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Gavin Faircloth > World History II > Flashcards

World History II Flashcards

1
Q

When are the Middle Ages

A

476 CE - 1500 CE

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2
Q

What ends classical antiquity

A

The fall of the western Roman Empire

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3
Q

What does the fall of the western Roman Empire bring

A

Medieval Europe

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4
Q

When did the Renaissance start

A

1500 CE

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5
Q

What is Christendom

A

A new civilization in Western Europe in the Middle ages.

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6
Q

Where does Christendom come from

A

The remains of the Greco-Roman empire

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7
Q

What major change did Christianity have to make in the Middle Ages

A

Had to shift from belief in rapid conclusion of the world to Christianity will be a continued presence in the world, since Jesus had not returned as soon as they thought

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8
Q

How did the church mature

A
  1. Move from oral to written tradition
  2. development of rituals, communion, hierarchy
  3. Development of accommodationist ideology
  4. Rejection of radical revolutionary strains of Christianity
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9
Q

What was Constantine I’s impact

A

Stopped persecution, began giving legal privileges to Christian leaders.

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10
Q

When did Constantine I convert to Christianity

A

312 CE

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11
Q

What contributed to the triumph of Christianity

A

Roman persecution leading to them becoming more organized

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12
Q

What are the 3 estates

A
  1. Those who pray - monks
  2. Those who fight - nobles
  3. Those who work - peasants
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13
Q

What caused the Shi’ites and Sunni to split

A

Ali was assassinated, Shi’ites wanted to continue with the blood line while Sunni wanted to vote people in

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14
Q

How did the church survive after the Roman state collapsed

A
  1. It became useful, providing services to barbarians 2. Pope Gregory’s missionary blueprint 3. Christianizing pagan festivals 4. Offer magic (relics)
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15
Q

What was Pope Gregory’s missionary blueprint

A

Make pagan rituals worship the Christian God, sacrificing animals too. Destroying pagan ritual sites now illegal.

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16
Q

What is paganism

A

You do something, God responds

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17
Q

What is the cult of Mithra

A

They worshiped the God of the unconquerable Sun until Pope Gregory’s missionary blueprint tricked them into worshiping the Christian God

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18
Q

What is Feudalism

A

A way to manage a group of strangers. New forms of attacking and defending. Warrior nobility gained political control of the fief (land given to them).

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19
Q

What is Manorialism

A

An economic system during the Middle Ages that revolved around self-sufficient farming estates where lords and peasants shared the land.

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20
Q

What is a fief

A

An estate granted by a lord to a vassal in exchange for service and loyalty

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21
Q

What is the Guild System

A

A system for specialized workers in the medieval times. It would set regulations for price and other factors to eliminate competition in the town, kept the number of people in a specific job limited, had to go through apprenticeship to journeyman to master.

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22
Q

What made the church function more importantly than anything else in the Middle Ages

A

The Seven Sacraments, education, wealth

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23
Q

What are the Seven Sacraments

A

Baptism, Confession, Communion, Confirmation, Matrimony, Holy Orders, Extreme Unction

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24
Q

What are problems the Church faces

A
  1. Monastic communities 2. investiture conflict - the issue of control (church always wins) 3. Thomas Aquinas, Aristotle and the soul
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25
Q

What does Aristotle say about the sould

A

All humans desire an eternal soul, everything in nature has a purpose, links logic and religion

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26
Q

What are the 3 crisis

A

The Church Crisis, Nobility/military crisis, Bubonic plague

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27
Q

What happened during the Church Crisis

A

The Pope relocated then the next one comes back to Rome, a secret meeting is held and a new Pope is appointed, people don’t know who to follow. Crown vs. the church. France vs England. Pope Boniface VIII vs Philip IV (French king). Clericis Laicos launches anti-papal campaign. Ascult Fili (“Listen my Son”). Unam Sanctum (church is the ark)

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28
Q

What was important about Pope Clement

A

He was the first Avignon pope, supported venality

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29
Q

What is venality

A

The selling of church offices

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30
Q

What was the Great Schism

A

The official split between the Roman Catholic and Byzantine churches that occurred in 1054 because the church looks more human and less divine

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31
Q

How did people fight the church

A

Reform movement - cynicism creeping into faith. Mysticism - priest is not needed to have a relationship with God. Thomas a Kempis - imitation of Christ. Heretical movement - flies in the face of church power

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32
Q

What did Gerard Groote write

A

“The New Devotion or the Brethren of the Common Life”

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33
Q

What was the nobility/military crisis

A

Wealthy, trained nobles are not needed because people can use a longbow (The Hundred Years War)

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34
Q

What was the Bubonic plague

A

Reordered society, cultural crisis, survivors have more food and get healthier, church weakens

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35
Q

What was the significance of domestication of camels

A

They helped make Arabic kingdoms prosper, happened in 400 BCE

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36
Q

What did Robert Sapolsky do

A

Pastoralists (herders) versus Southerners, thieves can’t steal crops, can steal herds

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37
Q

What do Pastoralists do since herds can be stolen

A

They develop warrior classes, monotheism, cultures of honor

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38
Q

What happens by the 500s

A

Christians and Jews have moved into the Arabian peninsula

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39
Q

What is early Mecca

A

An oasis in Hejaz, had a deep well, two caravan routes met there, had religious sanctuary (Kaaba)

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40
Q

What did the oasis in Hejaz (early Mecca) contain

A

A meteorite that was white, now black because of sin. Draped with animal skins. Shrines for 360 gods and goddesses (Polytheism)

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41
Q

What did Arabs practice before Islam

A

Polytheism

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42
Q

What is Islam derived from

A

S-L-M, no vowels, comparable to YHWY

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43
Q

What does Islam define to

A

It first means ‘peace’ second means ‘surrender’

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44
Q

What is the full meaning of Islam

A

“The peace that comes when one’s life is surrendered to God.”

