World History I Flashcards
1
Q
What happened in 8000 BCE
A
Agricultural Revolution
2
Q
What happened in 1517
A
Protestant Reformation
3
Q
How were groups managed before 8000 BCE
A
kinship groups
4
Q
How were groups managed after 8000 BCE
A
Religion, Military, Law, Monarch, Economics/Debt
5
Q
How do historians think (exam 1)
A
Change over time
6
Q
How do historians think (exam 2)
A
Origins of our republic
7
Q
How do historians think (exam 3)
A
History through the eyes of religion
8
Q
How do historians think (exam 4)
A
State building
9
Q
How did humans conquer the planet
A
Adaptation
10
Q
What are some crisis humans have and will face
A
Disease, war, climate change
11
Q
When did Hominids emerge
A
5 million years ago
12
Q
When did more humans live in cities than in other places
A
2008
13
Q
How did humans become dominant
A
Weakness forces adaptation
14
Q
What adaptations allowed humans to become dominant
A
Graceful frame for endurance, pack hunting/groups of 15-60, omnivorous, tool use, technology, fire
15
Q
What does Jared Diamond say the worst thing to happen to the human race
A
The agricultural revolution, it has made our diets more and more restricted
16
Q
What are the 4 things needed to have evolution
A
- There must be an inheritable trait
- One trait must be advantageous
- Random mutation must happen
- Variations in the inheritable trait must exist
17
Q
What does fire allow
A
Cooking meat which gets parasites out of meat allowing easier digestion which also means less calories spent on it so there are more to use on developing our brains
18
Q
What happened between 30,000 to 8,000 BCE
A
Hunter-gatherers organized
19
Q
What did the organization of hunter-gatherers allow
A
Tribes, hunting bands, gender specialization
20
Q
What did gender specialization during the hunter-gatherer period mean
A
Women would gather food like berries while men hunt, women more efficient. Women would nurture as per their role assigned by sex
21
Q
What does Jared Diamond say about men and women in the hunter-gatherer period
A
This was the only time men and women were seen as equal
22
Q
What did Venus of Willendorf symbolize
A
Fertility and emphasizes milk production, her cap could mean clothes were already being woven
23
Q
What kind of lifestyle did hunter-gatherers live
A
A nomadic lifestyle because they had to follow their food
24
Q
How did the Neolithic Revolution spread
A
Through violence, making tools means they can make weapons and more resources lead to larger population
25
Why did hunter-gatherers lose to farmers
They had tools, a larger population, diseases (farmers build immunity while hunter-gatherers do not), and farmers change the environment
26
Where did the Neolithic Revolution begin
Tigris and Euphrates rivers, Jericho, Catal Huyuk, and flood retreat farming with hunter-gatherer-farmers
27
What was an important technological advancement for farming
Scratch plowing, allows plants to grow without other plants taking their nutrients
28
What was a Judas animal
A domesticated animal that would be let out into the wild to be with other animals, then they would call it back
29
How did the agricultural revolution affect the hunter-gatherer world
Bathroom habits formed (hunter-gatherers moved enough so that it didn't matter), disposal of dead animals, disease became a regular part of life, homogenization of languages (sharing of languages)
30
What was the impact of the agricultural revolution
Population growth (more calories, immune to diseases, and living in one place causes this), health improved, religion (Gods began to live in the sky as that's where their nutrients came from)
31
Who is the Greek God of history
Clio
32
How was law based at the beginning of complex society
Kin based, parents would be punished for things their children did, now laws are individual based
33
How were people controlled in early society
Religion, law, military, rise of a king (or powerful leader), economics/debt
34
How did economics control people in early society
Debt would keep people from uprising as they had to worry about paying them off
35
What does imperialism mean in early society
A spreading of culture, whereas culture is things passed on by non-genetic means
36
Where was Mesopotamia
Between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers
37
What civilization did Mesopotamia give us
Sumer, the oldest one in the world
38
When did Sumer arrive
3,500 BCE
39
What was invented in Sumer
Whell, plow, writing, levees and canals, beer
40
What kind of writing did Sumer come up with
Cuneiform and Sexagesimal numbering (base 60)
41
What was religion like in Mesopotamia
Religion kept chaos away, polytheistic (fresh water, sky, storms), anthromorphic (look like humans), vague and gloomy afterlife (make life count)
42
What were ziggurats
Religious tower in stages with a chamber on top (Mesopotamian)
43
What was the Hammurabi Code
The Mesopotamian law, basically eye for an eye instead of execution
44
What was the significance of the Hammurabi Code
The first attempt to order relations by law and made possible appeals to a specific penalty
45
How were Mesopotamian leaders chosen
by god
46
How were classes in Mesopotamian society
Few privileged, 50% commoners, bottom layer is enslaved
47
How was slavery different in Mesopotamia when compared to the recent past
Freedom could be gained through marriage to a free person and one could purchase freedom
48
What were the Civil War years
1861-1865
49
What could women do in Mesopotamia that was historically unusual
They could own property and get dowry back
50
What was different about the Nile when compared to the Tigris Euphrates
It is more predictable
51
What could women do in Mesopotamia that was historically unusual
