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Doctrine 4 Drummond > World Religions Exam > Flashcards

World Religions Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Definition: Samsara?

A

REINCARNATION: the endless cycle of life, death and rebirth: after each life we die and are reborn into a different life.

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2
Q

Definition: Moksha?

A

Moksha: liberation or release from the iron law of samsara

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3
Q

Definition: Brahman?

A

Brahman: the Hindu word for the impersonal essence and spirit of the cosmos, which never changes and is one with all that is; in fact all is Brahman.

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4
Q

Definition: Karma? (Hindu)

A

deeds; human actions, good and bad, that are rewarded and punished by an impersonal law of the cosmos.

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5
Q

What are the 4 roads to Moksha? bb

A

Way of Knowledge
Way of Devotion
Way of Works
Way of Meditation

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6
Q

What is the way of knowledge? bb

A

Shankara’s Advaita Vedanta

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7
Q

Ultimate concern for Shankara’s Advaita Vedanta

A

Moksha (liberation)

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8
Q

Three ways Shankara’s Advaita Vedanta views reality

A

god
self
world

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9
Q

What is Shankara’s Advaita Vedanta view of gods

A

a. Gods: appearance – lower level of reality (like a dream or stage play)

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10
Q

What is Shankara’s Advaita Vedanta view of self

A

b. Self: tangibly real but spiritually unreal; the only full reality is Brahman, which is also the only real aspect of atman (individual self)

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11
Q

What is Shankara’s Advaita Vedanta view of world

A

c. World: maya (illusion)

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12
Q

What is the basic human problem for Shankara’s Advaita Vedanta

A

ignorance of Brahman

a. We wrongly identify the finite with the real
b. This keeps us in samsara

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13
Q

What is the resolution for Shankara’s Advaita Vedanta

A
  1. Resolution: knowledge of Brahman, which comes by meditation and asceticism
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14
Q

What is the way of devotion?

A

Hindu Bhakti

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15
Q

Ultimate concern for Hindu Bhakti

A

Moksha (liberation)

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16
Q

How does Hindu Bhakti view the gods

A

a. God: real, can save, take different forms

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17
Q

How does Hindu Bhakti view the self

A

b. Self: finite mode of god; will retain individuality

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18
Q

How does Hindu Bhakti view the world

A

c. World: real (no levels) but not a place of hope or fulfillment; change is real

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19
Q

What is the basic human problem for Hindu Bhakti

A
  1. Basic human problem: samsara because of ignorance (of a personal god) and karma
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20
Q

What is the resolution for Hindu Bhakti

A
  1. Resolution: bhakti (love and surrender) and prasada (divine grace)
    a. Monkey school – grace and effort
    b. Cat school – only grace
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21
Q

Definition: Karma (Buddhism)

A

: deeds; human actions, good and bad, that are rewarded and punished by an impersonal law of the cosmos.

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22
Q

Definition: Nirvana (Bud)

A

Nirvana: the “blowing out” of desire that Buddhists seek; a state of no beings, consciousness, or desire.

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23
Q

two types of Buddhism?

A

Theravada

Mahayana

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24
Q

Thervada ultimate concern?

A
  1. Ultimate concern: liberation in nirvana (end of consciousness and individuality)
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25
Q

Theravada view of reality

A
  1. View of Reality
    a. Gods: they exist but cannot help
    b. Self: none; many lives before nirvana in many heavens and hells
    c. World: in flux; a process not a thing; no beginning or end
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26
Q

Basic human problem for theravada

A
  1. Basic human problem: suffering in samsara because of ignorance of the Buddha’s teachings
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27
Q

Resolution for theravada?

A
  1. Resolution: acceptance of the Buddha’s teaching and practice of his virtues and Noble Eightfold Path
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28
Q

Ultimate concern for Mahayana

A
  1. Ultimate concern: rebirth in a heaven (such as the Pure Land of Amitabha Buddha) or becoming a Buddha.
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29
Q

Mahayana view of reality

A
  1. View of Reality
    a. Gods: many bodhisattvas and Buddhas
    b. Self: none in theory but yes in practice
    c. World: either impermanent of (for some Mahayanist philosophers) unreal
30
Q

Basic human problem for Mahayana

A
  1. Basic human problem: suffering in samsara because of ignorance of the Buddha (such as Amitabha) or of absolute Buddha nature
31
Q

Resolution for Mahayana

A

a. Pure Land school: call in faith on Amitabha Buddha
b. Other philosophical schools: lose attachment to all theories or meditate with the realization that all that exists is finally only pure thought

32
Q

Four Noble Truths of Buddhism

A

Four Noble Truths

  1. All is suffering
  2. Suffering is caused by desire
  3. The way to be rid of suffering is to be rid of desire
  4. The way to be rid of desire is to follow the Noble Eightfold Path.
33
Q

Noble Eightfold path of Buddhism

A

Noble Eightfold Path

  1. Right understanding
  2. Right thinking
  3. Right speech
  4. Right action
  5. Right livelihood
  6. Right effort
  7. Right mindfulness
  8. Right concentration
34
Q

Three characteristics for Buddhism

A

Three Characteristics of Existence

  1. Impermanence
  2. Suffering
  3. No Self
35
Q

Four ultimate virtues for Buddhism

A

4 Unlimited Virtues

  1. Friendliness
  2. Compassion
  3. Sympathetic Joy
  4. Even-mindedness
36
Q

Five precepts for Buddhism

A

5 Precepts

  1. No killing
  2. No stealing
  3. No sexual sin
  4. No lying
  5. No alcohol
37
Q

Ultimate concern for Islam

A

Paradise

38
Q

Islams view of reality

A

a. God: holy, sovereign, powerful; the judge of all; more distant that the Father of Jesus – Allah is never called “Father” in the Qu’ran – but is “closer than the jugular vein”
b. Self: free to choose righteousness or wicked
c. World: good creation of a good God