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45
Q

Where does the word Semite come from

A

People descended from Shem, the parent of Abraham

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46
Q

What happened to Abraham’s sons

A

Abraham had a son with Sarah and Hagar, Sarah gives birth to Isaac and demands banishment of Hagar and her son Ishmael

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47
Q

Where does Ishmael go after being banished

A

After being banished by Abraham, he then goes to where Mecca would be

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48
Q

What are the descendants of Ishmael

A

Muslims

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49
Q

What are the descendants of Isaac

A

Remaining in Palestine, they become Hebrews then Jews

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50
Q

When was Muhammad born and what did his name mean

A

Born in 570 BCE, his name means “highly praised”

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51
Q

Who was Muhammad

A

He was born in 570 BCE, both parents dies and was raised by an uncle. The uncle worshiped Allah, the god, but not The God. He became a prominent merchant in Mecca. He married Khadija, fathered Fatima. Would retreat to a cave and meditated for hours.

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52
Q

What became the Qu’ran

A

Muhammad thought he was being attacked by a Jinn (where we get Genie) but recognized the angel as Gabriel, his dreams became the Qu’ran

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53
Q

What did the angel say to Muhammad

A

“Recite in the name of your lord who created – Created the human from an embryo – Recite your lord is all-giving who taught by the pen – Taught the human what he did not know before”

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54
Q

Why didn’t the people of Mecca like Muhammad’s message

A

Its uncompromising monotheism, its moral teachings, new teaching of equality

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55
Q

Where did Muhammad flee for after running from Mecca and what did it become

A

Medina, this fleeing became the Hejira, also conquering Arabia with Islam

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56
Q

What is the Hejira

A

The Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca that Muslims must take once in their lifetimes

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57
Q

What is the center of Islam

A

The Qu’ran, not Muhammad, they are People of the Book

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58
Q

Why is Islam so successful

A

The four main ideas of Islam

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59
Q

What are the four main ideas of Islam

A

Oneness of God, Creation, Humanity, Judgement

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60
Q

What is Islam’s idea of Oneness of God

A

Whereas Hebrews focused on people of Israel and Christians deified Jesus, Muhammad is not the son of God, simply a messenger

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61
Q

What is Islam’s idea of Creation

A

The physical world is important (causing Islamic science to flourish). Since the work of God is good, the world is good

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62
Q

What is Islam’s idea of Humanity

A

Life is a gift requiring two responses: gratitude, surrender. Infidel means “one who lacks thankfulness.” When one goes with the flow with creation, one will be Muslim

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63
Q

What is Islam’s idea of Day of Judgment

A

A person will go to heaven or hell

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64
Q

According to Islam, how is God revealed

A

Through four great stages

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65
Q

What are the four great stages in which God is revealed from

A

Monotheism, Ten Commandments, Golden Rule, and “How should I love my neighbor”

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66
Q

What are the five pillars of Islam (five obligations)

A

Shahadah –> There is no god but God and Muhammad is His Prophet (how to become a Muslim)
Daily Prayer –> five times daily, however church not needed, prayer consists of praise and gratitude
Paying of alms –> an obligation not charity, institutionalized into the state
Ramadan –> fasting, makes one think, teaches self-discipline, underscored human dependency, sensitizes compassion
Hajj –> one should visit Mecca at least once in a lifetime

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67
Q

What does khalifa mean

A

A “successor” or caliphate, a caliph is not a prophet

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68
Q

Who were the first four caliphs

A

Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, Ali

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69
Q

Who was Abu Bakr

A

The successor to Muhammad, holds Islam together after Muhammad dies. Father of Aisha, Muhammad’s favorite wife and early friend of Muhammad.

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70
Q

Who was Umar

A

Muslim leader who conquers the Fertile Crescent. An empire builder, conquered all of Saudi Arabia, parts of Palestine and lower Iraq

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71
Q

Who was Uthman

A

He was assassinated because nepotism and assigning people too young to important positions, he standardized the Qur’an

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72
Q

Who was Ali

A

Son-in-law of Muhammad and husband to Fatima, convinced Islamic community that leadership should remain in the family of Muhammad, Shiat-u-Ali, the family of Ali. Challenged by Aisha but loses to Ali’s forces at the Battle of the Camel

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73
Q

Who says “Whomever I am nearest to, so likewise is Ali. O God, be the friend of him who is his friend, and the foe of him who is his foe.”

A

Ali

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74
Q

How does Islam fragment

A

Into the Shi’ites and Sunni.

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75
Q

What is the difference between the Shi’ites and Sunni

A

The Shi’ites believed that the caliph should come from Muhammad’s descendants while the Sunni focus more on the community.

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76
Q

What expanded along with Islam and what are they

A

Mosques, they are more than a place of worship as they promoted literacy, equality, and women

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77
Q

How did mosques help literacy

A

Provided education (a way to control a group of strangers), three kinds: Islamic sciences (study of Qur’an), philosophical and natural sciences (Greek knowledge), literary arts. Often had schools attached

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78
Q

How did mosques help equality

A

Men and women have same spiritual nature. Woman is not blamed for the fall of humanity (Adam and Eve are to blame). Pregnancy and childbirth are not punishments. Men and women have same religious duties and face the same consequences. That there are no women prophets has to do with physical demands and not spiritual inferiority.