They could own property and get dowry back
52
What does being a more predictable river mean for people around the Nile
Cities and farms could be right next to the river instead of building levees and canals
53
What does being a more predictable river mean for people around the Nile
Cities and farms could be right next to the river instead of building levees and canals
54
What is flood retreat farming
Planting crops on fresh topsoil after the water has receeded
55
What does being a more predictable river mean for people around the Nile
Cities and farms could be right next to the river instead of building levees and canals
56
What does being a more predictable river mean for people around the Nile
Cities and farms could be right next to the river instead of building levees and canals
57
What are Cataracts
Rapids, shallow water
58
What do the cataracts in the Nile do to the societies in Egypt
It isolated people as they could not bring ships through them
59
How was Egypt isolated
There was the East and West
60
What did isolation do to the societies in Egypt
The societies could not attack each other as much
61
What was Egypt's religion like
Pharaohs were gods, so polytheistic and explains mummification along with pyramids
62
How do we know this
Hieroglyphics and the Rosetta Stone
63
What did the Rosetta Stone have on it
Three texts, one of which Greek allowing the other two which were hieroglyphics to be solved, it was a royal
64
What did Akhenaton bring to Egyptian religion
Monotheism, one god, in an attempt to gain power
64
What did Akhenaton bring to Egyptian religion
Monotheism, one god, in an attempt to gain power
65
Why isn't Akhenaton considered the person to bring along monotheism
Monotheism did not stand
66
What did King Tutankhamen
Reversed Akhenaton's monotheism, restored pantheism
67
What must religion be to work
It can't imposed from the outside, must resonate with experience
68
Who was Robert Sapolsky
A Neurobiologist who understands why Christians are Christians but doesn't agree with them
69
What did the Hebrews change
Religion became monotheistic
70
What is and who brought the idea of ethical monotheism
A religion where behavior matters and the Hebrews brought it
71
What does Pistos mean
Greek that translates to 'faith,' the first three letters come from the Greek word meaning 'to unite' with God
72
What do Christians, Jews, and Muslims share
The same God
73
Who were the patriarchs to the Hebrews
Abraham, Issac, and Jacob
74
What kind of lifestyle did the Hebrews live
They were nomads, 'People of the Tent'
75
Where did Abraham go
Ur to Syria to Palestine to Egypt in 1800ish BCE
76
What happened to the Hebrews in Egypt
They became slaves until they were led out by Moses in 1200ish BCE
76
Why did slaves in the recent past want to learn how to read
So they could read about Moses and the Exodus and how those slaves got out of Egypt, comparable to what they were going through
77
What was Moses' Covenant
The Ten Commandments
78
What did Moses do with the Hebrews
The Exodus, leading the Hebrews out of Egypt
79
Who led Israel and what was the capital
Saul, David, and Solomon led and the capital was Jerusalem
80
How did Israel split
Israel in the North with ten tribes and Judah in the south with two tribes
81
Who was Israel's monarchy set up under
David
82
Who built the temple in Jerusalem
Solomon
83
Who defeated Israel
The Assyrians, also destroying it in 722 BCE
84
Where were the Assyrians before they defeated Israel
Land North of Mesopotamia
85
How did the Assyrians control society
They used intimidation and cruelty, possibly even inventing crucifixion
86
Who defeated the Assyrians and when
The Babylonians defeated them in 587 BCE
87
Who defeated the Babylonians
The Persians defeated them
88
Who was Persia's first ruler
Cyrus, he annexed Mesopotamia, Assyria, all the way to India
89
Who was Cyrus' first son and what did he do
Dairus, he created Persepolic to rule the empire along with the Royal Road
90
What can the Royal Road be compared to
The US interstate system to move the military during WW2
91
How was Persia governed by
Districts were ruled by a Satrap, a leader similar to a king
92
How was Persian society ordered
Warrior nobility was on top, then a priestly group, and then everyone else
93
What was the Persian's religion
Zoroastrianism, which could have inspired Christian dualism
94
Who was Ahura Mazda
The Zoroastrian god of good (or light)
95
Who was Angra Mainya
The Zoroastrian version of satan
96
What are the Four Great Revolutions in Thought and Religion
Chinese philosophy, Indian religion, Hebrew religion, Greek philosophy
97
When were the Four Great Revolutions in Thought and Religion
800-300 BCE
98
What was Chinese philosophy's main goal
It would tell people how to live harmoniously
99
What was the Chinese worldview
That heaven and earth are one and that China is the celestial kingdom
100
What does philosopher mean
Lover of wisdom
101
What did Confucius want
Unbroken social harmony from monarch to the individual
102
What were the three major schools of thought in Chinese philosophy and what are the about
Confucianism, Taoism, Legalism, all are about living life harmoniously
103
What was Confucius other than a philosopher
He was a teacher, so he never created anything new
104
What are the Analects
Sayings that Confucius would use that his followers collected
105
"I would not want to do to others what I do not want them to do to me"
Confucianism
106
"Nowadays, for a person to be fillial means no more than that he is able to provide his parents with food. Even dogs and horses are provided with food. If a person shows no reverence, where is the difference?"