39
Q

Basic human problem for Islam

A
  1. Basic human problem: shirk (idolatry)
    a. When anything or person, other than Allah, is given first priority
    b. Failure to obey Allah and accept the revelation of his prophet Muhammad
40
Q

Resolution for Islam

A
  1. Resolution: observance of the Five Pillars
41
Q

5 Major beliefs of Islam (Basic)

A 
God
Angels
Prophets of God
The Holy Books
The Day of Judgement
42
Q

Islam means…

A

submission to the will of God

43
Q

What does Islam believe about God

A
  1. God: He is one; He has no partner

a. shirk: the sin of claiming God has a partner – Qur’an offers no forgiveness for shirk

44
Q

What is Shirk?

A

the sin of claiming God has a partner

45
Q

What does Islam believe about Angels

A
  1. Angels: hierarchy between God and man
    a. Gabriel is of the highest rank
    b. Each person has 2 angels assigned to them: good & bad deeds
    c. Jinn are at the bottom of hierarchy
46
Q

What does Islam believe about prophets of God

A
  1. Prophets of God – each nation has received a prophet to proclaim that God is one. Each one given for a particular age, but Muhammed is the only prophet for all time (Seal of Prophets)
47
Q

What does Islam believe about the holy books

A
  1. The Holy Books: 4 received by highest-ranking prophets
    a. Tawrat (received by Moses: the Torah)
    b. Zabur (received by David: the Psalms)
    c. Injil (received by Jesus: the Gospels)
    d. Qur’an (received by Muhammed)
    e. Only the Qur’an has been preserved in an uncorrupted state
48
Q

What does Islam believe about the day of judgement

A
  1. The Day of Judgment: deeds weighed in the balance
    a. Paradise or hell
    b. Only God knows the results
    c. Muslims have no assurance they will be accepted by God
49
Q

5 Major pillars (obligations) of Islam

A
  1. Profession of faith (shahada)
  2. Prayer five times daily (salat)
  3. Almsgiving (zakat)
  4. Fasting during Ramadan (siyam)
  5. Pilgrimage to Mecca (hajj)
50
Q

Ultimate concern for Judaism

A
  1. Ultimate concern: atonement with God (which means restoration of fellowship)
51
Q

Judaism view of reality

A
  1. View of reality:
    a. God: Creator, one, personal, infinite, holy, just, loving; demands observance of his Torah
    b. Self: free to do good or evil; union of body and spirit (no disembodied soul after the resurrection)
    c. World: good creation of a good God
52
Q

Judaism basic human problem

A
  1. Basic human problem: sin, which separates people from God
53
Q

Judaism resolution

A

a. Adherence to Torah by free will, which atones for sin, restores fellowship, and brings reward in the life to come
b. Messiah will destroy evil and restore the good; traditionalists say the Messiah is a man; modernists, an age

54
Q

8 basic differences between Traditional Jews and Modernist Jews

A 
Torah
God
Morality
Human Nature
Israel
Religious Practice
The World to Come
Messiah
55
Q

Traditional view of torah

A

Every letter & word from God (also the Talmud: rabbinic commentaries on the Torah)

56
Q

Modernist view of Torah

A

Only inspired in parts, known through modern reason and experience

57
Q

Who is God (to a jew)

A 
God: 
Monotheistic, 
Creator, 
Spirit, 
Lawgiver, 
Guide of History
Humanity’s helper
58
Q

Traditional Jew view of God

A

Performs miracles

59
Q

Modernist Jew view of God

A

Does not perform miracles

60
Q

What is modesty to a Jew

A

Morality:
Live decently to honor God;
OT prophets showed us how to seek justice and compassion for all

61
Q

Traditional Jew view of morality

A

Perform mitzvoth and keep the commandments

Moral life is spelled out by the 613 mitzvoth of Torah

62
Q

Modernist jew view of Morality

A

Perform mitzvoth and keep the commandments; general principles of justice and compassion are found through modern reason & experience

63
Q

What do both jew groups believe about humanity

A

free to do what God commands
Insist that while we will never be perfect, by repentance we can turn back to God and use God-given willpower to do what he has told us to do

64
Q

Traditional jew view of Israel

A

God’s chosen nation because of merits of the Fathers; lives to communicate God’s truth to the nations

65
Q

Modernist jew view of Israel

A

Agree that the Fathers chose God and this is why God chose them; other nations can be ‘chosen’

66
Q

Trad. Jew view of religious practice

A

Everything Jews have done in historic liturgies and daily practices represent God’s will in Torah – pay close attention to small details

67
Q

Mod. Jew view of religious practice

A

Rituals are merely human devices, making us feel close to what is good and divine - subject to improvement

68
Q

To jews, what is the world to come?

A

The World To Come:
Believe in recompense after death (good rewarded, evil punished);
affirm immortality and resurrection

69
Q

To trad. Jew what is the world to come?

A

Literal concept

70
Q

To mod. Jew what is the world to come?

A

We can’t know anything more precise than the fact of life after death

71
Q

To trad. jew, what is the messiah

A

Will be a man, pray for his coming;

He will not be God, but he will abolish evil and establish goodness

72
Q

To mod. jew, what is the messiah

A

Looking not to a man but a messianic age;
Not the result of God’s efforts, but of mankind’s work in pursuit of dreams for justice and goodness;
Dreams are inspired by God, and Torah helps us understand them, but man brings the age to reality

Doctrine 4 Drummond (3 decks)

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