World History LTMs U1 Flashcards
time before writing
prehistory
study of past societies through man made objects
archeology
objects made by humans
artifacts
study of human life and culture through skeletal remains
anthropology
Old Stone Age
Paleolithic
Middle Stone Age
Mesolithic
New Stone Age
Neolithic
skilled craft worker
artisan
way of life of a group of people
culture
shift from hunting and gathering to food growing
Neolithic Revolution
a complex culture in which large numbers of human beings share a number of common elements
civilization
kings or queens who rule a kingdom
monarch
people who move from place to place
Nomads
- cities
- government
- religion
- social structure
- writing
- art
6 characteristics of a civilization
different people perform different tasks
division of labor
- Tigris-Euphrates
- Nile
- Yellow/Huang He
- Indus
4 river valley civilizations
belief in many gods
polytheism
government that included a town or city and the surrounding area
city-state
Sumerian temple built in layers
ziggurat
government by divine authority
theocracy
Sumerian structure; strongest form in a building; curved over an opening
arch
Sumerian writing system using wedge-shaped marks
cuneiform
government that unites many people or groups under one leader
empire
cuneiform writing; arch; ziggurats; number 60
Sumerians
Babylonian laws written to regulate life and agriculture
Hummurabi Code
belief in one god
monotheism
line of rule is passed along in the family; Menes created
dynasty
a process of slowly drying a dead body to prevent it from rotting; Egyptians
mummification
1st recorded female pharaoh
Hatshepsut
pharaoh who died at age 18; famous funeral mask; cursed tomb
Tutankhamen
Egyptian writing
hieroglyphs
reed plant used by Egyptians as paper
papyrus
tombs of Egyptian pharaohs
pyramids
“great house”; religious and political leader; gods to their people
pharaohs
artifact that was key to Egyptian language
Rosetta Stone
purple dye, glass, and lumber; sea traders; alphabet
Phoenicians
led the Hebrews out of slavery in Egypt; 10 Commandments
Moses
first 5 books of the Old Testament; important to Hebrews
Torah
Hebrews most important contribution to Western Civilization
ethical monotheism
cruel warriors; cavalry; roads; postal system
Assyrians
efficient ruling system; Cyrus and Darius; Zoraster
Persians
wise leader Nebuchadnezzar; Hanging Gardens; astronomy
Caldeans
seasonal wind patterns often associated with rainfall
monsoon
nomadic group that gradually settled and took control of the Indus Valley and areas eastward; strong warriors
Aryans
- Brahmins
- Kshatriyas
- Vaisyas
- Sudras
- Untouchables
4 official and 5th unofficial levels of the caste system in order
refers to individual self in Hinduism and Buddhism
atman
mental and physical practice to unite body and soul
yoga
India’s major religion; reincarnation; dharma and karma
Hinduism
Hindu belief that the individual soul is reborn in a different form after death
reincarnation
Hindu belief; what people do in this life will determine what they will be in their next lives
karma
divine law; Hinduism; all people must do their duty
dharma
form of social organization unique to India
caste system
“Enlightened One;” founder of Buddhism
Siddharta Gautama
ultimate reality; perfect peace
nirvana
Buddhism; ordinary life is full of suffering and 3 other premises
Four Noble Truths
right view, right speech, right action are 3 of the 8 other premises for Buddhists
Eightfold Path
greatest India ruler; used Buddhist ideals to rule
Ashoka
Golden Age in Indian culture; engaged in foreign and domestic trade; efficient monarchs
Gupta
- Shang
- Zhou
- Qin
- Han
4 major Chinese dynasties
right to rule; authority to command; Zhou
Mandate of Heaven
war victor; prosperity; decline; rebellion
Dynastic Cycle
humans should act in harmony with the Universe; duty; Chinese philosophy
Confucianism
inaction not action; do not interfere with natural order; Chinese philosophy
Daoism
humans are evil by nature; harsh laws; Chinese philosophy
Legalism
“Chinese Peace;” a time of peace and prosperity for China
Pax Sinica
influenced Greek civilization; highly developed written language; palace at Knossos; sea Traders; Minotaur
Minoans
author of “The Illiad” and “The Odyssey”
Homer
population decline; food production dropped; few records
dark age
Greek city-state; city and its surrounding countryside
polis
fortified area on top of a hill; place of refuge; religious center
Acropolis
government for the people or in which all citizens take part
democracy
government ruled by only a few people
oligarchy
military state; organized and controlled; bravery valued
Sparta
one of the classic and most important civilizations because they had the best ideas and thinkers who shaped Western Civilization
Greeks
war between Greeks city-states and Persia
Persian War
citizens voted on all issues of government
direct democracy
citizens elect officials to vote on issues
representative democracy
height of Athenian power; Athens became center of Greek culture
Age of Pericles
war between Sparta and Athens; cultural rivalry; Athens surrendered
Peloponnesian
paintings on wet plaster walls
frescos
Homer’s epic about the 10th year of the Trojan War
The Illiad
1st real historian; Greek
Herodotus
study of the most fundamental questions of reality and human experience
philosophy
essence of the universe found in music and numbers; theorem
Pythagoras
one of history’s greatest thinkers and teachers; live ethically; “know thyself;” hemlock
Socrates
great philosopher; “Republic;” question of reality; aristocracy of intellectuals; dialogues
Plato
influential thinker; analyzing and classifying based on observation and investigation; Ethics, Poetics, Logic
Aristotle
father of modern medicine; disease comes from natural causes not punishment from gods
Hippocrates
a midpoint between two extremes; “Nothing in excess, and everything in proportion”
Golden Mean
value of pi; mathematician
Archimedes
- Cynic
- Stoic
- Epicurean
3 schools of philosophy post-Alex era
athletic contests held in honor of the gods every 4 years
Olympics
greatest leader of Athens for 30 years; democracy reached its height; Delian League
Pericles
Macedonia king; strong leader and military strategist; conquered Persia and Egypt; a “man of the men”
Alexander the Great
spread of Greek ideas and culture blended with features from other Mediterranean cultures
Hellenistic Era
Homer’s epic of a 10-year journey home
The Odyssey
democracy; magnificent temples and buildings; emphasized sound body and mind
Athens
Rome’s and ours; a form of government where entitled voters elect representation
Republic
wealthy landowners; Rome’s ruling class
patricians
Roman farmers, artisans, and merchants
plebians
series of three wars between Carthage and Rome; Rome finally wins and burns Carthage
Punic Wars
first Roman dictator; gave land to poor; enlarged senate; assassinated
Julius Caesar
Roman emperor; control of standing army; Cleopatra; suicide
Marc Antony
leader of most famous slave revolt in Roman history
Spartacus
Roman Peace; five good emperors; 200 years
Pax Romana
Roman emperor; brutal; killed people, including mother; started fire to Rome??
Nero
- Purpose to life
- easy to relate to
- sense of belonging
- didn’t cost anything
four reasons why Christianity spread
smarter than Julius; supreme ruler of Rome; manipulated Senate and masses
Caesar Augustus/Octavian
Jew; crucified; mission was to connect god to man
Jesus
first Christian Roman emperor; official tolerance for Christianity
Constantine
last of the good emperors of Rome; philosopher; “Meditations”
Marcus Aurelius
capital of the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire); built by Constantine
Constantinople
- population decline
- outside invasions
- lead poisoning
- inflation
4 reasons for Rome’s decline
Christian church leaders
clergy
