-to-day work consist of?

A
  • Repairing trench damage
  • Filling sandbags
  • Carrying supplies
  • Running errands
  • Writing letters
  • Cleaning weapons
75
Q

What gun did every soldier possess and would would they do with it?

A

A Lee Enfield rifle and it was their duty to keep this thoroughly clean to prevent it from jamming at a vital moment

76
Q

What was repeated at nightfall?

A

The ‘stand to’ before groups might be sent into No Man’s Land

77
Q

What problem did soldiers deal with?

A

Water, which was usually brought to the front line in petrol cans, and chloride of lime was added to kill bacteria but instead gave the water an awful taste.

78
Q

What was the most life consuming aspect of a soldier’s daily routine in the trenches?

A

The battles

79
Q

How was morale kept up?

A

The British Army would rotate its soldiers round other sections like support and reserve trenches with most battalions rarely spending any more like five days a month in the line of fire.

80
Q

What happened in January 1919?

A

Politicians from the winning countries met of the Palace of Versailles, near Paris, to decide what was to happen to the beaten enemy.

81
Q

What countries were part of the ‘Big Three’?

A
  • France
  • Great Britain
  • USA
82
Q

What countries were not allowed to attend the Paris Peace Conference?

A
  • Germany
  • Austria-Hungary
  • Turkey
  • Bulgaria
83
Q

What were the aims of David Lloyd George (PM of Great Britain)?

A
  • Elected to ‘hang the Kaiser’ and ‘make Germany pay’
  • He wanted to keep Germany weak but without humiliating them
  • Wanted to end the German threat to the British Army and Navy
84
Q

What were Woodrow Wilson’s aims (President of the USA)?

A
  • The USA joined the war in 1917 and didn’t suffer as much as Britain and France
  • Wanted to prevent German becoming aggressive but didn’t think they should be punished
  • Wanted different national groups to have the right to rule themselves (self-determination)
85
Q

What were George Clemenceau’s aims (PM of France)?

A
  • Around 1.4 million Frenchmen killed in WW1 and huge areas of the country destroyed
  • Wanted to have revenge on Germany for all of this suffering
  • Wanted Germany to pay for all of the damage that the war had caused
  • Wanted to weaken Germany’s armed forces so they would never be able to attack France again
86
Q

When did the politicians announce the Treaty of Versailles to the world?

A

June 1919

87
Q

What was the Treaty of Versailles?

A

Germany’s punishments

88
Q

Why did German politicians have to sign the Treaty of Versailes?

A

If they didn’t they would face invasion

89
Q

What were some of the punishments listed on the Treaty of Versailles?

A
  • Germany must pay for the war in money and goods - around £6,600 million
  • Sign to agree that they had started the war
  • Germany to have no air force or submarines with only a tiny army and navy
  • No German soldiers allowed anywhere near France
  • Germany to hand over colonies to Britain and France
  • Parts of countries cut off to make new countries
  • League of Nations set up
90
Q

What was the League of Nations?

A

A kind of international club for settling problems peacefully.

91
Q

Where was the League of Nations’ headquarters?

A

Geneva, Switzerland

92
Q

How many countries joined the League of Nations at first?

A

40

93
Q

What would countries do if one nation declared war on another?

A

All the other member nations would stop trading with the invading country until a lack of supplies would bring the fighting to an end.

94
Q

What were the successes of the League?

A
  • Freed 200,000 slaves
  • Helped 400,000 prisoners of war return home
  • Worked hard to defeat diseases such as leprosy, cholera and smallpox
  • Sorted out a dispute between Finland and Sweden
  • Sorted out a dispute between Greece and Bulgaria
95
Q

What were the failures of the League?

A
  • The League never had its own armed forces
  • The USA never became a member. Japan, Germany and the Soviet Union all left
  • It couldn’t stop Japan invading China in 1931
  • It couldn’t stop Italy invading Abyssinia (Ethiopia) in 1935
  • It couldn’t stop Germany expanding its territory in Europe between 1936 and 1939

EOY History - Year 9 (7 decks)

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