world history unit 2

Question 1

oligarchies

Answer 1

a small group of people having control of a country, organization, or institution

Question 2

the rise of polis

Answer 2

The rise of the polis is based upon critical, economic, military, social, and political changes, all of which produce a world that’s really strikingly different from the one that was just before it.

Question 3

dialect

Answer 3

a particular form of a language which is peculiar to a specific region or social group.

Question 4

peloponnesian war

Answer 4

The Peloponnesian War was a war fought in ancient Greece between Athens and Sparta—the two most powerful city-states in ancient Greece at the time (431 to 405 B.C.E.). This war shifted power from Athens to Sparta, making Sparta the most powerful city-state in the region

Question 5

sparta

Answer 5

Sparta was a prominent city-state in Laconia, in ancient Greece. In antiquity, the city-state was known as Lacedaemon, while the name Sparta referred to its main settlement on the banks of the Eurotas River in Laconia, in south-eastern Peloponnese.

Question 6

athens

Answer 6

Athens is the capital of Greece. It was also at the heart of Ancient Greece, a powerful civilization and empire. The city is still dominated by 5th-century BC landmarks, including the Acropolis, a hilltop citadel topped with ancient buildings like the colonnaded Parthenon temple. The Acropolis Museum, along with the National Archaeological Museum, preserves sculptures, vases, jewelry and more from Ancient Greece

Question 7

delian league

Answer 7

The Delian League, founded in 478 BC, was an association of Greek city-states, with the number of members numbering between 150 and 330 under the leadership of Athens

Question 8

city - states

Answer 8

a city that with its surrounding territory forms an independent state

Question 9

the persian wars

Answer 9

The Greco-Persian Wars were a series of conflicts between the Achaemenid Empire and Greek city-states that started in 499 BC and lasted until 449 BC

Question 10

seleus

Answer 10

Seleucus was the son of Antiochus, a general of Philip II of Macedonia, the father of Alexander the Great. Seleucus participated in the conquest of the Persian empire as one of Alexander’s officers, and in 326 bce he commanded the Macedonian infantry against King Porus of India in battle on the Hydaspes River

Question 11

alexander of macedon

Answer 11

was a king of the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon. He succeeded his father Philip II to the throne in 336 BC at the age of 20, and spent most of his ruling years conducting a lengthy military campaign throughout Western Asia and Egypt

Question 12

xerxes

Answer 12

was the fourth King of Kings of the Achaemenid Empire, ruling from 486 to 465 BC. He was the son and successor of Darius the Great and his mother was Atossa, a daughter of Cyrus the Great, the founder of the Achaemenid empire

Question 13

sardes

Answer 13

Sardis or Sardes was an ancient city at the location of modern Sart, near Salihli, in Turkey’s Manisa Province.

Question 14

the battle of marathen

Answer 14

The Battle of Marathon took place in 490 BC during the first Persian invasion of Greece. It was fought between the citizens of Athens, aided by Plataea, and a Persian force commanded by Datis and Artaphernes. The battle was the culmination of the first attempt by Persia, under King Darius I, to subjugate Greece

Question 15

susa

Answer 15

Susa was an ancient city in the lower Zagros Mountains about 250 km east of the Tigris, between the Karkheh and Dez Rivers in Iran

Question 16

red sea

Answer 16

The Red Sea is a seawater inlet of the Indian Ocean, lying between Africa and Asia. Its connection to the ocean is in the south, through the Bab el Mandeb strait and the Gulf of Aden. To its north lie the Sinai Peninsula, the Gulf of Aqaba, and the Gulf of Suez

Question 17

nile river

Answer 17

The Nile River flows from south to north through eastern Africa. It begins in the rivers that flow into Lake Victoria (located in modern-day Uganda, Tanzania, and Kenya), and empties into the Mediterranean Sea more than 6,600 kilometers (4,100 miles) to the north, making it one of the longest river in the world

Question 18

royal road

Answer 18

an auspicious or easy way or means to achieve something:the royal road to success. a highway in ancient Persia, 1,677 miles (2,700 km) long, extending from Susa in W Iran to W Asia Minor

Question 19

standardized currency

Answer 19

a monetary unit which is designated by a government to serve as the basis of its currency system and into which other types of money in the country are convertible — compare standard of value.