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79
Q

How did mosques help women

A

Women at the time of Muhammad’s birth had few rights, small girls could be buried alive in times of scarcity. (Qur’an says they will ask what they were buried for) Muhammad ended infanticide and detailed rights for women.

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80
Q

Why did Muhammad care about women’s equality

A

Maybe because he was raised by his mother. If a daughter speaks well of her father he will enter paradise.

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81
Q

What did Islam do for science

A

They preserved the thoughts of the greatest Greek thinkers

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82
Q

What did Avicenna and Averroes do

A

They translated Aristotle

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83
Q

Who flourished and who floundered

A

Islamic culture flourished while Europe floundered

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84
Q

How do we know about the Greeks

A

Islam

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85
Q

Who was Rhazes

A

A Muslim who notices smallpox is different from measles

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86
Q

Who was Avicenna

A

A Muslim who wrote The Canon of Medicine (a fan of Plato) with 750 articles about him

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87
Q

Who was Averroes

A

A Muslim who translated and wrote about Greek writers (fan of Aristotle)

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88
Q

What was Platonism (what Plato thought)

A

The idea of a chair, stop studying change. There are absolutes, not different points of view

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89
Q

What did Aristotle think

A

The student of Plato, however, he thinks the polar opposite. There is no perfect realm, just what we see. Chairness is what we see, no separate timeless existence.

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90
Q

What did Thomas Aquinas and Aristotle say about the soul

A

All humans desire an eternal soul, everything in nature has a purpose therefore salvation will happen. They linked logic and religion.

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91
Q

What is the idea of the Great Chain

A

Everything existing within the universe has it’s place in a divinely planned hierarchy

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92
Q

What did Hippocrates say

A

Medicine is holistic (so a forerunner of modern primary care). Medicine is naturalistic, it happens because of nature, not sacred. Consciousness and mental functions are in the brain.

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93
Q

What was Lamarckianism

A

Hippocrates’ belief that environmental factors can change basic characteristics

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94
Q

What does Evolution need to work

A

A Heritable trait, variability in the trait, advantageous traits, and random mutations

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95
Q

What did Islam do for medicine

A

Constructed hollow needles while Europe uses leeches, developed the concept of a modern hospital

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96
Q

Who was Jabir Ibn Hayyan

A

One of the founders of modern pharmacy

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97
Q

What was the significance of the Hundred Years War

A

Challenges existence of nobility and creates a permanent kind of taxation

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98
Q

What is the Renaissance a rebirth of

A

A fascination with Rome

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99
Q

What did the first historians discover

A

They rediscovered the classics, the authors emerged as real people in real time

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100
Q

What did Humanists do during the time

A

Philology, studying the language

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101
Q

Who was Petrarch

A

The father of Humanism, also a philologist

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102
Q

What is the Tripartite view of history

A

Three ages, Ancient, Middle, Modern

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103
Q

Who was Lorenza Valla

A

Could tell within 50 years the date a text had been written, found the Donation of Constantine to be fake

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104
Q

What was the Donation of Constantine

A

A document giving the Pope large tracts of land, Valla knew it was forged based only on the language. Declared forgery in 1440

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105
Q

How could Valla tell the Donation of Constantine was fake

A

The language used was from the 8th century while it was supposed to be written in the 4th century. It also mentions an imperial robe and divided kingdom which would happen later on.

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106
Q

Who was Dante

A

The great literary figure of Italy, wrote the Divine Comedy (a visitor’s tour of hell)

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107
Q

Who was Boccaccio

A

Wrote the Decameron

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108
Q

What is the Decameron

A

A series of stories told by people fleeing the plague. 7 women friends and 3 young men, each tells a story per day over 10 days.

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109
Q

What became subjects for the arts

A

Humans, Michelangelo painting the chapel

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110
Q

What did patrons do

A

Subsidized the work of the artists

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111
Q

What did the Liberal arts do

A

Attempted to create well-rounded people

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112
Q

What were the three things behind educational theory

A

Eloquence, virtue, individualism

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113
Q

Where was the birthplace of the Renaissance

A

Italy

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114
Q

Why was northern Italy wealthier and more populous

A

Isolated from rest of Europe, did not have great nobles, far away from emperor, towns expanded to become territorial states

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115
Q

What was medieval diplomacy like

A

Ambassadors traveled, which is a move toward resident diplomats

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116
Q

Who was Giangaleazzo Visconti

A

A resident ambassador for Milan, he used spies to generate unrest and emergence of diplomatic immunity

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117
Q

What is the Peace of Lodi

A

In 1454 five superpowers sign a treaty

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118
Q

What is the Peace of Lodi

A

In 1454 five superpowers sign a treaty

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119
Q

What is the Peace of Lodi

A

In 1454 five superpowers sign a treaty

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120
Q

What is the Peace of Lodi

A

In 1454 five superpowers sign a treaty

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120
Q

What is the Peace of Lodi

A

In 1454 five superpowers sign a treaty

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121
Q

What is the Peace of Lodi

A

In 1454 five superpowers sign a treaty

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122
Q

Who is Machiavelli

A

A bureaucrat, a notary, who lost his job because of the Medicis, becomes cynical and is presented as emittered and cynical