Confucianism
107
"Observe what a person has in mind to do when his father is alive, and then observe what he does when his father is dead. If, for three years, he makes no changes to his father's ways, he can be said to be a good son"
Confucianism
108
"It is necessary that the ruler order and the subject obey the father be kind and the son dutiful, the elder brother loving and the younger repectful, the husband be harmonious and the wife gentle, the mother-in-law kind and the daughter-in-law obedient-these are things in ritual"
Confucianism
109
In Confucius' mind, what do people have
People have responsibilities
110
What is different in Taoism when compared to Confusianism
Taoism offers a relief from responsibilities
111
What is one way to sum up Taoism
If you are one with the universe, all else will follow. Or go with the flow
112
What are the two principles of Taoism
Any action pushed to the extreme generates an opposite response. Too much government is as bad as too little government
113
"Govern a large state as you would cook a small fish"
Taoism
114
Who founded Taoism
Lao-Tse (604 BCE - 531 BCE) a contemporary of Confucius
115
"Fill your bowl to the brim and it will spill"
Taoism
116
"Keep sharpening your knife, and it will blunt"
Taoism
117
"Chase after money and security and your heart will never unclench"
Taoism
118
"Care about people's approval and you will be their prisoner"
Taoism
119
"Do your work, then step back. The only path to serenity"
Taoism
120
What was a way to sum up Legalism
Ending crisis needed a strong state and a united country, people are fundamentally "depraved, selfish, greedy and lustful"
121
What was Indian religion about
Existence is an endless cycle (or actually only 7 cycles)
122
Why did Indian religions stop using animal sacrifices
Peasants could not practice the religion because they didn't have the means for it, so the religion becomes more about gaining power through knowledge
123
What was a Upanishad
Something like a priest for the Indian religions
124
What was the Upanishadic worldview
They placed a premium of knowledge over ritual, religion is not something you do but something you believe. Immortality is defined as escape from existence itself, however, existence is an endless cycle
125
What is the first answer to the endless cycle
Dharma which ends in rebirth in heaven
126
What is Dharma
The right order of things which the layperson can participate in. We have responsibility for our station in life.
127
What is the goal in Dharma
Do things that acquire merit and avoid things that bring evil consequences, which will bring rebirth in heaven.
128
What is the second answer to the endless cycle
Moksha, any action is counterproductive because it generates karma which means more rebirth.
129
How does one achieve Moksha
Withdrawing from society. The goal is to escape all rebirth, so Moksha is permanent
130
What does India give us
Hinduism as well as Buddhism, but Buddhism is it's greatest contribution to the world
131
Who is Siddhartha Gautama
He was a leader who saw a sick man, a dead man, and an old man and has an epiphany about the Four Noble Truths and became the Buddha