Question 20

economic reforms

Answer 20

with the plan of liberalising the economy and quickening its rate of economic growth

Question 21

shahanshah

Answer 21

shahanshah (plural shahanshahs) (historical) King of kings; a title given to the rulers of ancient Persia and sometimes of Armenia

Question 22

cambyses ll

Answer 22

Cambyses II was the second King of Kings of the Achaemenid Empire from 530 to 522 BC. He was the son and successor of Cyrus the Great and his mother was Cassandane. Before his accession, Cambyses had briefly served as the governor of northern Babylonia under his father from April to December 538 BC

Question 23

babylonians

Answer 23

Babylonia was an ancient Akkadian-speaking state and cultural area based in central-southern Mesopotamia and parts of Syria. A small Amorite-ruled state emerged in 1894 BC, which contained the minor administrative town of Babylon

Question 24

ancient mesopotamia

Answer 24

Mesopotamia Map showing the extent of Mesopotamia. Shown are Washukanni, Nineveh, Hatra, Assur, Nuzi, Palmyra, Mari, Sippar, Babylon, Kish, Nippur, Isin, Lagash, Uruk, Charax Spasinu and Ur, from north to south

Question 25

pasargadae

Answer 25

Pasargadae was the capital of the Achaemenid Empire under Cyrus the Great, who ordered its construction and the location of his tomb. Today it is an archaeological site and one of Iran’s UNESCO World Heritage Sites, about 90 kilometres to the northeast of the modern city of Shiraz

Question 26

astyages

Answer 26

Astyages was the last king of the Median Empire, r. 585–550 BC, the son of Cyaxares; he was dethroned in 550 BC by his grandson Cyrus the Great

Question 27

median empire

Answer 27

The Medes were an ancient Iranian people who spoke the Median language and who inhabited an area known as Media between western and northern Iran

Question 28

tributary state

Answer 28

A tributary state is a term for a pre-modern state in a particular type of subordinate relationship to a more powerful state which involved the sending of a regular token of submission, or tribute, to the superior power

Question 29

achaemenes

Answer 29

Achaemenes was the apical ancestor of the Achaemenid dynasty of rulers of Persia. Other than his role as an apical ancestor, nothing is known of his life or actions

Question 30

alexander the great

Answer 30

Alexander III of Macedon, commonly known as Alexander the Great, was a king of the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon. He succeeded his father Philip II to the throne in 336 BC at the age of 20, and spent most of his ruling years conducting a lengthy military campaign throughout Western Asia and Egypt

Question 31

persepolis

Answer 31

Persepolis was the ceremonial capital of the Achaemenid Empire. It is situated in the plains of Marvdasht, encircled by southern Zagros mountains of Iran. Modern day Shiraz is situated 60 kilometres southwest of the ruins of Persepolis. The earliest remains of Persepolis date back to 515 BC

Question 32

provincial governors

Answer 32

Governors are the main legislators of a nation’s unit such as a state or province. They supervise staff, perform administrative and ceremonial duties, and function as the main representative for their governed region. They regulate local governments in their region.

Question 33

satraps

Answer 33

a provincial governor in the ancient Persian empire/any subordinate to local ruler

Question 34

reform

Answer 34

make changes in (something, typically a social, political, or economic institution or practice) in order to improve it.

Question 35

darius the great

Answer 35

Darius I, commonly known as Darius the Great, was a Persian ruler who served as the third King of Kings of the Achaemenid Empire, reigning from 522 BCE until his death in 486 BCE.

Question 36

cultural toleration

Answer 36

not discriminating against people of other cultures. In reality, however, not all people practice cultural tolerance. Some people are culturally intolerant, perhaps because they suffer from a sense of cultural superiority

Question 37

cyrus the great

Answer 37

Cyrus II of Persia, commonly known as Cyrus the Great and also called Cyrus the Elder by the Greeks, was the founder of the Achaemenid Empire, the first Persian empire

Question 38

empire

Answer 38

an extensive group of states or countries under a single supreme authority, formerly especially an emperor or empress

Question 39

achaemenid persia

Answer 39

The Achaemenid Empire, also called the First Persian Empire, was an ancient Iranian empire founded by Cyrus the Great in 550 BC

Question 40

standard currency