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123
Q

What is Machiavelli’s recurring theme

A

The need to protect power, it resides in the hands of the people; popular support is essential. History was cyclical but degenerated as it cycled

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124
Q

What book portrays Machiavelli as embittered and cynical

A

The Prince

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125
Q

What are the themes of The Prince

A

Do the atrocities first, people can get over them; stay away from the women; the primacy of public relations; and the end justifies the means

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126
Q

What are the four stages of Humanism in Italy

A

Beginnings, Civic Humanism, more philosophical, courtly

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127
Q

What was in the beginnings stage of Humanism

A

It was more pure and simple, Petrarch and Boccaccio, a grammatical movement, literacy and grammar (14th century)

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128
Q

What was in the civic Humanism stage of Humanism

A

Leonardo Bruni – A History of Florentine People, Activist Scholar – vita activa

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129
Q

What did Leonardo Bruni say in A History of Florentine People

A

The empire was not created to make way for Christianity, authoritarianism destroyed the Republic: which is to say all before him believed Medieval Europe created to pave the way for Christianity. A civic humanist, a conversion from scholarly aloofness

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130
Q

What was in the more philosophical stage of humanism

A

Cosimo de Medici is patron to Marsilio Ficino, Pico della Mirandola

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131
Q

What did Marsilio Ficino

A

Platonic Academy – spiritual and eternal values. Translated all of Plato’s works into Latin

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132
Q

What did Pico della Mirandola do

A

Translated the Hebrew Bible, Talmud, Cabala

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133
Q

What was in the humanism becomes more courtly and aristocratic stage of humanism

A

Ariosto – Orlando Furioso –> true love. The Song of Roland –> a work of literature about battles. Machiavelli – The Prince –> how to get power and keep it

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134
Q

What transmitted the Renaissance to the North

A

The printing press, end of the Hundred Years’ War (1453), the French invasion of Italy in 1494

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135
Q

What was the shared worldview at the time of the northern renaissance

A

Mysticism/ neo-Platoism, begins with Meister Eckhart, Divine spark, Pantheism

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136
Q

Who was Meister Eckhart

A

A highly educated Dominican, exerted his greatest influence in a series of sermons, never guilty of heresy but said some controversial things

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137
Q

Who said “Henceforth I shall not speak about the soul, for she has lost her name yonder in the oneness of divine essence. There she is no more called soul: she is called infinite being.”

A

Meister Eckhart

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138
Q

Who said “She plunges into the bottomless well of the divine nature and becomes one with God that she herself would say that she is God.”

A

Meister Eckhart

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139
Q

Who founded the Friends of God and what was it

A

Meister Eckhart founded it, it helps other with their mystical experience

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140
Q

What does the Divine Spark mean

A

The spark of God resides in everything

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141
Q

Who was Teresa of Avila

A

Born in 1515, wrote The Interior Castle, its about the contemplative soul with stages in the castle (heaven)

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142
Q

Who was John of the Cross

A

Born in 1542, wrote the Dark Night of the Soul, is aobut the journey of the soul from the body to union with God

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143
Q

What are some modern versions of Meister Eckhart

A

Quakers and Matthew Fox

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144
Q

Who continues Meister Eckhart’s ideas

A

Johan Tauler and the Friends of God

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145
Q

What does Meister Eckhart’s ideas become

A

They take formal shape as New Devotion, are taught by Brethren of the Common Life, founded by Gerhard Groote of the Netherlands

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146
Q

Who was Gerhard Groote

A

Said the essence of religion is an inward, spiritual communion with God through Christ. The only valid test of this inner experience is its outward manifestation in a life of moral rectitude and Christian service

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147
Q

What were some qualities of northern humanism

A

Overtly Christian in tone, borrows historicism and philological techniques from Italians, influenced by New Devotion, Reformist in nature

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148
Q

Who was Erasmus

A

Someone who almost had a cult between 1515 and 1530 in Spain despite never being there.

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149
Q

What did Erasmus write

A

Enchiridion militis Christiani (Manual for a Christian Soldier), written in 1526 and was the most popular theological/devotional work in Spain

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150
Q

What made humanism disappear

A

The spread of Protestantism

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151
Q

What were Christian humanists suspected of

A

Heresy (“As the curtain of fear descended, the glow of Christian humanism gave way to the flames of the auto-de-fe”)

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152
Q

What did Erasmus publish after returning to Paris

A

Adages (1500) a collection of classical proverbs, Enchiridion (1503) a practical guide for piety for the lay person, several editions of Cicero’s letters, a critical edition of Valla’s Annotations of the New Testament

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153
Q

What was Erasmus’ New Testament like

A

Had a lengthy introduction which smacks of Protestantism, everyone should read the Bible

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154
Q

How did the church and Protestants view Erasmus

A

The church viewed him as a traitor, he wouldn’t leave though so Protestants thought he was a coward

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155
Q

What helped set up the Lutheran movement

A

People became relatively unchurched

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156
Q

How did people become unchurched before the Lutheran movement

A

People didn’t go to church (rarely take sacraments), church became a popular religion, elite religion is more orthodox

157
Q

How did the church become a popular religion

A

It became a mix of popular superstition and Christianity, focused on here and now, survival is primary concern

158
Q

Who was Alexander VI of Borgias family

A

He was obsessed with money, power, and wanted it for his four children. Cesare was made bishop and a duke. Lucretia was a de facto pope in his absence