132
What are the Four Noble Truths
1. All life is suffering, no matter how happy you are, it will end.
2. The source of suffering is desire.
3. You have to end desire to end suffering.
4. To end desire you have to follow the 8 fold path
133
How many cycles does Buddhism have
7 cycles
134
What is Samsara
The Buddhist endless cycle
135
What is Karma
Every action has its effect sooner or later
136
What was important about Hebrew religion
It brought the idea that religion could have one all-powerful god to rule the universe
137
Who was Abraham
The patriarch of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam who lived around the 2nd Millennium BCE
138
What do the Hebrews link god to
History
139
Who was Moses
He led people out of Egypt into Palestine and epitomizes a special relationship with the Ten Commandments, lived around the 2nd Century BCE
140
Who defeated Israel in 722 BCE
The Assyrians defeated the North
141
Who defeated Judah in 562 BCE
Babylonia destroys the South and the temple
142
Who defeated Judah in 562 BCE
The Babylonians defeated the South and the temple
143
After the Jews rebuild the temple, who destroys it a second time and when
Rome destroys it in 70 CE
144
What is the consequence of the Romans destroying the temple the second time
Jews start to think about ways to worship god without a temple, becoming "People of the Book"
145
What is Israel defined by
A shared religious faith, which is extremely new at the time
146
What is important about Greek philosophy
How it focuses on and brings the rational investigation of the universe forward
147
What does Stephen Hawkins agree with Greek philosophy on
That there could be a god but that belief is not needed to understand the universe
148
What gods did many Greeks worhsip
They worshipped Zeus, Hera, Poseidon as well as other ones
149
What does Protagoras say about Agnosticism
"About the gods I have no knowledge either that the yare or that they are not or what is their nature"
150
Who came up with the idea that health did not have to do with supernatural forces
Hippocrates
151
What did Thucydides say
Human events and nature do not require supernatural understanding
152
What did the Greeks give us
Political and moral philosophy
153
How did the Greeks shift identity
It went from membership in a tribe to citizen of a city-state or polic
154
What did the Greeks think their citizens have to be before they could be citizens
They wanted their citizens to have served in the military
155
What happened to Socrates
The Greek government said he corrupted the youth, so the city-state decided he could commit suicide or be exiled, of which he chose death by hemlock
156
Who were the three big Greek philosophers
Socrates, Plato, Aristotle
157
What was Socrates' main idea
That most people don't know what society needs, "unconcealed contempt for democracy" meaning we need philosopher kings
158
What was Plato's main idea
Rational thought makes a good man, he asked this with "What is a good man and how is he made?"
159
What was Aristotle's main idea
Empiricism, take things in with our sense then hypothesize
160
What were the two Indus River Valley Civilizations
Harappa and Mohenja-Daro
161
What happened to the Indus River Valley Civilizations
They were wiped out by climate change
162
What does Wilson say about our future
"If we are killed by anything, it will be catastrophic climate change because we will not be able to adapt fast enough"
163
Where is the Aryan Conquest and how long does it take
It was in India and took about 2500 years, from 1500 BCE to 1000 CE
164
What made India hard to unite
The topography/geography made it difficult
165
What religion was characterized by elaborate rituals
Brahmanism
166
What is Brahmanism the precursor of
Hinduism which led to Buddhism
167
What is the Brahman sacred text
Vedas, the last part is the Upanishads from which we get the transmigration of souls
168
How do bad people flourish if karma is supposed to strike them down
Karma will dictate their next life
169
What is different about meat in Indian religions
They can eat meat, just not kill things to get it
170
What was Indian society divided into
Five castes
171
What are the castes Indian society is split into
Brahmins: the priestly caste, Kshatriya: the warrior caste, Vaisya: the commoner caste, Sudras: the peasant caste (manual labor), and Untouchables: descendants of slaves or prisoners
172
What could castes not do between each other
They could not marry outside of their castes
173
What religion is like a sponge
Hinduism, nothing is abandoned or lost
174
What are the key concepts of Hinduism that make it work well
The next life is more important than this one/belief in reincarnation. Brahman (what you see is not real). Individual atman is a part of universal Brahman (atman is something like a soul). It is impossible to be a heretic in Hinduism since they absorb everything
175
What was the first empire in North India
The Mauryan Empire
176
Who was the founder of the first dynasty in the Mauryan Empire
Chandragupta
177
Who was Asoka Maurya
The third emperor of the Mauryan Empire, reigning from 273-232 BCE. Came into power by being the last choice in his bloodline. He was ruthless and seized the throne by killing 99 of his brothers
178
How did Asoka Maurya manage people under him
He had a torture chamber and would use it to set examples
179
What happened to Asoka Maurya in the Battle of Kalinga
He had a conversion experience and became a Buddhist Monk, he sent others throughout Asia and hires dharma inspectors and also started to invest in public works
180
How did writing begin in China
Oracle bones which would tell people their future as well as other things by reading the cracks
181
How was China advanced for its time
It had bronze and other skills in metallurgy 2500 years ahead of Europe. "Our King has indeed a virtuous character, compliant to heaven and inspiring example...." Ding vessels used for Water festival sacrifices
182
Why did the Shang dynasty fail
"They sought for nothing but excessive pleasure"
183
Who came after the Shang dynasty and why
The Zhou dynasty and because they said they had lost the mandate of heaven
184
How did the Zhou dynasty come to power
Through a civil war and defeating the Shang dynasty, they said that the Shang emperor was deluded by an evil and beautiful woman
185
What is the Mandate of Heaven
The emperor is divinely chosen and you cannot argue with god.
"Heaven has sent down ruin of the Shang. Shang has lost the mandate and Zhou has received it...."
186
"Isn't it a pleasure to study and practice what you have learned? Isn't it also great when friends visit from distant places? If one remains not annoyed when he is not understood by people around him, isn't he a sage?"
