World order - the nature of world order

Question 1

define world order

Answer 1

World order refers to the creation of global relationships AND the maintenance of world peace.

Question 2

why is world order needed

Answer 2

• globalisation –> growing interdependence
  -growth in international law –> Without world order, and the bodies and laws that govern relationships between nations and other global participants, there would be international anarchy. This could lead to world conflict and global destruction. If there were no relations between countries, then each nation-state would stand alone, meaning global issues (such as conflicts and global warming) could not be adequately addressed

Question 3

define the nature of conflict

Answer 3

refers to the different types of international conflict

Question 4

access to resources as a source of conflict

Answer 4

• The economic inequality between states is one of the major issues facing the current world order, particularly as traditional state boundaries are broken down by globalisation in areas of trade and investment
• The fact that poorer states are not accessing resources and creating wealth to the same extent as wealthy, developed nations results in widespread and disproportionate intra-state and inter-state conflict, as well as flow-on global effects, such as illegal immigration, people trafficking, organised crime and human rights infractions.

Question 5

distinguish between interstate and intrastate conflict

Answer 5

Intra-state conflict is between opposing sides in the same nation-state eg. civil war, democide, terrorism
Inter-state conflict is between two or more different nation-states eg. conventional warfare, border conflict, nuclear warfare, cold war, proxy war

Question 6

outline the development of world order over time

Answer 6

• treaty of westphalia
• concert of europe
• the hague peace conferences
• the league of nations covenant
• pact of paris
• atlantic charter
• UN charter
• geneva conventions

Question 7

what was the Atlantic Charter 1941

Answer 7

◗ Drawn up by Winston Churchill (UK) and Franklin Roosevelt (US).
◗ Agreed to by World War II allied nation-states.

◗ US and UK pledged to create a world of peace and stability.
◗ Stated that the allied states would seek no territories (colonies or lands) after World War II.
◗ Freedom of the seas.
◗ All nation-states can choose their form of government, have safe boundaries and have access to trade.
◗ Abandonment of use of force and establishment of league of nation-states.

Question 8

what were hague peace conferences of 1899 and 1907

Answer 8

◗ Twenty-five European powers
◗ Adopted the Convention for the Pacific Settlement of International Disputes.
◗ States were to use their best efforts to ensure the peaceful settlement of disputes.
◗ Introduced the Permanent Court of Arbitration which made fifteen decisions between 1899 and 1914.
◗ Tried to implement a ‘cooling-off’ period before nations entered a conflict.

Question 9

what is the Nuclear non proliferation treaty 1968

Answer 9

◗ 189 signatories (all nation- states except India, Pakistan and Israel who have never signed it; and North Korea who formally withdrew in 2003)
◗ Nation-states are prohibited from buying or building new nuclear weapons.
◗ It has commitments from five states that have nuclear weapons to work towards disarmament.

Question 10

what is the league nations covenant 1919

Answer 10

◗ Forty-one nations, including the US, UK, China, France, Greece, Italy and Japan.
◗ Established the League of Nations.
◗ Chief aim was to achieve international peace and security.
◗ Built upon the concepts of mediation and arbitration.
◗ Required all member countries to exhaust all alternatives before resorting to war.
◗ The League of Nations fell apart and could not prevent World War II in 1939.