159
Q

What was Alexander VI’s greatest skill

A

The ability to ignore all the major signs of religious dissatisfaction

160
Q

What did Leo X have to deal with

A

The debt created in part by Julius II commissioning Michelangelo

161
Q

What were the problems of the clergy

A

Absenteeism and Pluralism (critical lack of leadership). Qualifications, younger sons appointed (first sons getting inheritance). Education, many illiterate, not theologically trained, brutal to flock

162
Q

Why are the problems of the clergy important

A

This is the church of Martin Luther’s day

163
Q

What was Martin Luther’s early life like

A

Trained at the Brethren of the Common Life, studied law at University of Erfurt, entered Augustine order, University of Wittenberg

164
Q

What does Martin Luther have to do with humanism

A

Basic reform, Access to Erasmus’s NT, Concept of history, Mysticism

165
Q

What was the theological revolution about

A

The burden of the penitential cycle, justification by faith (removing James from the Bible), Transubstantiation vs consubstantiation

166
Q

How does Luther become a public figure

A

Ninety-five These (writing about how the papacy is a human institution and indulgences completely destroy the point of doing good deeds)

167
Q

What are Indulgences

A

Money for the remission of sins

168
Q

What brought about indulgences

A

Financial problems of the church

169
Q

What does Martin Luther do at Heidelberg

A

He attacks the idea of free will

170
Q

What does Martin Luther mean by Anfectungen

A

It is a word that means “if good works don’t matter, why do them?”

171
Q

What does sola scriptura mean

A

Latin for “scripture alone,” a Protestant Reformation idea that meant the church was not needed or important as the Bible

172
Q

Who does the church send to challenge Martin Luther

A

Johann Eck

173
Q

What was Ulrich Zwingli known for

A

His ability to present ideas, he worked to reform clerical abuses, and he preached against selling indulgences

174
Q

Who does state building begin with

A

John Locke

175
Q

What does the Renaissance say about history

A

People have a context

176
Q

What all does John Locke live through

A

The execution of Charles I, the civil war, the Glorious Revolution

177
Q

Due to what he has lived through, what does John Locke think is bad

A

Absolutism and divine right rulers are both bad

178
Q

What is tabula rasa

A

John Locke says people are this, tabula rasa translates to a blank slate

179
Q

What does the idea of being a blank slate at birth mean

A

There are no innate ideas

180
Q

What does Robert Sapolsky say about the environment

A

We are shaped by our environment, to the point where our first ancestors shape us

181
Q

What did Essay Concerning Human Understanding, and Two Treatises of Civil Government argue for

A

They are the first great argument for empiricism

182
Q

What is empiricism

A

We know what we know through our five senses

183
Q

What does the Second Treatise of Government say

A

If there are natural laws, maybe there are natural rights

184
Q

What does John Locke say about progress

A

Progress is always good

185
Q

What/who proves that progress is not always good

A

Rachael Carson

186
Q

Who is Rachael Carson

A

The mother of the modern environmental movement (silent spring) “Have you noticed, you haven’t heard birds signing in the morning anymore

187
Q

How does John Locke think

A

We give up some rights to the state but we are keeping our right to private property

188
Q

What is something church-wise that John Locke rejects

A

Humans are born into original sin

189
Q

What did John Locke say without knowing

A

Gender is a social construct

190
Q

What did Crane Brinton do

A

He wrote The Anatomy of a Revolution

191
Q

What did The Anatomy of a Revolution say

A

History is a pendulum, switching from strong government to weak government

192
Q

Who was James I

A

King of England (1603 to 1625), also ruled over Scotland for many years, first of the Stuarts

193
Q

Who was James I the son of

A

Mary Queen of Scots

194
Q

How was James I a successful leader

A

The Trew Law of Free Monarchies

195
Q

What was the Trew Law of Free Monarchies

A

Kings have Divine right, Monarchs are subject to no authority but God, Kings are unrestrained by human laws

196
Q

What did James I’s critics say

A

He did not look the part, tongue was too big for his mouth, rolling eyes gave him a perpetually apprehensive expression (as if he is never quite sure of himself), he wore his clothes heavily padded to protect him from the knife of an assassin, while deer hunting he would tie himself to his horse, no one wanted to hunt with him because he would cut open the deer and make a mess

197
Q

What where James I’s accomplishments

A

First English Bible

198
Q

What is popular religon

A

A religion of the everyday people

199
Q

What was Alexander VI obsessed with

A

Money and power, he wanted it for his children

200
Q

What role did Cesare take under his fathers ruling

A

Bishop and duke

201
Q

What role did Cesare take under his fathers ruling

A

Bishop and duke

202
Q

What does de facto mean

A

Acting

203
Q

What does de just mean

A

By law

204
Q

What did the Renaissance give us

A

Philology, people have a history, context

205
Q

What is philology

A

Study of language

206
Q

What did the Northern Renaissance give us

A

Mysticism and the study of religion

207
Q

What was Leo X forced to deal with

A

The debt created by Julius II commissioning Michelangelo

208
Q

What did Martin Luther and the Reformation lead to

A

State building

209
Q

What were the problems of the Clergy

A

Absenteeism and pluralism, qualifications, education

210
Q

What is absenteeism and pluralism

A

Critical lack of leadership

211
Q

What is the year associated with Marin Luther

A

1517

212
Q

Where did Martin Luther train at

A

Brethren of the Common Life

213
Q

What did Martin Luther believe in

A

Mysticism

214
Q

What is mysticism

A

The idea that you do not need a church to have a relationship with God

215
Q

Where did Martin Luther study law

A

University of Erfurt

216
Q

Who says, “Religion must resonate from within”