Confucianism
187
"I hear and I forget. I see and I remember. I do and I understand."
Confucianism
188
"Education breeds confidence. Confidence breeds hope. Hope breeds peace."
Confucianism
189
"The essence of knowledge is, having it, to apply it;"
Confucianism
190
How does Qin create a unified state
By having a tightly controlled, militaristic state, pretty much everything required the state's permission
191
How did Qin take over other kingdoms
By using threats, bogus treaties, and assassination
192
What is the enduring feature of Chinese Civilization
The Dynastic Cycle, leaders stay until they lose the mandate of heaven and then are replaced
193
What is an emperor's job in Chinese Civilization
The emperor controls the universe as well as the Yellow River (aka China's Sorrow) also meaning he controls the crops
194
What is the average height of the US President
5' 11''
195
What were the dates for WW2
1939-1945
196
What is good about having law
It punishes the offender, offers reform to the offender, is a way to order society, and ends the need for revenge
197
What did the constant irrigation of the Tigris-Euphrates rivers result in
Salinization
198
What helped the Mesopotamians and Sumerians accept their hard lives
Religion and beer
199
What years did WWI occur
1914-1918
200
What did WWI end
The idea that the human race is improving in every way every day
201
What does James Loewen write
There are only two ways to remember history, by making a personal connection to it or having an emotional experience with it.
202
What is Shabbos Goi
A person a Jew would hire to do work on the Sabbath
203
How did Mesopotamia start writing and what did they write
They started writing for economic reasons and they wrote the Epic of Gilgamesh which is the mother of all literature
204
Who was the first Emperor of China
Qin Shi Huangdi (286-210 BCE)
205
Who started the Great Wall of China
Qin Shi Huangdi
206
Who had a massive terracotta army to defend him in the afterlife
Qin Shi Huangdi
207
What is the Socratic method
Ask a question and then answer, then keep asking questions about the answers you give
208
Who was the Persians' first ruler
Cyrus the Great (Cyrus the Elder, etc)
209
Where did Cyrus annex
Mesopotamia, Assyria, all the way to India
210
How does the Old Testament remember the Persians (or Cyrus)
Warmly in Ezra and Isaiah for ending the Babylonian captivity of the Hebrews and restoring them to Jerusalem in 586BCE/538BCE
211
Who was Cyrus' son and what did he do
Cambyses II and he continued his father's expansion
212
What did Dairus do
He was Cambyses' lance bearer, he orchestrated a coup d'etat
213
What happens after Dairus' coup d'etat
They become the Achaemenids
214
What did Dairus create to rule the Achaemenids (past Persians)
Persepolis
215
What is Persepolis
The ceremonial capital of the Achaemenid empire
216
Who created the Royal Road
Dairus
217
"Neither snow, nor rain, nor heat, nor dark of night prevents these couriers"
A quote about the Royal Road that some people think is also the U.S. Postal Service's motto
218
What were Darius' elite troops
The Immortals
219
What would happen if one of The Immortals died
He would be replaced, they are also 10,000 strong
220
Who won the Battle of Marathon and Battle of Salamis
The Greeks and then spreaded their culture
221
When was Early Greece
750 BCE
222
When was Archaic Greece
750 BCE to 500 BCE
223
When was Classical Greece
500 BCE to 338 BCE
224
Was something ever called Greece
No
225
When was Minoan Crete (Island of Peace)
2,000 to 1,500 BCE
226
What was architecture like in Minoan Crete
The absence of ruler exalting monuments but there were graves of bones though, four major palaces, there was peace so little fortifications
227
What was social life like in Minoan Crete
Men and women shared public life
228
What was Crete
A Thalassocracy, or ruler of the sea
229
What was the first seaborne empire
Carthage
230
What was civilization centered around in Minoan Crete
Commerce instead of agriculture, trading crafted goods and monopoly on trade
231
What is Saffron
A seasoning, fragrance, dye, and medicine
232
What was religion like in Minoan Crete
Personal, small shrines, no big anthropomorphic gods, centers on nature
233
What was writing like in Minoan Crete
Linear A (syllabic writing) - a list of names followed by numbers (not interpreted yet)
234
When was Mycenaean Greece
2,000 to 1,200 BCE
235
What was religion like in Mycenaean Greece
Polytheism
236
When was the Trojan War
13/12th BCE by Homer 8th BCE
237
When does Mycenaean Greece start to decline
1300 BCE, we are unsure why
238
When is the Dark Age of Greece
1,200 - 800 BCE with the collapse of Mycenaean Culture
239
How were gods during the Dark Age of Greece
Acted like humans except immortal and strong
240
How was religion during the Dark Age of Greece
Worship was not emotional and private morality was to do good to friends and harm to enemies
241
When did Greece start showing signs of recovery from the dark age
800 BCE
242
What is Hellas
The root word for Greece (mainland Greece)