A

Dr. Bohannan

217
Q

What was Martin Luther’s conversion experience

A

Lightning striking near his horse knocking him off

218
Q

What was the Renaissance all about

A

Reforms

219
Q

T/F The New Testament is very scattered stories from Paul and Gospels

A

True

220
Q

What is concept of history

A

Everything ahs a history and that history matters

221
Q

What is justification by faith

A

Works are evidence you have been saved

222
Q

What is transubstantiation

A

Bread and wine transforms into the body and blood of Christ

223
Q

What is consubstantiation

A

Bread, wine, the body, and the blood coexist and do not suddenly change

224
Q

What are indulgences

A

Money for the remission of sins

225
Q

Who says, “you cannot buy yourself into Heaven”

A

Martin Luther

226
Q

What is the Ninety-Five Theses

A

Martin Luther lists 95 things, he posts it on the church doors

227
Q

Why did Martin Luther believe you should still do good works

A

You will be relieved of anfectungen

228
Q

What is anfetungen

A

Guilt feeling

229
Q

What does sola scriptura mean

A

The Bible is all you need

230
Q

What did Ulrich Zwingli believe was important

A

Having children, having more than 1 church, living lavishly, 5 course meals

231
Q

Did Martin Luther and Ulrich Zwingli agree on the idea of the church

A

Yes

232
Q

Who wrote the Institutes of the Christian Religion

A

John Calvin

233
Q

What is predestination

A

Everybody is predestined to end up in Heaven or Hell

234
Q

What was John Calvin worried about

A

Being a good person

235
Q
A
236
Q

What does the Renaissance say about history

A

People have context

237
Q

What is a divine right king

A

Kings were chosen by God to rule

238
Q

Is absolutism good or bad

A

Bad

239
Q

Are Divine Right Rulers good or bad

A

Bad

240
Q

What does tabula rasa mean

A

Blank slate

241
Q
A
242
Q

What does TULIP stand for

A

Total depravity
Unconditional election
Limited atonement
Irresistible grace
Perseverance of the saints

243
Q

What did John Calvin believe

A

We are all worthy of Hell but some will be saved

244
Q
A
245
Q

What is empiricism

A

We only know what we learn from our senses

246
Q

What is popular sovereignty

A

Power comes from people and government provides defense, taxes, and law and order

247
Q

What is the government governed by

A

Natural laws

248
Q

What does ipso facto mean

A

By definition

249
Q

Who wrote Silent Spring

A

Rachel Carson

250
Q

What was Rachel Carson known as

A

Mother of modern environmental movement

251
Q

What did Rachel Carson discover

A

DDT was weakening eggshells so the mother was squishing eggs

252
Q

What did Thomas Hobbes believe

A

We give up all of our rights to the government

253
Q

Who said, “Life is nasty, brutish, and short without society”

A

Thomas Hobbes

254
Q

What did Jean-Jacques Rousseau believe

A

We give up all of our rights to our community. As a result, no one is more powerful than another

255
Q

What is constitutionalism

A

Shared government

256
Q

Who wrote The Anatomy of Revolution

A

Crane Brinton

257
Q

What did Crane Brinton view history as

A

A pendulum

258
Q

Where is James I from

A

England

259
Q

What is James I other name

A

James VI of Scotland

260
Q

How long did James VI of Scotland rule

A

36 years

261
Q

Who was James I wife

A

Anne of Denmark

262
Q

Did James I look the part

A

no

263
Q

What was wrong with James I appearance

A

His tongue too big for his mouth, rolling eyes gave him an appearance like he wasn’t sure of himself, wore heavily padded clothes to protect against an assassination

264
Q

What did James I have to do when riding his horse

A

Be tied down

265
Q

What is Guy Fawkes Day also called

A

November 5, commemorating the failure of the Gunpowder Plot of 1605

266
Q

What were some of James I accomplishments

A

First English Bible, Creation of the Union Jack

267
Q

Who wrote To Kill a Mockingbird

A

Nelle Harper Lee

268
Q

WHich crops did not work in Jamestown

A

Olives for olive oil, grapes for wine

269
Q

What is the only crop that worked in Jamestown and made it thrive

A

Tobacco

270
Q

Why was Jamestown created

A

To make money

271
Q

Who wrote A Counterblaste to Tobacco

A

King James I

272
Q

In 1622 how many pounds of tobacco were being sold in Jamestown

A

60,000 lbs

273
Q

How much tobacco was Jamestown producing by the end of the 17th century

A

20,000,000 lbs

274
Q
A
275
Q

What were King James I problems

A

Debt (spend money like crazy), lost land, lost income (sold his land)

276
Q

Who hated King James I

A

Puritans

277
Q

Why did Puritans not like King James I

A

He was bisexual

278
Q

What does England move from and go to

A

From divine right kings to shared power

279
Q

Who was known as the wisest fool in Christendom

A

King James I

280
Q

How was King James I not politically smart

A

He would put people he was close to in the Privy council and not in the House of Lords/Commons where they would of had power

281
Q

Who was King James I son

A

Charles I

282
Q

did King James I want Charles to marry

A

Infanta

283
Q

How did King James I die

A

Dysentery at 58

284
Q

How was Charles I when compared to his father

A

Worse

285
Q

How did Charles I make money

A

Sells tax to everybody, sells monopolies, fiscal feudalism, wardship

286
Q

What is fiscal feudalism

A

A tax to avoid fighting

287
Q

What is wardship

A

A guardian runs land for young children that were left with land and sells anything of value. Gives land back at 18

288
Q

Who else were hated by Puritans

A

Bishop William Laud

289
Q

What is the Eleven-Year Tyranny

A

Charles I refuses to call Parliament into session

290
Q

How often does Parliament meet now

A

Every 3 years

291
Q

What is the Triennial Act

A

Requires Parliament to meet at least every three years

292
Q

What is the Militia Bill

A

Parliament selects military leaders

293
Q

What outlawed fiscal feudalism

A

The Militia Bill

294
Q

Who was John Pym

A

Anti-Charles I Parliament member, he got arrested

295
Q

In the English Revolution (civil war) who supported the king and William Laud

A

Royalist (Cavaliers)

296
Q

In the English Revolution (civil war) who supported the idea of change

A

Parliamentarians (roundheads)

297
Q

What is John Lilburne’s nick name

A

Free John

298
Q

Where did the ideas of the Agreement of People come from

A

Pushing back against Charles I

299
Q

What did the Diggers believe

A

Full equality

300
Q

What did the Ranters believe

A

Sin was a mental construct

301
Q

When Charles I was executed who took over

A

Oliver Cromwell

302
Q

Who tried to succeed Oliver Cromwell

A

His son, Richard

303
Q

Who said, “I am a martyr of the people”

A

Charles I

304
Q

What was the importance of the Declaration of Breda

A

Pardons and amnesty for civil war fighters, Parliament would handle issues of religion and land

305
Q

What were Charles II nicknames

A

Good-Time Charlie, Merry Monarch

306
Q

Who did Parliament put on an allowance

A

Charles II

307
Q

Why had puritans acquired a bad name

A

They executed Charles I

308
Q

What was the Test Act of 1673

A

Had to accept Anglican church to work in government

309
Q

What was the Five Mile Act

A

Puritans can’t preach within five miles of towns with Anglican Church

310
Q

Who created the Treaty of Dover

A

Louis XIV

311
Q

After Charles II dies, who takes over

A

His brother, James II

312
Q

Who created the Clarendon Code

A

Charles II

313
Q

What was the Glorious Revolution

A

James II could have led a fight against William, but James was incapacitated by a nosebleed

314
Q

What was the Toleration Act of 1689

A

Granted rights to nonconformists (Protestants)

315
Q

What marks the decline of the monarch and the decline of the divine right king

A

The Glorious Revolution

316
Q

Where were Henry IV, Cardinal Richelieu, and Cardinal Mazzarin from

A

France

317
Q

What were Henry IV, Cardinal Richelieu, and Cardinal Mazarin’s goals

A

Weaken local government, put power in the hands of the state, strengthen royal authority, enlarge French territory, move towards absolutism

318
Q

What did France move to and from what

A

It moved from constitutionalism to absolutism

319
Q

What did the Edict of Nantes do

A

Grated freedom of worship to Protestants, granted civil rights, including access to education for Protestants, Protestant pastors would be paid by the state

320
Q

What are Huguenots

A

French Protestants

321
Q

What was the forty-day rule

A

Predict within 40 days of when you will die and you pick who gets your job or you can pay 1/60th of your income to keep the office in your family

322
Q

What happens when you kill the king

A

You are drawn and quartered

323
Q

Who assumes the throne after Henry IV

A

Louis XIII (age 9)

324
Q

Who was Louis XIII mom

A

Reagent Marie de Medici

325
Q

What does Marie de Medici do

A

Recalls the elu from Guyenne and Languedoc, squanders money

326
Q

In the wars of Mother and Son who loses

A

Mother

327
Q

When Louis XIII returns to health what does he do with his mother

A

Exiles her

328
Q

Louis XIII and who were best friends

A

Cardinal Richelieu

329
Q

What were Louis XIII and Cardinal Richelieu

A

Hypocondriacs

330
Q

What was Louis XIII nickname

A

Louis the Just

331
Q

What did Louis XIII make

A

Idea of treason

332
Q

What is lese majeste

A

The ability to reign in traitors

333
Q

What did the Edict of Alais do

A

Stripped Protestants of power

334
Q

What is the intendent

A

A salaried bureaucrat to oversee provincial governments

335
Q

Who is Louis XIV’s mom

A

Anne of Austria

336
Q

When does Louis XIV assume personal rule

A

After Mazarin died

337
Q

What does Louis XIV master

A

Art of absolutism

338
Q

What does Tokugawa go from and to

A

Feudal Monarchy to Centralized State

339
Q

What were the four main islands of Japan

A

Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu

340
Q

What is Kyoto

A

Home of imperial capital (home to 2000 aristocratic households at its peak)

341
Q

What is edo

A

The ancient name for Tokyo, akin to the American West

342
Q

What was Japanese state and samurai

A

A move backward in time

343
Q

How was the government prior to the 6th and 7th century

A

Chiefdoms ruled villages and dominated the islands

344
Q

How did the Yamato Line (Sun Line) establish dominance over other chiefdoms

A

Marriage, patronage, brute force, then a lavish banquet

345
Q

When did the Sun Line become a monarch

A

New years day 646

346
Q

Who was the Sun Line’s first monarch

A

Tenno (“The heavenly sovereign”, descendant of sun goddess)