243
What did Mount Olympus bring
Greek worship celebrated their gods, hence the birth of the olympics
244
What were the Fates
Three old sisters who spun and wove the thread of destiny
245
What were the Muses
The patron goddesses of the arts
246
What were the Furies
Female deities who lived in the underworld and exacted vengeance on evil-doers
247
What were the Heroes
People like Hercules
248
When did the Greeks start the Olympics
786 BCE
249
What did Archaic Greece change
Identity shifts from membership in a tribe to citizen of a polis/city-state
250
Why did Greeks begin to spread out
Overpopulated, so food could not support them and they needed more land, especially for farming
251
Where did Archaic Greece colonize
Around the Aegean sea, on parts of Asia Minor, in southern parts of Italy, France, and Spain, trading with others as they go
252
What did the Polis provide
A defense, every citizen needed to own a long spear and shield
253
What else did the Polis provide
Justice, a citizen could be ostracized, fines for proposed legislation that did not pass to discourage frivolous proposals
254
What was society in Archaic Greece like
Artisans and merchants became more important but farmers remained most important
255
What did farmers grow in Archaic Greece
Wheat, grapes, olives, green vegetables, fruit, sheep, goats, meat from sacrificed animals
256
What were aristocrats like in Archaic Greece
They employed laborers, sharecroppers and slaves, center of their life was social, participated in contests
257
What did Sparta focus on and why
Military to manage revolts of the Helots around 650 BCE
258
Why did Sparta attack Messenia
They needed land for agriculture, Messenians become helots, captives, and slaves
259
How did Athens begin
Cleisthenes (508-507 BCE) wrote a constitution and created demokratia
260
Why did Athens prosper
Trade and commerce
261
What were the two groups in Sparta
Equals and Helots
262
What were Helots
Captive Messenians who did agricultural work, bearing children, endured humiliation and murder
263
Why were the Spartans so strong
The constant threat of helot revolt makes Sparta very militaristic, small children raised to be fighting machines
264
Spartan equals were made not born, how
Ancient Greece's only professional army, public officials examined infants to determine who lived and who was abandoned, sons would live with mother for 7 years
265
What happened to 7 year old spartan sons
Entered the krypteia, a wonderfully severe training in hardihood, barfoot in winter, sleep without coverlets, etc.
266
What happened to 12 year old spartan sons
They began to train with swords and spears, slept on mats and encouraged to steal food, older boys selected younger boys for homosexual lovers (culture of dominance)
267
What happened to 20 year old spartan sons
They were enrolled in the army and sent out to kill a helot, living in barracks until 30 then becoming a full citizen
268
What would spartan women train and why
They would train in running, wrestling, javelin and discus throwing, it was believed to make them tougher in childbirth
269
How would Spartan mothers react to their sons coming back from battle and not coming back from battle
The mothers would rejoice if their son died in battle while being shameful if they came back
270
What was not a crime in Sparta
Adultery, it made warriors
271
What was something Spartan women could do
They could own property
272
What did the Spartans have to do because they were not numerous
They allied with others, the Peloponnesian League made Sparta the most powerful city-state
273
How did Solon emerge in Athens
Class conflict emerged, farmers borrowed from wealthy neighbors and became enslaved, poor revolted
274
What did Solon do
He sets up reforms that lead to Democracy, he also saw the advantage of compromise
275
What were Solon's reforms ("Shaking off Burdens")
Ended the practice of enslaving those in debt, loans that could lead to enslavement were banned. Solon lowered property requirements for citizenship. Solon initiated the trial by jury. Solon had weights and measures standardized. Adopted a lighter silver coinage. Initiated cultivating olive trees as an agricultural commodity
276
Who was the founder of democracy
Cleisthenes
277
What did Cleisthenes do
Made representation in the Athenian assembly reflect location rather than tribes/social groups and increased devotion to Polis and weakened regional loyalties
278
What was the Delian League
An alliance of city-states controlled by Athens
279
What did Pericles do
They used Delian League money to build Athens' navy
280
What launched the Peloponnesian Wars
Sparta was provoked by Athens' abuse of funds, this was a battle between cultures
281
Who won the Peloponnesian Wars
Sparta, but all of Greece was weakened
282
What did Athens produce
The Age of Pericles
283
What did Pericles do
Expanded powers of assembly, paid jurors and magistrates, abolished property requirements for office holding, birthed Patriotism through Funeral Oration (Similar to Lincoln)
284