347
Q

What was the bureaucracy like in Japan

A

Distributed land and required taxes. 66 providences divided by the heavenly sovereign

348
Q

What happened to the younger sons of the heavenly sovereign

A

Hereditary aristocracy

349
Q

What happened in 794

A

Monarch and nobles moved to Kyoto

350
Q

How did the new government assert its power

A

All males, except sons of aristocrats, must be inducted into military service

351
Q

What made a dependable army impossible

A

Desertion, they failed to secure a permanent conscript army

352
Q

Who did the Yamato/Sun Line call on to maintain law and order

A

Skilled fighters families called the Samurai, Shogun, Daimyo, Ronin

353
Q

What were the Samurai

A

The warrior class, confucian virtues of loyalty and frugality, zen buddhist of giving up desires and material things in order to face death easily

354
Q

What were the Shogun

A

The top warrior class

355
Q

What were the Diamyo

A

The controlled large amounts of land, had its own collection of samurai

356
Q

What were the Ronin

A

Masterless samurai

357
Q

What was the line of power in Japan

A

Emperor, court nobility, shogun, daimyo, samurai, peasants, craftsman, merchants

358
Q

Who said “How can it be that the samurai should have no productive occupation?”

A

Yamaga Soko, the quote reflects on his station in life, discharging loyal service to his master, deepening his fidelity to his friends

359
Q

What is Chushingura

A

Tale of the 47 Faithful Samurai

360
Q

What was the Tale of the 47 Faithful Samurai

A

A daimyo Lord was humiliated by a Shogunate official, he drew his sword in the presence of the emperor, which is an offense punishable by seppuku, he did, his ronin avenged his death

361
Q

What is the significance of Chushingura

A

The state must maintain social order

362
Q

What happens in the Tokugawa Ieyasu era

A

Emperor gives default leadership to the shogun, three state builders/unifiers

363
Q

Who were the three state builders/unifiers

A

Oda Nobunaga, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, Tokugawa Ieyasu

364
Q

What did Oda Nobunaga do

A

Kept armies in the field (always expanding authority), first to grasp potential of fireman introduced by the Portuguese, ended feudal wars by combining 22 provinces, ambushed at his castle in Kyoto, wounded and disemboweled himself to preserve honor, attacked army of 30,000 with 3,000 and won

365
Q

What did Toyotomi Hideyoshi do

A

Avenges Nobunaga’s death; gathered 250,000 samurai, musketeers, pikeman, archers, foot soldiers; one of the largest armies in the known world; conquers Kyushu and Shikoku then accepts the surrender of the daimyo in Honshi; Japan militarily unified

366
Q

What did Tokugawa Ieyasu

A

1587 he was one of the 12 largest diamyo; occasionally allied with Nobunaga and Hideyoshi

367
Q

How did Hideyoshi reward Tokugawa

A

By doubling the size of his holding (the Kanto plain) where he builds a new castle (in edo/Tokyo)

368
Q

What is the largest city

A

Tokyo with 37 million people

369
Q

How did Hideyoshi prepare his legacy

A

He made the 5 major daimyo swear to support his son, Hideyori, until he came of age

370
Q

What happened to Ieyasu

A

He was seduced by ambition and power; he fought an alliance of daimyo from Western Japan at the battle of Sekigahara in 1600

371
Q

Who won the Battle of Sekigahara

A

Ieyasu’s army of 70,000; ceremoniously viewed the severed heads of thousands of his enemies

372
Q

What was the significance of the Battle of Sekigahara

A

Ieyasu confiscated lands of the defeated and imposed his will on 200 daimyo

373
Q

What happens 3 years after the Battle of Sekigahara

A

The emperor names Ieyasu Shogun

374
Q

What can the House of Tokugawa do

A

Make laws, levies taxes, has unassailable armed strength, has unquestioned monopoly

375
Q

What is Bakufu

A

The military-style government of the Japanese Shogun

376
Q

What happens to Hideyoshi’s son and his loyalists

A

They are destroyed, his castle burned down, Hideyori commits seppuku

377
Q

What does Ieyasu do to Hideyoshi’s land

A

Confiscates it and relocates 229 daimyo (1. legal codes regulated the imperial court 2. hostage system 3. policy of seclusion)

378
Q

What legal codes regulated the imperial court

A

Consent required to marry, to repair castle

379
Q

What was the hostage system

A

Required wives and children of daimyo to permanently reside in edo (Tokyo), daimyo required to spend every other year there (makes feudal lords courtiers)

380
Q

What was the policy of seclusion

A

No foreigners permitted to enter Japan nor could oceangoing ships be built

381
Q

When did the House of Tokugawa’s rule

A

1603 (same year as James I’s start) to 1867

382
Q

Why does Ieyasu step down

A

To ensure Hidetada rules

383
Q

When does the American civil war end

A

1865

384
Q

What does Hideyoshi do to Korea

A

Attack them in 1597, kill anyone who resisted, burned Seoul to the ground, created Mimizuka

385
Q

What is Mimizuka

A

The mound of ears/noses

386
Q

Which can first

A

Assassination of Henry VI

387
Q

Which 2 go together

A

Hideyoshi and one of the largest armies in the world

388
Q

Who does the pendulum swing both ways for

A

Oliver Cromwell

389
Q

Why are the Ranters important

A

Sin is a mental construct so we can be like God and don’t need the church

390
Q

What countries are comparable

A

Japan and France

Gavin Faircloth (12 decks)

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