What is Plato/Platonism
Study of absolutes, did not study change, forms the idea of a chair
285
What did Aristotle as an Empiricist do
The student of Plato, became the polar opposite of him though, there is no perfect realm, just what we see, chairness is what we see, no separate timeless existence
286
What did Aristotle say about the soul
It gives the body meaning, so it goes with the body at death
287
Causes of the fall of imperialistic Rome
Fewer volunteers for the army and non-roman (called the Foederati), tooo much power concentrated within the role emperor (The emperor had trouble claiming an heir because of assassinations)
288
Alexander the Great conquered a large amount of land, what are his boundaries
Indus River (East) to Tiber River (West or Peloponnesia)
289
What did emperor Constantine do
Ends the persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire (really just makes it legal to be a Christian), first Christian emperor
290
Philosophy shifts from external to internal concerns, what are three examples
Stoicism (enduring misfortune), Epicureanism (balance of suffering and pleasure), Skepticism (can't trust senses)
291
The Punic Wars between Carthage and Rome lead to what change in Rome
Imperial Rome (
292
King Philip II creates self-ruling cities, what where these called
The League of Corinth (similar to sattraps)
293
Which Greek culture could men and women share public life
Minoan
294
What are the names of the battles between Early Greeks and the Persians
Battle of Marathon and Battle of Salamis
295
What does Early Greek society center around
Farming
296
What time period is believed to originate the Polis
Archaic Greece
297
The founding myths of Rome all have a shared purpose what is it
Builds loyalty to the family and state
298
What was the purpose of many short battles in Archaic Greece
To win crops and land
299
The Roman Republic is socially divided into two groups, what are they
Patricians and the plebians
300
What change does the founder of Democracy propose for the Athenian assembly
Representation reflects location, not the tribe
301
Thalassocracy and the first seaborne civilization describe two different civilizations, what are they
Minoan and Carthaginian
302
The Dark Ages present a shift in philosophy. What does it become
Private morality, Good to friends bad to enemies
303
Who were the elite warriors in the army of Darius
The Immortals
304
Who did the Greeks not consider a threat before the mid 4th century BCE
The Macedonians
305
What would Macedonian leaders do
They would purposely imitate Greek life, culture, and cities
306
During the Peloponneasian Wars, who was consolidating power to challenge Greece
Philip II
307
Where and why was Philip II held hostage before he was a king
At Thebes as a part of a treaty between Macedonia and Thebes
308
What did Philip II learn while he was held hostage
Greek military and political skills, phalanx
309
What was one reason for King Philip II's success
Infantry used pikes 14 feet long (4 feet longer than Greek Hoplites), phalanxes move forward then cavalry moved in from the sides
310
What was another reason for King Philip II's success
He engineered a revolt in Euboea nearby Athens, winning and buying friends. Did not want to destroy by military domination.
311
Who tried to organize against Philip II
The Athenian Demosthenes
312
What did Philip II do in 340 BCE
He abandoned diplomacy and used force to subdue city-states
313
What did Philip II do in 337 BCE
He proposed the League of Corinth
314
What was the League of Corinth
A confederation of Greek city-states, each city ruled itself, led by Philip II or descendant, would send troops to aid Philip II.
315
What happened to Philip II in 336 BCE
He was murdered at age 23
316
Who came after Philip II
Alexander the Great
317
What did Philip II leave for Alexander the Great
A unified kingdom (Greece no longer fragmented), a strengthened army
318
How did Alexander the Great manage a group of strangers
He destroyed Thebes as a warning to other city-states
319
How could Alexander the Great be cruel
Crucified 2000 people after a difficult victory, dragged an opponent alive around the city, cut off ears and nose of one and caged him with a dog
320
When did Alexander the Great die
323 BCE, body not found
321
How were Hellenistic cities organized
Physically like Greeks, introduced eastern gods to Greek gods (eg. Dionysus, god of wine)
322
What was a troublesome translation in Koine Greek
God is nowhere/now here
323
Who was Aristarchus
An astronomer who supposed a heliocentric world in 230 BCE (long before Copernicus in 1543)
324
Who found Elements of Geometry
Euclid (died 300ish BCE)
325
Who used geometry to calculate circumference of the earth (at Alexandria)
Eratosthenes (died 194 BCE)
326
Who measured gravity and found the Archimedes' Principle
Archimedes (died 212 BCE)
327
What is Stoicism
The ability to endure misfortune
328
Who founded Stoicism
Zeno
329
What is an example of stoicism
Religions like Christianity ("There's a land that is fairer than day....")
330
What is Epicureanism
A balance of suffering and pleasure, inspired by Democritus' atomic theory and created by Epicures
331
What is Skepticism
Nothing can be known with certainty, we can only know by empiricism/out senses (which are deceived easily)
332
How does Alexander the Great's death split the Greek kingdom
His generals get land: Seleucus gets Persia, Ptolemy gets Egypt, Antigonus gets Macedon
333
What improvements were made after Greece split
Transportation improvements: canals, domesticated camels, Greek weights and measures, spread of coinage, Silk from China with tolls and taxes
334
What was on the silk road
Silk, horses, paper, spices, jade, glassware, furs, slaves
335
What was important about the silk road
It connected multiple people and cultures, farming became commercial
336
What was the first seaborne empire in world history
Carthage
337
What city makes Carthage
Tyre
338
Where is Carthage
Off the Phoenician coast
339
Why was Carthage so important
It linked Egypt, Mesopotamia, Syria, and Anatolia
340
How did sailors navigate
Phoenician sailors recognized the North Star
341
What were the geographical advantages of Ancient Italy
Long peninsula, central alps, plains west of the Apennine Mountains
342
What was the constructed genesis story of Rome
A Vestal virgin raped by Mars, Hercules, or someone and had twins, raised by a wolf, Romulus kills Remus and Romulus builds Rome
343
How did Rome emerge
1000 BCE several farming villages emerged around the Tiber River, they prospered and became Rome
344
How did the Romans compare to the Greeks
Romans were more practical while the Greeks were more theoretical
345
How did the Roman Republic start
509 BCE, Romans overthrew non-Roman rulers and instituted a Republic
346
Who was Lucretia
A Roman noblewoman who was raped by an Etruscan king and commits suicide, husband avenges her death by forcing Etruscans out of Rome (shows devotion to family and state)
347
What were Vestal virgins
Women who attended to the temple of Vesta, goddess of the hearth
348
Where does the word Republic come from
Latin for public property; res publica
349
What was the highest political office in Republican Rome
Consul with two people elected as co-emperors
350
What were the Republic of Rome's two orders
Patricians and Plebians
351
What were Patricians
Roman Aristocracy, landowners, elite
352
What were Plebians
Everyone else
353
What did the conflict of Patricians and Plebians lead to
The Struggle of Orders
354
What did the Struggle of Orders result in
Tribune (chosen by the masses to represent the masses), Twelve Tables (first Roman law code), The Roman Republic ends and Roman Empire emerges
355
What were the Twelve Tables
The first Roman law code which was inscribed on twelve bronze tablets
356
What brought the Roman Republic down
War/Imperialism (3rd century BCE)
357
How did the First Punic War start
Rome wanted to expand and attacked Sicily which was part of the Carthaginian empire, Rome winds
358
How did the Second Punic War go
Rome and Carthage fight over the Iberian Peninsula
359
Hannibal do
Lost half of his men but killed 46,000 Romans in one day, largest one day total in European warfare, then fled to Anatolia
360
How did Rome win against the Carthaginians
Citizens continued to volunteer for service, wealthy Romans agreed to pay increased taxes, troops overseas did not complain about the lack of payment or lack of supplies
361
How did the Third Punic War go
Rome sends Carthage an ultimatum, move your city back ten miles from Mediterranean
362
What was the outcome of the Third Punic War
Carthaginian city population dropped from 500,000 to 50,000
363
What was the significance of the Punic Wars
The third marked the beginning of imperialism, Rome not only attacked Carthage, but its allies too and annexed land. Prisoners of war become slaves, bringing slavery more prominent. Rome transitioned from a society of small farmers to one of plantations
364
What did Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus do
They wanted reform but were killed along with their followers
365
What did Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus show
The Roman Empire had serious problems and foreshadows a change in political life, resort to violence for problem-solving
366
Why does Christianity spread so dramatically through the Roman Empire
It offers hope and is spiritually satisfying. Rivals failed, managing heresies and heretics done better, ethics are looking better and better, Constantine embraces Christianity, persecution creates martyrs, emergence of an institution
367
What caused Rome's instability
Patronage system, patrons, leaders of armies, rewarded their peasant soldiers with money and land, peasants followed patrons instead of Roman leaders
368
When and why was Julius Caesar murdered
In 44 BCE as they feared he threatened centuries old political institutions
369
What was Lepidus charged of after the defeat of Caesar
Treason
370
How did Antony damaged his reputation
He had an affair with the Egyptian Queen Cleopatra
371
Why did Romans dislike Cleopatra
Too regal, aloof, rumors had Cleopatra controlling Antony
372
Who declares war in 31 BCE
Octavian declares war on Antony and Cleopatra
373
How did Antony and Cleopatra die
They committed suicide
374
What did Octavian do during his reign
Purge the Senate of those members opposing him, reordered the Roman military
375
What is one fall of the Roman Empire
Fewer volunteers for the army (military fails, Foedarati weaken Italy's perimeter), too much power in the hands of the emperor, economic problems
